Orientador: Eni de Lourdes Puccinelli Orlandi / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T18:23:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Azevedo_AlineFernandesde_D.pdf: 2077437 bytes, checksum: 47d23fdf00e59db136f682735ee731b4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Esta tese tem por objetivo compreender os movimentos de sentido sobre/do corpo produzido em diferentes materialidades significantes, e que mantém relação com três práticas discursivas e corporais distintas, aqui teorizadas como tecnologias corporais: a dança, a medicalização do corpo e a tatuagem. Para tanto, priorizamos o espaço da festa rave como lugar de produção dessas práticas, sítio significante que abriga processos de identificação e individualização do sujeito contemporâneo, conforme a proposta de Pêcheux e Orlandi. Interessa-nos, pois, observar as formas de assujeitamento fabricadas na atualidade, em condições materiais e históricas específicas, tendo em vista a forma como o corpo se textualiza nas redes de sociabilidade da Internet. Partimos da suposição de que esse corpo ideologicamente marcado é também um corpo de desejo: lugar de falta, do possível. É pela/na falta que o sujeito se constitui em sujeito de desejo, é na tentativa de tamponá-la que ele tece para si sentidos inscritos em práticas capazes de metaforizar a falta em ser: nas discursividades analisadas, o movimento de sentidos compõe cartografias marcadas por suturas e cicatrizes. Essas metáforas do corpo, assim formuladas, possibilitam pensar as práticas ideológicas como profundamente paradoxais: é no furo, nos sentidos em fuga, que este trabalho dá a ver outros lugares de identificação, permitindo que a noção de resistência seja significada diferentemente / Abstract: The objective of this thesis is to understand the meaning of the movements on/of the body produced in significant different materiality and that keep the relationship between three different discourse and body practices, the dance, medication and tattoo. In order to do so we gave priority to the rave parties, where these are common practices, as a significant place that houses the identification and individualization processes of the contemporary subject according to the Pêcheux and Orlandi proposal. We are interested in observing the forms of subjection currently performed under specific historical and material conditions, aiming to understand how the body is contextualized in the social networks of the Internet. We started with the premise that this ideologically marked body is also a body of desire, a body that lacks a possible body. And it is for what lacks that the subject constituted him/herself in object of desire, and it is trying to disguise it that he/she builds meanings, written in practices that can metaphor the lack of being. In the analyzed discourse the movement of the meanings composes a cartography that is marked by sutures and scars. Formulated like this, these metaphors of the body make it possible to think the ideological practices as deeply paradoxical. It is in the puncture, in the meanings of escape, that this work makes it possible to see other identification places, allowing the notion of resistance to be differently diagnosed / Doutorado / Linguistica / Doutora em Linguística

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) affects more than 200 million people worldwide. PAD refers to illness due to a reduction or complete occlusion of blood flow in the artery, especially to the extremities in disease conditions, such as atherosclerosis or diabetes. Critical limb ischemia (CLI) is a severe form of PAD associated with high morbidity and mortality. Currently, no effective and permanent treatments are available for this disease. The current endovascular medications (e.g., angioplasty or stents) only relieve the clinical symptoms while the surgical therapies (e.g., bypass or endarterectomy) require grafting vessels from a healthy organ to the diseased limb of the patient. However, even with these therapeutic techniques, 30% of patients still undergo limb amputation within a year. Thus, understanding of disease mechanism and development of new therapeutic approaches are in urgent needs. Meis1 (myeloid ecotropic viral integration site 1) gene belongs to the three-amino-acid loop extension subclass of homeobox gene families, and it is a highly conserved transcription factor in all eukaryotes. Up to date, little is known about the role of Meis1 in regulating vascular remodeling under ischemic condition. In this study, we aim to investigate the role and underlying mechanism of Meis1 in the regulation of arteriogenesis and angiogenesis using hindlimb ischemia model of transgenic neonatal mice. The long-term goal is to develop a new treatment for patients with PAD. Three separate but related studies were planned to complete the proposed research aims. To better understand the role of Meis1, we reviewed, in the first chapter, all literature relevant to the recent advances of the Meis1 in normal hematopoiesis, vasculogenesis, and heart developments, which were mostly studied in zebrafish and mouse. Briefly, Meis1 is found to be highly expressed in the brain and retina in zebrafish and additional in the heart, nose, and limb in mouse during the very early developmental stage, and remains at a low level quickly after birth. Meis1 is necessary for both primitive and definitive hematopoiesis and required for posterior erythroid differentiation. The absence of Meis1 results in a severe reduction of the number of mature erythrocytes and weakens the heart beats in zebrafish. Meis1 deficiency mouse is dead as early as E11.5 due to the severe internal hemorrhage. In addition, Meis1 is essential in heart development. Knock-down of Meis1 can promote angiotensin II-induced cardiomyocytes (CMs) hypertrophy or CMs proliferation, which can be repressed by a transcription factor Tbx20. Meis1 appears to play a complicated role in the blood vessels. Although the major blood vessels are still normal when global deletion of Meis1, the intersegmental vessel cannot be formed in Meis1 morphants in the zebrafish, and the small vessels are either too narrow or form larger sinuses in Meis1 deficient mouse. The effects of Meis1 on the vascular network under normal and disease (ischemia) condition remain largely unknown, and the existing data in this field is limited. In the second chapter, we developed a method protocol to identify mice of all ages, especially neonates that we faced methodological difficulties to easily and permanently label prior to our major experiments. In this study, single- or 2-color tattooing (ear, tail, or toe or combinations) was performed to identify a defined or unlimited number of mice, respectively. Tail tattooing using both green and red pastes was suitable for identifying white-haired neonatal mice as early as postnatal day (PND) 1, whereas toe tattooing with green paste was an effective alternative approach for labeling black-haired mouse pups. In comparison, single-color (green) or 2-color (green and red) ear tattooing identified both white and black adult mice older than three weeks. Ear tattooing can be adapted to labeling an unlimited number of adult mice by adding the cage number. Thus, tattooing various combinations of the ears, tail, and toes provides an easy and permanent approach for identifying mice of all ages with minimal disturbance to the animals, which shows a new approach than any existing method to identify mouse at all ages, especially the neonatal pups used in the present study (Chapter 4). Various formation of hindlimb ischemia with ligations of femoral artery or vein or both have been reported in the literature. The ischemic severity varies dependent on mouse strains and ligation methods. Due to the tiny body size of our experimental neonatal mice (PND2), it is technically challenging to separate the femoral artery from femoral vein without potential bleeding. In the third chapter, we aimed to explore a suitable surgical approach that can apply to neonatal mice. To this end, we compared the effects of femoral artery/vein (FAV) excision vs. femoral artery (FA) excision on hindlimb model using adult CD-1 mice. We showed during the 4-week period of blood reperfusion, no statistically significant differences were found between FAV and FA excision-induced ischemia regarding the reduction of limb blood flow, paw size, number of necrotic toes, or skeletal muscle cell size. We conclude that FAV and FA excision in CD-1 mice generate a comparable severity of hindlimb ischemia. In other words, FAV ligation is no more severe than FA ligation. These findings provide valuable information for researchers when selecting ligation methods for their neonate hindlimb models. Based on these findings, we selected FAV ligation of hindlimb ischemia approach to study the function of Meis1 in vascular remodeling of neonatal mice. In the fourth chapter (the main part of my dissertation), we investigated the roles of Meis1 in regulating arteriogenesis and angiogenesis of neonatal mouse under the ischemic condition. To this end, endothelial cell-specific deletion of Meis1 was generated by cross-breeding Meis1flox/flox mice with Tie2-Cre mice. Wild-type (WT, Meis1f/f) and endothelial cell-specific knock-out (KO, Meis1ec-/-Tie2-Cre+) C57BL/6 mice at the age of PND2 were used. Under the anesthesia, the pups were subject to hindlimb ischemia by excising FAV. Laser Doppler Imager was used to measure the blood flow pre- and post-surgery up to 28 days. Toe necrosis, skeletal regeneration, and vascular distributions were examined at the end of experiments (PND28 post-ischemia). Surprisingly, during 4-week periods after ischemia, the blood flow ratios (ischemic vs. control limb) in KO mice significantly increased compared to WT on PND14 and PND28, suggesting the inhibitory effects of Meis1 on blood flow recovery under ischemic condition. Meanwhile, WT mice showed more severe necrotic limb (lower ratio of limb length and area, and higher necrotic scores at PND7) than those in the KO mice. Furthermore, significant increases in diameters of Dil-stained arterioles of the skin vessel and the vessels on the ligation site were observed in KO mice, indicating the enhanced arteriogenesis in KO mice. To investigate the underlying mechanism, RNA from the ischemia and control limb was extracted and q-PCR was used to study the potential genes involved in the mechanism. Casp3 and Casp8 were found downregulated showing less apoptosis in the KO mice. On the other hand, endothelial cells (ECs) were isolated from the lungs of 3-5 WT and KO neonates using CD31 Microbeads. CD31+ cells were plated and treated with 0, 0.5, and 1μM doxorubicin for 24 hours and analyzed with various assays. Meis1-KO ECs demonstrated higher cell viability and formed a higher number of vascular tubes than those in WT ECs following 0.5μM Dox treatment, presenting the potential ability of angiogenesis in KO-ECs. Furthermore, the increased viability in KO ECs may be due to the decreased expression or activities of Casp8 and Casp3. In conclusion, my present studies have developed a new methodology to easily and permanently identify all mice at any ages. The insignificant differences between FAV and FA ligations suggest that a relative-easy surgical approach could be used to generate hindlimb ischemic model, which potentially reduces the cost, decreases the surgical time and prevents damage of femoral nerve from surgical tools. More importantly, by using transgenic mice, we found that Meis1-KO dramatically increased blood flow and protected the ischemic hindlimb through vascular remodeling. Obviously, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the above beneficial effects appear complicated and likely to involve multiple cellular remodeling processes and molecular signaling pathways to enhance arteriogenesis and angiogenesis and/or reduce cellular apoptosis through Meis1-mediated pathways. Our study demonstrated that under ischemic condition, knockout of Meis1 increases expression of Hif1a, which then activates Agt or VEGF, thus enhances arteriogenesis or angiogenesis; In addition, knockout of Meis1 activates Ccnd1, which subsequently promotes regeneration of skeletal muscle, and reduces expression of Casp8 and Casp3, thus preventing limb tissue from ischemia-induced apoptosis. Our innovative findings offer great potential to ultimately lead to new drug discovery or therapeutic approaches for prevention or treatment of PAD. / PHD / Peripheral artery disease (PAD), which affects more than 200 million people worldwide, commonly refers to the vascular diseases of legs or feet due to a reduction or even complete occlusion of blood flow to these areas. PAD is usually caused by blockage of main vessels in limbs under certain diseases, such as atherosclerosis. Unfortunately, no effective and permanent treatments are available for this disease. The current medications only relieve the clinical symptoms while the surgical therapy requires grafting vessels from a healthy organ to the diseased limb of the patient. In the present study, we aim to explore a new approach to facilitate the vessel formation in ischemic limb using Meis 1 transgenic mice. Meis 1 (myeloid ecotropic viral integration site 1) gene belongs to homeobox gene families, and it is a highly conserved transcription factor in all eukaryotes. My dissertation aims to understand how Meis 1 affects vascular remodeling in the mouse following induced hindlimb ischemia (to mimic PAD). To better understand the role of Meis 1, we first reviewed the literature studying the Meis 1 function on normal hematopoiesis, vasculogenesis, and heart development in zebrafish and mouse. The studies show that Meis 1 plays a complicated role in the blood vessels. When entirely deleting Meis 1 in the zebrafish, the intersegmental vessels cannot be formed. While in a mammal study, it is found that the major blood vessels are normal while the small vessels are either too narrow or form larger sinuses in Meis 1 deficient mouse. Thus, Mesi1 appears to play an important role in regulating vascular network, but the available information in this field is insufficient. The present projects aimed to study the roles of Meis 1 in regulating vascular remodeling following the hindlimb ischemia induced by ligation of main limb vessels (to mimic PAD). The transgenic mice with the deletion of Meis 1 (called knockout or KO mice) were generated by a Cre-loxP system (a gene manipulation method) to remove Meis 1 only in endothelial cells. The resulting KO mice were subject to the hindlimb ischemia and compared to those mice with the intact Meis 1 (called wild-type, or WT). To this end, the entire experiments contain three separate studies. In the first studies (Chapter 2), we developed an easy, but a permanent method to identify the mice at all age, especially the neonatal mice we used in the projects. Briefly, we used single- or 2-color tattooing to identify a defined or unlimited number of mice, respectively. We labeled our adult mice with ear tattooing combined with cage number and neonatal mice with toe tattooing if necessary to identify the individual animals. Next (Chapter 3), we determined the effects of femoral artery/vein (FAV) ligation vs. femoral artery (FA) ligation alone on hindlimb severities. The purpose of this study was to generate a suitable ligation model for the neonatal mice. Interestingly, no statistically significant differences were found between FAV and FA excision-induced ischemia, suggesting that FAV ligation could be applied to the neonatal hindlimb ischemia model in the rest of study. Upon the establishment of identification and ligation approaches for neonatal mice, we conducted systemic studies at both in vitro and in vivo settings to investigate the biological function of Meis 1 under ischemic condition. Briefly, two groups of Meis 1 mice at ages of postnatal day 2 were used in the study: WT (the normal mice), and endothelial specific knock-out (KO, Meis 1 gene was entirely deleted in endothelial cells). Under anesthesia, the postnatal day 2 pups were induced hindlimb ischemia, and blood flow was measured pre- and post-ischemia up to 4 weeks. Our data demonstrated that the blood flow was significantly higher in KO mice than WT mice, suggesting deletion of Meis 1 in endothelial cells can increase blood perfusion following ischemic injury. Moreover, the KO mice showed less toe damage compared with WT, thus showing protective benefit in rescuing the damaged limb. We also found that deletion of Meis 1 in endothelial cells increased cell viability and induced generation of more numbers of vessels under an induced apoptosis condition. These findings suggested that the deletion of Meis 1 in endothelial cells facilitates vessel formation and prevents the injured limbs from loss or undergoing apoptosis/necrosis, which may lead new drug discovery and development of effective therapy for treatments of PAD.

Cette thèse est une contribution à l’étude des relations de parenté inuit. Elle présente une ethnographie et une analyse des pratiques relationnelles contemporaines dans le village arctique de Sanikiluaq (Nunavut). Elle vise plus particulièrement à comprendre le processus de production, de pratique et d’interruption du lien de parenté dans une communauté travaillée par le contexte sociohistorique des sociétés inuit canadiennes du début du 21e siècle ; elle met ainsi en regard le contexte historique de l’archipel des îles Belcher, les enjeux électifs travaillant les pratiques relationnelles contemporaines et les identités relationnelles de leurs acteurs pour accéder à une compréhension du sens de la parenté inuit refusant de postuler la flexibilité de l’organisation sociale comme une réponse culturelle satisfaisante à la question de la nature de la parenté.Sur le fond du contexte historique ayant déterminé la formation récente du village de Sanikiluaq, la première partie (chapitres 2 et 3) retrace les évolutions des pratiques relationnelles au cours du 20e siècle et s’attache à identifier les principaux enjeux déterminant aujourd’hui l’élection parentale. La deuxième partie (chapitres 4 et 5) est consacrée à une ethnographie et à une analyse de la fabrique des parentés dans neuf fratries qikirtamiut (i.e. des îles Belcher) contemporaines ; elle travaille le rapport entre les enjeux électifs contemporains, la production du lien de parenté et le vécu effectif de la relation autour des trois registres d’appartenance parentale structurant les pratiques et les théories culturelles concernées : la généalogie, l’identité et le quotidien. La troisième et dernière partie (chapitres 6 et 7) poursuit l’analyse dans des lieux et des milieux mobilisant l’image de la personne et de la relation pour produire, dire et pratiquer le lien. Elle aborde les pratiques relationnelles sur les sites Internet de réseaux sociaux, l’utilisation des photographies de famille, ainsi que plusieurs catégories de marquage qui, du tatouage au dessin, participent de pratiques d’identification impliquant l’identité ontologique à la base de la relation de parenté. La thèse propose ainsi une approche de la parenté inuit articulant processus électifs, pratiques relationnelles et productions symboliques dans le contexte arctique du début du 21e siècle. / This doctoral dissertation is a contribution to the study of Inuit kinship. It presents an ethnography and analysis of contemporary kinship practices in the Arctic village of Sanikiluaq (Nunavut). The specific aim is to understand how kinship ties are produced, practised, and severed in a community that historically and socially has much in common with other Canadian Inuit societies of the early 21st century. The text thus covers the history of the Belcher Islands, the strategies currently used to establish kinship ties, and the kin identities of the people involved. The aim, here, is to understand the meaning of Inuit kinship without having to fall back on the flexibility of social organization to provide a satisfactory answer.After describing the historical backdrop to the recent formation of the village of Sanikiluaq, the first part (chapters 2 and 3) retraces the development of kinship practices during the 20th century and identifies the main strategies behind present-day kinship choices, e.g., choosing a mate, a godmother, a godfather, or a namesake for a newborn child. The second part (chapters 4 and 5) provides an ethnography and analysis of kinship choices in nine groups of siblings who are contemporary Qikirtamiut (i.e., Inuit of the Belcher Islands). It addresses how kinship strategies, production of kinship ties, and the actual kinship experience interrelate in terms of three factors that structure the practices and cultural theories under discussion: genealogy, identity, and daily life. The third and last part (chapters 6 and 7) pursues this analysis in places and settings where images of oneself and one’s kin group are used as means to produce, convey, and practise kinship. Topics include kinship practices on social networking websites, use of family photos, and several categories of tagging, which range from tattooing to drawing, that help people to identify themselves to others via the ontological identity that underlies their kinship ties. In sum, this dissertation describes Inuit kinship by showing how strategy processes, day-to-day practices, and forms of symbolic production relate to each other in the Arctic of the early 21st century.

Le paysage sociopolitique canadien est, actuellement, transformé par les mouvements de résurgence culturelle de Premières nations, des Métis et des Inuits. Parmi les traditions revitalisées, la pratique du tatouage traditionnel gagne en importance. Un nombre croissant d’artistes-tatoueur.euse.s autochtones réparti.e.s à travers le Canada s’évertuent à revitaliser le médium. Ce mémoire s’intéresse, particulièrement, au travail de Dion Kaszas, de Toby Sicks et d’Angela Hovak Johnston. En explorant leur projet de revitalisation, j’aborde, entre autres, les questions de la transmission intergénérationnelle, de l’hybridité culturelle et de l’agentivité du tatouage. Employant une méthodologie décolonisée axée sur la culture lakota, ce travail propose les récits d’autochtones tatoué.e.s rencontré.e.s lors de séjours de re-cherche. En me basant sur nos conversations, je tente d’expliquer l’importance du tatouage ancestral dans l’affirmation identitaire des autochtones contemporain.e.s J’y montre que, dans les milieux urbains, principalement, la pratique du tatouage permet une guérison collective et individuelle, en plus de contribuer à l’affirmation des identités autochtones et à l'autonomisation des diverses nations sur le territoire. De plus, grâce à divers témoignages, j’explique que le tatouage autochtone contemporain sert de levier dans les luttes sociopolitiques actuelles. Ainsi, l’art du tatouage, un médium indûment négligé par les études en l’histoire de l’art, s’avère être un acteur déterminant dans les grands mouvements de résurgence culturelle autochtone actuellement au Canada. Ce mémoire invite, donc, le lecteur ou la lectrice à reconsidérer l’importance de l’art du tatouage autochtone contemporain et les enjeux qu’il soulève. / The Canadian socio-political landscape is currently being transformed by the cultural resurgence movements of First Nations, Métis and Inuit. The practice of traditional tattooing is gaining importance as a component of this process of revitalization. A growing number of Aboriginal tattoo artists across Canada are working to revive the medium. This thesis examines the work of Dion Kaszas, Angela Hovak Johnston and Toby Sicks, in particular. As part of my exploration of their revitalizing projects, I examine, among other things, questions of transmission, cultural hybridity, and agency. Employing decolonizing methodologies, particularly insights from Lakota culture, I share the stories of several tattooed Indigenous people encountered during my re-search. Based on our conversations, I seek to explain the importance of the ancestral tattoo in the assertion of identity of contemporary Indigenous peoples. I show that both in urban areas and on reserves, the practice of tattooing facilitates collective and individual healing, in addition to contributing to the affirmation of Aboriginal identities and the empowerment of various nations. In addition, I discuss ways that contemporary Aboriginal tattooing contributes to current socio-political struggles. I show how the art of tattooing, a medium unduly neglected in art history, plays a major role in cultural resurgence movements of Indigenous peoples of Canada today. Cumulatively, the thesis invites the reader to reconsider the importance of contemporary Aboriginal tattoo art and the issues it raises.

This qualitative study explored the use of Body Mapping as a tool to enhance dialogue with sentenced adolescent boys in a Special Youth Centre. Their scars and tattoos were regarded as the key to unlocking their life stories. Body maps and unstructured interviews formed the main body of data. The paradigms of both Gestalt- and occupational therapy formed the basis of the conceptual framework and a literature control was done as “theory after” as well as a method of data triangulation. Themes extracted pointed to broken bonds and familial trauma which lead the adolescents to search for belonging and mastery in deviant peer groups and street- and Numbergangs. The tattoos provide graphic affirmation of identification and belonging to these groups. The mapping of their lesions and scars provided the opportunity to relate traumatic experiences. Conclusions were drawn and recommendations could be made as a result of the study. / Social Work / M. Diac. (Play Therapy)

This qualitative study explored the use of Body Mapping as a tool to enhance dialogue with sentenced adolescent boys in a Special Youth Centre. Their scars and tattoos were regarded as the key to unlocking their life stories. Body maps and unstructured interviews formed the main body of data. The paradigms of both Gestalt- and occupational therapy formed the basis of the conceptual framework and a literature control was done as “theory after” as well as a method of data triangulation. Themes extracted pointed to broken bonds and familial trauma which lead the adolescents to search for belonging and mastery in deviant peer groups and street- and Numbergangs. The tattoos provide graphic affirmation of identification and belonging to these groups. The mapping of their lesions and scars provided the opportunity to relate traumatic experiences. Conclusions were drawn and recommendations could be made as a result of the study. / Social Work / M. Diac. (Play Therapy)

Using interpretive methods of social inquiry, this thesis explores the socio-political significance of body tattoos made of Chinese-like text, which have recently become popular Western phenomena. It theorizes how contemporary Western tattooing complicates bodily and social boundaries, providing context to interrogate ideas of authenticity. Coining the term "Chinesenough" (from “Chinese” and “enough”), I describe how many such tattoos do not reflect in Chinese what many wearers and viewers assume they do. I contrast how Chinesenough tattoos (re)produce whiteness to the multiple and contradictory Chinesenesses that are also (re)produced. Reading Chinesenough flash art on tattoo studio walls as objects constituting social space, I consider the social meaning of their English subtitles and manner of organization. I theorize the body’s absence from Chinesenough flash art while articulating my body’s sense experience of encountering the same. Finally, I produce and theorize five illustrations that carnivalize Chinesenough iconography to disrupt and transform the phenomenon.

Using interpretive methods of social inquiry, this thesis explores the socio-political significance of body tattoos made of Chinese-like text, which have recently become popular Western phenomena. It theorizes how contemporary Western tattooing complicates bodily and social boundaries, providing context to interrogate ideas of authenticity. Coining the term "Chinesenough" (from “Chinese” and “enough”), I describe how many such tattoos do not reflect in Chinese what many wearers and viewers assume they do. I contrast how Chinesenough tattoos (re)produce whiteness to the multiple and contradictory Chinesenesses that are also (re)produced. Reading Chinesenough flash art on tattoo studio walls as objects constituting social space, I consider the social meaning of their English subtitles and manner of organization. I theorize the body’s absence from Chinesenough flash art while articulating my body’s sense experience of encountering the same. Finally, I produce and theorize five illustrations that carnivalize Chinesenough iconography to disrupt and transform the phenomenon.