Este memorial crítico-reflexivo teve por objetivo refletir sobre os processos de elaboração do experimento artístico “Um tango em clave”, que foi desenvolvido a partir do encontro entre meu corpo e a clave (objeto de malabarismo), e apresentado em espaços de trânsito da cidade de Porto Alegre. Partindo da prática do tango, permeada pelo diálogo entre os pares, buscou-se uma relação na qual o objeto, a clave, torna-se materialidade pulsante que potencializa um diálogo a dois. Pretendia-se, assim, que a dança surgisse da relação entre esses dois corpos e não da manipulação de um corpo sobre o outro. Para tanto, o estudo encontra ressonância na possibilidade teórica de pensar em corpos não humanos como matérias vibrantes com potencial de provocar relações e movimentos. Dessa forma, esse encontro geraria a perda do eu, o qual seria construído através do movimento dançado. Ao longo dos ensaios e apresentações, realizaram-se registros escritos em caderno de notas, bem como registros fotográficas e videográficos. Eles tecem uma teia em conjunto com a escrita reflexiva e conceitual. Esse material possibilitou analisar a trajetória dessa proposta cênica. Essa pesquisa exploratória buscou contribuir para uma reflexão sobre as propostas de aprendizagem da dança, pois optou por um caminho de construção da relação dançada com o objeto, a partir das percepções cinestésicas do corpo em movimento. Tal procedimento sugere que outras metodologias de relação do corpo com o objeto possam ser desenvolvidas durante o processo de aprendizagem, e que elas podem ser tão eficientes quanto às práticas mais tradicionais de interação e manipulação do objeto. / This critical-reflexive memorial has the objective to reflect the process of elaboration of an artistic experiment “A tango in club” who was developed in the encounter of my body and the club (juggling key object) and has been showed in some places of transit in the city of Porto Alegre. The starting point has emerged from the experience of the artist in the practice of Tango from a dialogue bias between the peers, sought a relationship in which the object, becomes a pulsating materiality, a lively piece that will enhance a one-to-one conversation. It is thus intended that the dance results from the relationship between these two bodies and not from the manipulation of one body over another. Therefore, the study finds resonance on the theoretical possibility of thinking in non-human bodies as vibrant matters with capability to generate relationships and movements. In that way, this meeting would lead to a loss of the self, being constructed through the danced movement. Over the rehearsals and performances, there were written records in notebook, as well as photographic and videographic records. This information wove a web in conjunction with the reflective and conceptual writing. This exploratory research contribute to a reflection on the dance learning proposals because chose a path of building the relationship danced with the object, from the kinesthetic perception of the body in motion. This procedure suggests that other body regarding methodologies with the object can be developed during the learning process, and they can be as efficient as the more traditional practices of interaction and manipulation of the object.

Buenos Aires. Metade do século dezenove. Uma política de fomento à imigração européia traz às terras portenhas mais de seis milhões de imigrantes. Ao contrário do que o governo argentino esperava, as que compunham esse cenário não eram pessoas requintadas, conhecedoras de arte e ciência, muito menos mão de obra qualificada. Os imigrantes de pouca instrução e de poucos meios que passaram a fazer parte da população residente nos arrabais portenhos, assolados pela saudade de suas terras, buscando no ambiente prostibulário por uma “natural” comunhão, dão origem ao tango nas últimas décadas do século dezenove. Por volta da mesma época, os irmãos Lumière produzem o invento que chamariam de cinematógrafo, palavra de raiz grega que significa “registro do movimento”. Portanto, percebo o tango e o cinema como expressões contemporâneas, no sentido de que ambas tem sua gênese ao final do mesmo século. Alguns/algumas historiadores/as apontam ainda que o cinema é um dos responsáveis pela valorização do tango e por seu reconhecimento mundial no decorrer do século passado. O que de certa forma sublinha a relação entre o cinema e a história. Sendo assim, esta dissertação de mestrado propõe analisar como os aspectos históricos do tango argentino são representados na película Tango de Carlos Saura. Usando o aporte teórico dos Estudos Culturais e entendendo as produções cinematográficas como artefatos pedagógicos, busco perceber quais são os sentidos produzidos sobre a história do tango argentino na narrativa construída por Saura. Inicio meu exercício analítico com um olhar atento sobre os elementos técnicos de cenário, iluminação e figurino empregados na construção da obra. Somado a isso, a linguagem cinematográfica utilizada por Saura, perceptível por meio dos planos, ângulos e movimentação de câmera, também são aspectos importantes que compreendem a análise. São quatro os momentos históricos do tango representados na película escolhidos para compor esse estudo. O período imigratório, quanto a sua relevância e envolvimento na gênese do tango, os duelos criollos e o tango dançado entre homens, o ambiente prostibulário e o tango entre mulheres e, por fim, o período da ditadura militar argentina em sua relação com o tango. Ao considerar esse último aspecto tento perceber ainda como outras películas abordam a memória do período, em especial quanto a temática do exílio. Por fim, proponho uma análise da dramaturgia da dança executada em cada uma das cenas a fim de perceber o que a linguagem coreográfica nos diz sobre o período que representa. / Buenos Aires. Half of the nineteenth century. A policy to promote european immigration to Buenos Aires brings more than six million immigrants. Contrary to the Argentine government hoped, composing this scenario were not intellectual people, knowledgeable of art and science, much less skilled labor. Immigrants with little education and few resources that have become part of the resident population in arrabais, covered by nostalgia for their land, in the brothel environment looking for a “natural” communion, give rise to tango in the last decades of the nineteenth century. Around the same time, the Lumière brothers produce the invention that would call cinematographer, Greek root word meaning "record of the movement." Therefore, realize the tango and cinema as contemporary expressions, in the sense that both have their genesis at the end of the same century. Some historians the still point that cinema is one responsible for the valuation of tango and its worldwide recognition during the last century. Which I think that somehow emphasizes the relationship between cinema and history. Thus, this dissertation aims to analyze how the historical aspects of Argentine tango are represented in Tango by Carlos Saura. Using the theoretical framework of Cultural Studies and understanding cinema as pedagogical artifacts, I seek to understand what are the meanings produced from the Argentine tango in the narrative constructed by Saura. First of all, my analytical exercise began with a look on technical elements of scenery, lighting and costumes. Added to this, the cinematographic language used by Saura, noticeable through the planes, angles and camera movements are also important aspects that comprise the analysis. There are four historical moments of the tango represented in saura’s movie, chosen to make this study. The period of immigration, as their relevance and involvement in the genesis of the tango, tango-dance executed by men, the brothel environment and tango between women and finally the period of Argentine military dictatorship in its relationship with the tango. In considering this latter aspect still try to understand how other films deal with the memory of the period, especially as the theme of exile. Finally, I propose an analysis of the dramaturgy of dance performed in each of the scenes in order to realize what a choreographic language tells us about the period it represents.

Memoria para optar al título de Arquitecto / El desafío del Pucará de Chena recae en otorgarle el interés y valor humano de un sitio con un pasado que se pueda reinterpretar y ser parte de él. La valoración de este patrimonio material e inmaterial, en conjunto a los actores que quieren recuperarlo, y que han estado trabajando en ello hace ya varias décadas, permite hacerse parte de una iniciativa mancomunada que ponga en valor sus atributos patrimoniales arqueológicos, socio-culturales y medioambientales. Por lo tanto, la importancia de realizar un proyecto en este lugar, debe tener relación con alcanzar un estado de equilibrio entre los distintos actores involucrados, articulando y potenciando el amplio espectro de intereses que van desde investigadores a personas comunes, vigías de la biodiversidad hasta arqueólogos connotados. Es así como el proyecto se visualizará en que éste sea un aporte a la comprensión de un territorio bastante desconocido y olvidado por la mayoría de la sociedad, a fin de poner en valor esta herencia y testimonio que las culturas y pueblos indígenas, que habitaron la cuenca del Maipo nos dejaron plasmado en este lugar. De esta manera como objetivo esencial, el proyecto debe propiciar la protección y conservación patrimonial del mismo sitio arqueológico fomentando una correcta preservación a futuro, y a su vez mantener e impulsar el desarrollo futuro de las culturas que son parte importante de esta historia.

Magíster en artes, mención musicología / Esta investigación tiene como objeto de estudio el repertorio instrumental de la orquesta típica de tango de Osvaldo Pugliese. A través de una actitud analítica pluralista, se estudia su estilo y los aspectos estéticos de esta música, dialogando simultáneamente con una problemática tridimensional de creación musical del tango rioplatense: la composición, la interpretación y el arreglo. Desde el contacto dialéctico con estos roles de creación, se analiza el lenguaje musical de los tangos instrumentales de la orquesta de Pugliese y sus diferentes estrategias de expresividad, que desarrollarán al pugliesismo como una forma paradigmática de expresión musical, un eje unificador de la evolución del género y un metalenguaje de identidad rioplatense. Se inicia con un primer capítulo, donde se exponen reflexiones en torno al tango y su música, inmersas en otras problemáticas sobre el análisis, el (meta)lenguaje y la creación musical del tango, las que son contextualizadas con un panorama histórico de la evolución estilística del tango instrumental rioplatense. El capítulo siguiente plantea un análisis musical comparativo de cuatro figuras emblemáticas–Troilo, Pugliese, Salgán y Piazzolla– de las orquestas renovadoras. El tercer capítulo trata sobre Osvaldo Pugliese y su orquesta típica, tanto en su cosmovisión de músico porteño, su inmersión social y política, como en su labor de líder de una orquesta orgánica y sincrónica, vinculada a una amplia red de músicos de la “época de oro”. En el capítulo cuatro, se realiza el análisis musical en detalle del corpus del repertorio instrumental puglieseano, en tres partes: la primera, revisa los principios musicales compositivos y las estrategias de expresividad, a través de sus tácticas musicales paramétricas; la segunda, está dedicada al análisis formal y temático de la “trilogía” de Pugliese; la tercera y última, se concentra en el estudio paramétrico-expresivo del pugliesismo, revisando los tangos instrumentales de las diferentes etapas de la orquesta. El último tramo de este trabajo expone las conclusiones en torno al paradigma de Pugliese y su repercusión social de comunicación simbólica en la cultura rioplatense. Esta tesis incluye 131 extractos sonoros (CD anexo) y 120 figuras –donde se encuentran 94 trozos de partituras de 68 tangos instrumentales– que ayudarán en la comprensión y el estudio de estas páginas.

Partiendo de conceptos de la Teoría de la Modernidad Líquida (Bauman, 2000) y de la Teoría de las Cadenas de Rituales de Interacción (Collins, 2004), la presente tesis doctoral, inspirada en la experiencia personal de la autora, es un estudio socio-iconográfico sobre la adquisición de capital social en la formación identitaria de un grupo de aficionados al tango argentino de Rumanía. La metodología reposa en las técnicas de la observación participante y de la Fotosociología. Concretamente, utiliza como procedimiento principal el análisis de contenido visual, con la asistencia del programa Atlas.ti, en el que se ha procesado un corpus extenso de datos fotográficos. Sobre dicha muestra, se ha aplicado una ficha de codificación original, compuesta de 105 códigos, sistematizados en 9 categorías analíticas. Los resultados arrojados por el mentado análisis han permitido extraer datos significativos sobre las dimensiones del capital social adquirido a través de esta vía por los integrantes del colectivo estudiado. Así pues, la profecía de la individualización de destino (Bauman, 2003) parece haberse cumplido. El individuo moderno, en su afán por alcanzar el capital económico, ha empeñado gran parte de su capital social heredado, lo que le ha abocado al ensimismamiento. Desprovisto de los lazos tradicionales que antaño le brindaban la red de apoyo y protección, hoy en día se ve obligado a llevar una lucha personal para lograr, por vías alternativas, el capital social indispensable a todo ser humano (Bourdieu, 1998). Los grupos actuales de aficionados al tango resultan ser uno de los tantos universos que le permiten experimentar emociones que cumplan el papel de sucedáneo de la añorada solidaridad grupal. Nos hallamos, de esta manera, ante un nuevo tipo de capital social que el individuo moderno está interesado en adquirir: uno insustancial, rápidamente alcanzable y del cual se pueda desvincular sin consecuencias importantes, pero que colme, temporalmente, su necesidad de pertenencia.

In the year 1900, ballroom dancing consisted of mainly the Waltz, the Polka, and a few other folk dances that had lasted since the late seventeenth century. For over a century, the Waltz had been the favorite dance of ballroom dancers, who typically consisted of the upper class white society. Religious organizations were very much apposed to the Waltz and all ballroom dances, claiming that ballroom dancing was the work of the devil. At the beginning of the twentieth century, ballroom dancing began to change dramatically as Americans found themselves intrigued by other cultures, especially African trance and folk dancers in the Americas. Now, one century later, ballroom dancing consists of over thirteen dances that are highly defined and have many roots in the African culture. In this thesis, I show that ballroom dancing has traditionally been a mostly white (and historically elite white) style of dance whose roots lie deep within the African slave trade and the traditions, rituals, and music that Africans brought with them across the Atlantic. Despite the historically white-dominated society in the Americas, ballroom dancing would not be what it is today had it not been for elements of African culture transcending racial lines and being incorporated into white culture. I hope to demonstrate that ballroom dancing was an exercise of taking many elements of African music and dance and blending them with the conservative mannerisms of the elite white class, thus creating what the latter would consider "civilized dancing."

In this dissertation, I examine the impact of globalizing processes upon the contemporary Argentine tango scene in Buenos Aires. Focusing on a contested trend referred to as tango nuevo, I engage debates surrounding: authenticity and cultural ownership; the performance of gender and sexuality; generational conflict in human movement practice; the enduring significance of place in an era of heightened globalization; the role of place and global economics in shaping transnational cultural formations; community as a site of anxiety, hierarchy and conflict; the tension between preservation and evolution in the survival of cultural phenomena; and conflicting narratives of dance as drug, therapy and pain. The result of a five-year pursuit of Argentine tango, both as an anthropologist and a dancer, this dissertation is informed by two years of fieldwork in Buenos Aires, three years of preliminary research in Philadelphia, a preliminary fieldsite investigation in Buenos Aires, and participant observation in a handful of U.S. tango communities preceding fieldwork. This dissertation will add to the literature on Argentine tango by challenging popular and scholarly notions of what may be encompassed under this term. With community as the key concept underlying my study, I hope to expand upon the application of semiotic analysis in dance studies through an emphasis on practice and phenomenology, framing community through the performance of shared bodily vocabularies that are open to renewal and transformation. Building upon recent anthropological investigations of globalization and modernity, I suggest that human movement practices present a rich area for further research into the enduring significance of place. In approaching a fluid, global community via local-level fieldwork that is oriented towards the passage of media, ideas and dancers across borders, my project suggests a solution to the quandaries of doing ethnography and microanalysis in complex, transnational macro-contexts. With the growth of new sites, new codes, and a new community of practitioners, I argue that the study of tango in anthropological perspective offers a unique view into the ways in which individuals carve out notions of personhood, identity and culture in a globalized world. / Anthropology

Cette étude ethnographique porte sur le réseau social du tango argentin à Montréal, les valeurs esthétiques du tango, l’interprétation de l’expérience de la danse acquise au cours du processus de socialisation et les différents agents de socialisation. Dans un contexte de réappropriation et de déterritorialisation d’un savoir-faire comme le tango, les références symboliques relatives à son contexte d’origine, son imaginaire collectif et son contexte sociohistorique sont moins accessibles. Ceci semble appeler chez les danseurs montréalais une sorte de surdétermination de l’expérience immédiate, concrète et interactive de la danse dans la construction d’un sens collectif. Cette recherche s’intéresse plutôt à la transposition dans le réseau montréalais de certaines normes esthétiques en lien avec les modalités interactives de la danse. Ces normes esthétiques induisent une attention particulière portée à la qualité de l’expérience se reflétant dans les pratiques et les discours. Ces valeurs esthétiques remontent au contexte d’origine du tango et à la rencontre entre différents univers socialisateurs transnationaux à différentes étapes de son évolution. De ce type de rencontres «transesthétiques», s’est développé un dualisme entre le danser pour les autres et le danser pour soi, dans les représentations et la mise en forme d’une expérience dansée. À Montréal, c’est avec emphase qu’on observe la cohabitation de ces deux systèmes de valeurs en apparence antagonistes où, d’une part, est valorisé l’exhibition du soi et, d’autre part, sont priorisés l’intériorité et l’expérience subjective. En bref, ce mémoire explore les relations complexes qui existent entre les processus culturels et leurs produits, l’expérience et le sens, entre la subjectivité individuelle et la collectivité, et redéfinit l’agentivité des acteurs sociaux en étudiant les modes spécifiques de production du sens dans un art comme la danse. / This ethnographic study explores the Argentine tango network of Montreal, the esthetic values of this tango, the interpretation of experience acquired through the socialization process and the various agents of socialization. In a context of appropriation and deterritorialization of a savoir-faire art such as tango, the symbolic references related to the dance’s original context, mythology and sociohistoric context are less accessible to the dancers. This seems to call a sort of overdetermination of the actual, concrete and interactive experience of the dance in the construction of collective meaning. My research will explore a transposition which occurs within the tango social sphere; a compliance with interactive aspects of esthetic norms that draws the dancer’s attention in practice and discourse towards a certain quality of experience. These values can be traced to the origins of tango and the encounters between different social worlds and transnational connections at different periods of its evolution. From such transesthetic encounters, tango has developped, in the way experience is represented and put into form, a dualism between dancing for others and dancing for one self. In the specific context of Montreal, we observe this cohabitation of two apparently antagonistic value systems. On one hand, we value the personal exhibition, and on the other, we prioritize the inner nature and subjective experience of the dance. In brief, this thesis explores the complex relationship existing between cultural process and cultural products, between experience and meaning, between collectivity and individual subjectivities, and redefines the agentive role of social actors by examining the specific ways meaning is produced in expressive culture such as the dance.

Cette étude ethnographique porte sur le réseau social du tango argentin à Montréal, les valeurs esthétiques du tango, l’interprétation de l’expérience de la danse acquise au cours du processus de socialisation et les différents agents de socialisation. Dans un contexte de réappropriation et de déterritorialisation d’un savoir-faire comme le tango, les références symboliques relatives à son contexte d’origine, son imaginaire collectif et son contexte sociohistorique sont moins accessibles. Ceci semble appeler chez les danseurs montréalais une sorte de surdétermination de l’expérience immédiate, concrète et interactive de la danse dans la construction d’un sens collectif. Cette recherche s’intéresse plutôt à la transposition dans le réseau montréalais de certaines normes esthétiques en lien avec les modalités interactives de la danse. Ces normes esthétiques induisent une attention particulière portée à la qualité de l’expérience se reflétant dans les pratiques et les discours. Ces valeurs esthétiques remontent au contexte d’origine du tango et à la rencontre entre différents univers socialisateurs transnationaux à différentes étapes de son évolution. De ce type de rencontres «transesthétiques», s’est développé un dualisme entre le danser pour les autres et le danser pour soi, dans les représentations et la mise en forme d’une expérience dansée. À Montréal, c’est avec emphase qu’on observe la cohabitation de ces deux systèmes de valeurs en apparence antagonistes où, d’une part, est valorisé l’exhibition du soi et, d’autre part, sont priorisés l’intériorité et l’expérience subjective. En bref, ce mémoire explore les relations complexes qui existent entre les processus culturels et leurs produits, l’expérience et le sens, entre la subjectivité individuelle et la collectivité, et redéfinit l’agentivité des acteurs sociaux en étudiant les modes spécifiques de production du sens dans un art comme la danse. / This ethnographic study explores the Argentine tango network of Montreal, the esthetic values of this tango, the interpretation of experience acquired through the socialization process and the various agents of socialization. In a context of appropriation and deterritorialization of a savoir-faire art such as tango, the symbolic references related to the dance’s original context, mythology and sociohistoric context are less accessible to the dancers. This seems to call a sort of overdetermination of the actual, concrete and interactive experience of the dance in the construction of collective meaning. My research will explore a transposition which occurs within the tango social sphere; a compliance with interactive aspects of esthetic norms that draws the dancer’s attention in practice and discourse towards a certain quality of experience. These values can be traced to the origins of tango and the encounters between different social worlds and transnational connections at different periods of its evolution. From such transesthetic encounters, tango has developped, in the way experience is represented and put into form, a dualism between dancing for others and dancing for one self. In the specific context of Montreal, we observe this cohabitation of two apparently antagonistic value systems. On one hand, we value the personal exhibition, and on the other, we prioritize the inner nature and subjective experience of the dance. In brief, this thesis explores the complex relationship existing between cultural process and cultural products, between experience and meaning, between collectivity and individual subjectivities, and redefines the agentive role of social actors by examining the specific ways meaning is produced in expressive culture such as the dance.

Quando nos debruçamos sobre as letras de samba e tango compostas entre 1917 e 1945, notamos a reiterada presença nos sambas do personagem chamado malandro e outros de seu universo. No caso do tango, testemunhamos a do denominado compadrito e outros relacionados a ele nos tangos. Essa presença se relaciona a uma contradição constitutiva, já que esses gêneros musicais, muitas vezes relacionados à representação do nacional, propagavam um modo de vida marginal, fora do apregoado como ideal de cidadão pelos respectivos Estados nacionais. É nosso objetivo nesta tese analisar como, nas composições nas quais aparece esse tipo de personagem, emergem embates, nas diferentes formas da heterogeneidade discursiva, entre vozes que identificamos, de um lado, como filiadas com a perspectiva marginal e, de outro, com posicionamentos relacionados às ações disciplinadoras dos Estados nacionais. Trabalharemos com composições elaboradas no período de 1917-1945, momento privilegiado de discussões de cunho nacionalista, quando o samba e o tango foram, por diferentes motivos e em distintas medidas, sendo associados a questões identitárias. Os referenciais teóricos que norteiam nossa pesquisa se relacionam especialmente aos estudos discursivos e enunciativos; porém, tendo em vista o caráter interdisciplinar de nosso trabalho, também lançaremos mão de conceitos relacionados aos estudos históricos, sociológicos, musicológicos e das ciências da comunicação. / When we dedicate our attention to the samba and tango lyrics produced between the years 1917 and 1945, we notice in them the persistent presence of the character known as malandro (smooth operator), and others belonging to his universe, as well as of the character known as compadrito, and others related to him in the tango songs. Such presences are related to a constitutive contradiction, for those musical genres which were constantly related to a national representation produced a propaganda of a marginal way of life, that is, the one of the outcast opposite to the ideal of citizen such as defended by national States. In this thesis, we take the compositions in which those characters are presented, and aim to analyze the way how clashes are established in the different manners of discursive heterogeneity. We identify voices sided with the marginal perspective, and we also identify other voices, on the other side, whose position stands for the one defended by the disciplining perspective of the national States. In such a frame, we work with lyrics composed in the period from 1917 to 1945, given that is a privileged moment for discussions from a nationalist perspective. Due to several reasons and different measures, that was the period when the samba and the tango were associated to identity matters. The theoretical references heading this research are mainly related to the enunciation and discourse studies; however, once we aim at maintaining the interdisciplinary aspect of our study, we also make use of conceptions related to the historical and sociological studies, as the ones belonging to the fields of musicology and communications