Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 2008. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 73-86). Also available on the World Wide Web.

abstract: Medical errors are now estimated to be the third leading cause of death in the United States (Makary & Daniel, 2016). Look-alike, sound- alike prescription drug mix-ups contribute to this figure. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) have recommended the use of Tall Man lettering since 2008, in which dissimilar portions of confusable drug names pairs are capitalized in order to make them more distinguishable. Research on the efficacy of Tall Man lettering in differentiating confusable drug name pairs has been inconclusive and it is imperative to investigate potential efficacy further considering the clinical implications (Lambert, Schroeder & Galanter, 2015). The present study aimed to add to the body of research on Tall Man lettering while also investigating another possibility for the mechanism behind Tall Man’s efficacy, if it in fact exists. Studies indicate that the first letter in a word offers an advantage over other positions, resulting in more accurate and faster recognition (Adelman, Marquis & Sabatos-DeVito, 2010; Scaltritti & Balota, 2013). The present study used a 2x3 repeated measures design to analyze the effect of position on Tall Man lettering efficacy. Participants were shown a prime drug, followed by a brief mask, and then either the same drug name or its confusable pair and asked to identify whether they were the same or different. All participants completed both lowercase and Tall Man conditions. Overall performance measured by accuracy and reaction time revealed lowercase to be more effective than Tall Man. With regard to the position of Tall Man letters, a first position advantage was seen both in accuracy and reaction time. A first position advantage was seen in the lowercase condition as well, suggesting the location of the differing portion of the word matters more than the format used. These findings add to the body of inconclusive research on the efficacy of Tall Man lettering in drug name confusion. Considering its impact on patient safety, more research should be conducted to definitively answer the question as to whether or not Tall Man should be used in practice. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Human Systems Engineering 2017

Abstract Moisture content control is a very effective way of protecting timber. Treatments with environment-friendly, biodegradable tall oil are known to reduce the capillary water uptake of pine sapwood greatly, but despite the good results achieved there have been two problems that limit the use of tall oil for wood protection, the large amount of oil needed and the tendency for the oil to exude from the wood. This work was undertaken in order to obtain an understanding of the mechanism of wood protection by means of crude tall oil (CTO) and to find technical solutions to the main problems limiting its use for industrial wood protection. It is shown that the emulsion technique is one way of solving the first problem, as it provides high water-repellent efficiency at considerably lower oil retention levels. The fact that water is used as a thinner in this technique instead of the commonly used organic solvents is beneficial from environmental, economic and safety points of view. It is also shown that although the drying properties of CTO are inadequate for use as such in wood preservation, its oxidation and polymerization can be accelerated considerably by means of iron catalysts, which prevent the oil from exuding out of the wood. This also increases the water repellent efficiency of CTO treatment. Most impregnation oils do not dry when applied in large quantities, because they hinder the diffusion of air through the wood, which supplies the necessary oxygen. Limiting of the oil uptake by the means of the emulsion technique disturbs the airflow to a lesser extent, and thus enhances the drying process. Hence, both the emulsion technique and the use of an iron catalyst improve both the water-repellent efficiency of tall oil treatment and the rate of drying of the oil, thus solving the two main problems related to wood impregnation with tall oil in one single-stage treatment which can be used in existing wood preservation plants. This is advantageous from both an industrial and an economic point of view.

Detta examensarbete utfördes under våren 2017 på uppdrag av Södra skogsägarna, för att undersöka om höstplantering av tall ger ett bra föryngringsresultat och kan ses som ett likvärdigt alternativ till att plantera på våren. Traditionellt sett utförs den största delen av planteringar på våren men för att få en jämnare arbetsfördelning över året är det intressant att undersöka om höstplantering av tall fungerar. Undersökningen är utförd som en survey studie där trakter som planterades på hösten 2014 och trakter som planterades på våren 2015 låg till grund för datainsamlingen. Totalt gjordes det uppföljning på 38 trakter där hälften är vårplanterade och hälften är höstplanterade. Trakterna är sedan jämförda parvis med avseende på planttyp, ståndortsindex, viltbehandling, markfuktighet och blockighet. På varje trakt lades det ut 20 provytor med radien 2,82 vilket ger en provyta på 25 m2. I varje provyta mättes för varje planta; rothalsdiameter, toppskottslängd, totallängd, eventuella skador och eventuella avgång och avgångsorsak Höstplantering av tall hade en högre avgång än vårplanteringarna och snytbaggen var den skadegörare som orsakade störst avgång, följt av vilt och torka. Plantan växte något bättre på de trakter som var vårplanterade, men det var bara toppskottstillväxten som var signifikant längre vid vårplantering. Snytbaggeangreppen var lika omfattande vid både vår- och höstplantering medan viltbetningen var dubbelt så stor på de höstplanterade trakterna. / This degree project was conducted in spring 2017, commissioned by Södra forest association, to investigate whether autumn planting of pine gives a good regeneration result and can be seen as an equivalent alternative to planting in spring. Traditionally, most of the plantings is completed in spring, but in order to achieve a more even distribution of labor over the year, it is interesting to investigate whether or not the autumn planting of pine can be successful. The survey was carried out as a survey study, where plants planted both in autumn 2014 and in spring 2015, formed the basis of data collection. A total of 38 sites were investigated, half of study object were planted in spring and half in autumn Sites were then compared in pairs regarded to plant type, site index, game treatment, soil moisture and blockiness. On each site 20 plots were laid out with a radius of 2.82, which gives a sample area of 25 m2. In each sample area following characteristics for each plant were measured; stem diameter, leeding shot length, total length, possible damage and possible dead plants and cause of plant death. Autumn planting of pine had a higher mortality than spring plantations, and the pine weevil caused highest mortality, followed by wildlife grazing and drought. The plantation grew slightly better for spring-planted seedlings, but it was only the leeding shot length that had a significant higher growth. The damage caused by pine weevil was similar for planting in autumn and spring, while the wildlife grazing was twice as high in autumn-planted areas compared to the spring planted.

Tall (Pinus sylvestris) är ett viktigt vinterfoder för älgen (Alces alces), som är ett uppskattat jaktvilt i Sverige. Tall är också ett av de två absolut viktigaste trädslagen för Sveriges timmer- och massavedsproduktion. När betestrycket på tallungskog blir för högt, tenderar skogsägarna att föryngra tallbestånd med gran (Picea abies), vilket är mindre begärligt för älgen att beta än tall. Konsekvenserna blir en felaktig ståndortsanpassning och att fodertillgången minskar för älgen. Biologisk mångfald påverkas också negativt, då betestrycket på andra trädslag såsom rönn, asp, sälg och ek blir högt. Med världens högsta älgstam sett till skogsmarksareal, skapas stor debatt i Sverige kring älgstammens förvaltning och lämpliga storlek, mellan skogsägare som vill ha ett lönsamt skogsbruk och älgjägare som vill ha en stor älgstam för jakt. En älgstam i balans med fodernivån är bra för både viltet, mångfalden, miljön, samhället, skogsbruket och viltförvaltningen. Syftet med studien var att jämföra skogsägares och jägares syn på betesskador och hur de värderar konsekvenserna av dessa. Målet med studien var att kunna tillhandahålla ett underlag, som kan vara till nytta för älgförvaltningsorgan. Metoden som valdes var en enkätundersökning där kvantitativa data samlades in. Enkäten bestod av totalt 12 frågor, där fråga 7 bestod av flera delfrågor. Studiens urval gjordes som kluster- och bekvämlighetsurval, där totalt 304 enkäter samlades in och svaren från 258 enkäter användes, från skogsägare och jägare som var aktiva i Jönköpings län. Enkäten besvarades av tre olika fördefinierade grupper vilka definierades som jägare som inte äger någon egen skog, skogsägare som jagar och skogsägare som inte jagar. Gruppernas enkätsvar jämfördes med statistiska analyser. Resultatet visade att skogsägares och jägares syn på förekomsten av betesskador skilde sig signifikant. Jägare som inte äger någon egen skog bedömde betesskadeförekomsten som lägst, medan skogsägare som inte jagar bedömde förekomsten som högst. Skogsägare som jagar låg mellan de andra två grupperna. Resultatet visade också att det fanns ett signifikant samband mellan synen på betesskadors omfattning och hur stor vinterstam av älg per 1000 ha man tyckte var lämplig, där respondenterna önskade en lägre älgstam ju högre de bedömde förekomsten av betesskador. Studien visar att älgförvaltningsrepresentanters bakgrund som skogsägare eller jägare påverkar synen på älgstammens lämpliga storlek, eftersom de bedömer förekomsten av betesskadors omfattning olika, liksom betesskadornas konsekvenser. Älgförvaltningsgruppers fördelning av representanter bör därför spegla olika gruppers intressen för att sträva efter acceptans. / Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) is an important food source for the moose (Alces alces) during winter. Scots pine is also one of the most important tree species for the Swedish timber- and pulpwood industry. The debate between hunters and forest owners, their thoughts about the magnitude of the moose population, and the extent of browsing damage, is background to this study that examined how the groups forest owners who hunts, forest owners who doesn’t hunt and hunters who doesn’t own any forest land thought about browsing damages and its consequences in Jönköping County, Sweden. Data was collected using a questionnaire and analyses were made on answers from 258 respondents. The results showed that the assessment of the extent of browsing damage differed significantly between the groups, where forest owners who doesn’t hunt assessed the extent of browsing damage the highest, hunters who doesn’t own any forest land assessed the extent as lowest, while forest owners who hunt was intermediate between the two other groups. The results also showed that there was a relation between how the respondents assessed the extent of browsing damage and their thoughts about how large the moose population should be.

Tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) S.J. Darbyshire) has long been known as a turfgrass that utilizes lower levels of inputs than most other cool season turfgrasses (Turgeon, 2005). In recent years, turf breeders have been selecting for cultivars of tall fescue that have finer leaf textures. As the use of tall fescue expands, consumers want to now what cultivar to use and how to manage it. This study looked at 18 tall fescue cultivars grown at two mowing heights of five and 10 centimeters and evaluated plant quality based on stand density, leaf texture, and genetic plant color. In the first year of the study, although there were some differences, there were no continual patterns that proved one cultivar to be better or worst than the others. Lower mowing heights generally had higher stand density ratings and fertilization affected genetic plant color, not mowing height. There was no difference in leaf texture between mowing heights.

Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur man skapar en fungerande stark grupp på en arbetsplats när den består av högpresterande provisionsavlönade fastighetsmäklare samt hur den påverkas av tall poppy fenomenet.    Metod: En kvantitativ forskningsmetod har använts där en internetbaserad enkät ligger till grund för empirin i resultatet och analysen. 127 respondenter deltog i undersökningen vilka bestod av alla anställda på fastighetsmäklarkontor över hela Sverige. Det omfattar roller som kontorschefer, fastighetsmäklare. koordinatorer samt övriga roller. Data från enkäten omvandlades sedan och därefter importerades till statistikprogrammet Jamovi där det genomgick deskriptiva- och korrelationsanalyser.   Resultat och slutsats: Det kan konstateras att man skapar en stark och välfungerande grupp på fastighetsmäklarkontor i Sverige genom hög grad av samarbeten och mycket interna möten vilket resulterar i en positiv stämning och stark lagmoral. Detta visade sig ge positiva effekter för både individerna i gruppen samt dess helhet. Vidare kan det konstateras att en jämn presterande nivå på individerna är en viktig faktor till gruppens välmående, gruppen ska alltså inte ha allt för stora klyftor mellan de som presterar bra och de som presterar sämre. Sista faktorn är att det finns ett beprövat belöningssystem för individerna i gruppen samt för gruppen som helhet.   Uppsatsens bidrag: Detta arbete bidrar till kunskap kring hur chefer och franchisetagare förstår hur en grupp skall formas och behandlas på bästa sätt för att nå framgång. Förslag till vidare studier: Förslag till vidare forskning är att specificera denna forskning och undersöka ifall de skiljer sig beroende på var i landet den genomförs. Detta för att undersöka ifall det skiljer sig åt beroende på storstad gentemot mindre städer. Ytterligare förslag är att genomföra samma forskning men med fokus på andra branscher, detta för att förstå hur välfungerande grupper fungerar i det stora hela, alternativt att jämföra hur fastighetsmäklarbranschen står sig i denna jämförelse till andra branscher.  Sista förslaget omfattar att använda Team-member-exchange (TMX) teorin, som innefattar en grupps utbyte av ideer och grad av samarbete. Istället för att använda teorin den härstammar ifrån, Leader-member-exchange (LMX) därmed genomföra liknande forskning fast fokusera på ledarens roll i skapandet av gruppen. / Purpose: The purpose of his study is to develop an understanding on how to create a strong group among high performance commission paid real estate agents.   Method: The study is performed using a quantitative investigation with an internet-based questionnaire that will form a base in the result and analysis. 127 responses were collected from employees at real estate companies all around Sweden. The roles of the employees varied between office managers, real estate agents, assistants and remaining roles. The data collected from the questionnaire were re-coded and then imported to the statistics program of Jamovi where it underwent descriptive and correlation analyses.     Results and conclusion: It can be stated that a strong and well-functioning group is created at real estate offices in Sweden through a high degree of collaborations, internal meetings, which results in a positive atmosphere and strong team morale. This turned out to have positive effects for both the individuals in the group and its entirety. Furthermore, it can be stated that an even performing level of the individuals is an important factor for the group's well-being, so the group should not have too large gaps between the over and the under-achievers. The last factor is that there is a proven reward system for the individuals in the group and for the group as a whole.   Contribution: This work contributes to knowledge about how managers and franchisees in the real estate industry beneficial knowledge about how a group should be formed and treated in the best way to achieve success.   Proposals for further research: Suggestions for further research are to specify this research and examine whether they differ depending on where in the country it is conducted. This is to investigate whether it differs depending on the big city compared to smaller cities. Further proposals are to carry out the same research but with a focus on other industries, this to understand how well-functioning groups work in general, or to compare how the real estate industry stands in this comparison with other industries. The latest proposal includes replacing the Team-member-exchange (TMX) theory with the theory it originates from, Leader-member-exchange (LMX) thus conducting similar research but focusing on the leader's role in the creation of the group.

No description available.

Alkali land occurs adjacent to nearly every extensively irrigated area. Much of this land is too alkaline to produce profitable crops. Each year thousands of acres or land are going out of production because or increasing alkalinity. This presents one or the most acute problem which confronts irrigation agriculture today.

Tall fescue is the one of most common grasses in irrigated pastures throughout the Intermountain West. Two limitations of tall fescue are a decrease in productivity during hot summer months and the need for supplemental nitrogen (N). The objective of this research was to compare tall fescue-alfalfa (TF+ALF), tall fescue-birdsfoot trefoil (TF+BFT), tall fescue-nitrogen fertilizer (TF+N), and tall fescue without nitrogen fertilizer (TF-N) on forage yield, nutritional quality, and livestock performance. Research plots were established at the Utah State University Pasture Research Facility in Lewiston, UT in 2010 and grazed in 2012 and 2013. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications and divided into four paddocks per replication. Three Angus crossbred steers with an average starting weight of 380 kg were placed on each treatment and rotated to a new paddock every 7 days. A put-and-take method was used throughout the growing season such that each paddock received 80% utilization. Four forage samples were collected from each paddock just prior to grazing using a 0.5 m2 quadrat for determination of dry matter (DM) and nutrient content. ADF, NDF, IVTD, and TDN were used to estimate nutrient content and steers were weighed every 28 days to determine livestock performance. Forage yield was highest (P<0.05) in TF+N (5164 kg ha-1), followed by the TF+BFT (4721 kg ha-1) and TF+ALF (4463 kg ha-1) treatments, whereas, the TF-N treatment had the lowest yield (2920 kg ha-1). In this study, TF+BFT (593 g kg-1) and TF+ALF (593 g kg-1) had a better (P≤ 0.05) season-long average TDN value than TF+N (558 g kg-1), which in turn was higher (P≤ 0.05) than TF-N (550 g kg-1). Steer average daily gains (ADG) were different (P<0.05) in every treatment with TF+BFT (0.73 kg d-1) being the highest, followed by TF+ALF (0.67 kg d-1), then TF+N (0.61 kg d-1), and similar to forage yield, TF-N had the lowest ADG (0.40 kg d-1). Tall fescue greatly benefits from added N whether via fertilizer or N transfer by legumes and this study showed that BFT and ALF mixed with TF increases plant and animal performance while reducing fertilizer costs and helps maintain a more environmentally sustainable pasture.