The Niagara Tunnel Project is a 10.4 km long water diversion tunnel being excavated under the city of Niagara Falls, Ontario by a 14.4 m diameter tunnel boring machine. This tunnel has descended through the entire stratigraphy of the Niagara Escarpment, including dolomites, limestones, sandstones, shales and interbedded zones of these rock types, passed under St. Davids Buried Gorge ascending to surface. Working at the tunnel provided an opportunity to assess and document the horizontally laminated ground behaviour for this large diameter circular tunnel and provided the backdrop for this study. A detailed understanding of the geological history was necessary. Modelling of laminations, ranging between 0.16 to 16 m in thickness, was conducted to determine critical behaviour and cut-offs for failure modes. A critical normalized lamination thickness (thickness/radius) of 0.9 was found to exist, above which the excavation response is similar to the equivalent isotropic model, and below which the laminated behaviour corresponds to a characteristic failure mode controlled by bed deflections and bed parallel shear. Initially, as the normalized lamination thickness is decreased below 0.9, the stresses are channeled through the crown beam which concentrates the yield and increases the crown deflections. This results in crown beam failure. As the lamination thickness decreases, further the stresses are shed to multiple laminations increasing the displacements significantly and changing the shape and extent of the yield zone. From multiple lamination coupling to self-limiting yield the development of chimney style failure is controlled by the degree of tensile yielding. Tensile yielding first begins in the haunch area and progressively extends above the crown, as the lamination thickness decreases, until a self-limiting plastic yield zone shape is reached at normalized lamination thicknesses below 0.026. Incorporation of discrete anisotropy is necessary to accurately model the excavation response in horizontally laminated ground. / Thesis (Master, Geological Sciences & Geological Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2009-09-15 16:34:47.134

Herrenknecht AG is a German world-leading Tunnel Boring Machines manufacturer showing strong awareness and concern regarding environmental issues. The company supports research on the Energy Efficiency (EE) of their products, aimed at the development of intelligent design for a green Tunnel Boring Machine. The aim of this project is to produce a ’status quo’ report on EE of three types of Tunnel Boring Machines (Hardrock, EPB and Mixshield TBM). In the framework of this research 39 projects are analysed using calculation tools, plotting and statistical functionalities of Excel and Matlab. The findings of this study inter alia confirm the existence of data quality issue and highlight the necessity of data quality control, allow identification of specific distinctions between energy consumption of the three investigated TBM types, and stress the necessity for optimisation of the layout of TBMs energy supply units and main consumers. Moreover the results of the survey suggest that there is a certain energy saving potential, which is achievable by e.g. an adequate selection of the machine type prior to start of a given project and better adjustment of the machines’ layout to the particular local geological environments. An EE implementation strategy, indicating further research needs, is suggested and discussed.

This master thesis has been conducted at Svea Teknik on behalf of Atlas Copco and deals with the design of a cutter head motion system for mechanical rock excavation machines. Mechanical rock excavation allows tunneling to be done with just one machine in a continuous process. Such a machine is called a tunnel boring machine (TBM) and excavates rock by pressing a rotating cutter head with disc cutters against the rock face. By moving the cutter head in different patterns, tunnels of different profiles and sizes can be excavated. Atlas Copco has currently a conceptual TBM with an associated cutter head motion solution attached. The main task of this master thesis is to examine if an alternative solution to this motion system could be incorporated to the conceptual TBM, and to develop this solution to a functional concept design. In order to find a suitable alternative design nine concepts where generated and evaluated against the current concept solution using a weighted PUGH-matrix. The chosen concept was refined into a final functional concept design. The produced concept design consists of a two part linkage arm construction connected via a cylindrical joint. At one end of the articulated arm the cutter head is located and at the other end the linkage arm is connected to a rotatable base which allows the arm to rotate and swing to the sides. This rotatable base is in later turn supported by a base structure mounted to the main body of the current concept machine. All motion is achieved by hydraulic cylinders which are mounted in their respective ends using spherical bearings to minimize the need of narrow tolerance spans. The benefits of this alternative design are a greater choice of tunnel profiles along with simpler bearing solutions which may reduce manufacturing- and service costs. The downside is instead added weight to the front of the machine which will move the center of mass closer to the cutter head. This may have a negative effect on the machine propulsion system. / Detta examensarbete har utförts på Svea Teknik på uppdrag av Atlas Copco och behandlar utvecklingen av ett rörelsesystem för förflyttningen av borrhuvudet på maskiner för mekanisk bergavverkning. Med mekanisk bergavverkning är det möjligt att gräva ut en tunnel med bara en maskin i en kontinuerlig process. En sådan maskin kallas tunnelborrningsmaskin (TBM) och bryter berget genom att ett borrhuvud med brytskivor rullar under tryck mot bergsväggen. Genom att förflytta borrhuvudet i olika mönster kan tunnlar med olika profil och storlek anläggas. Atlas Copco har för närvarande en konceptuell TBM med tillhörande lösning för borrhuvudförflyttningen. Huvuduppgiften för detta examensarbete är att undersöka om en alternativ lösning till detta förflyttingssystem kan integreras med denna TBM och att utveckla den här lösning till en funktionell konceptdesign. För att hitta en lämplig alternativ utformning har nio koncept tagits fram vilka utvärderas mot den befintliga konceptlösningen i en viktad PUGH-matris. Det valda konceptet har förfinats till en slutgiltig funktionell konceptdesign. Det framtagna konceptet består av en tvådelad länkarmskonstruktion sammansatta via en cylindrisk rotationsled. I ena änden av länkarmen är borrhuvudet monterat och vid den andra änden är länkarmen ansluten till en roterbar bas som möjliggör att länkarmarna kan rotera och svänga åt sidorna. Denna roterande bas är i sin tur upphängd i en basstruktur som är fastmonterad på den nuvarande konceptmaskinen. All rörelse uppnås genom hydraulcylindrar som är monterade i respektive ände med hjälp av sfäriska lager för att minimera toleranskraven. Fördelarna med detta alternativa koncept är en större frihet i valet av tunnelprofiler tillsammans med en enklare lagerlösning som kan minska tillverknings- och servicekostnader. Nackdelen är istället att vikten längre fram på maskinen ökar. Detta leder till att masscentrum flyttats närmare borrhuvudet vilket kan ha negativ inverkning på maskinens framdrivningssystem.

Detta examensarbete omfattar generering samt vidareutveckling av koncept av en infästning för ett muckhanteringssystem på en tunnelborrningsmaskin. Maskinen, som går under arbetsnamnet Mobile miner, utvecklas av Atlas Copco tillsammans med bland andra konsultföretaget Svea Teknik AB. Examensarbetet genomförs parallellt med slutskedet av det verkliga utvecklingsprojektet och kan eventuellt komma att inkluderas. Examensarbetet har föregåtts av utvecklingen av tunnelborrningsmaskinen och dess främre muckhanteringssystem som består av en ramp (apron) och en kedjetransportör. Systemets uppgift är att samla upp och transportera bort den bergskross (muck) som genereras vid själva borringreppet. Infästningen delas upp i en främre och en bakre infästning på grund av systemets storlek, samt för att uppfylla systemets fördefinierade rörlighetskrav. En kravspecifikation upprättas, baserad på en bakgrundsstudie, för generering av flertalet infästningskoncept medan endast ett koncept för en främre infästning vidareutvecklas efter konceptval med Pughs matris.Vidareutvecklingen resulterade i en främre infästning med två lastkännande överbelastningsskydd, placerade under apron, tillsammans med två skenstyrningar för vertikal positionering av apron. Överbelastningsskydden mäter med hjälp av hydraulcylindrar den last som angriper aprons front och är konstruerade för att lösa ut vid en specificerad överlast varpå maskinens rörelser stoppas. Detta för att skydda apron från haveri.Den främre infästningen är utformad för att möjliggöra enkel montering och demontering av det främre muckhanteringssystemet i samband med service. Kopplingarna mellan det främre muckhanteringssystemet och maskinen är konstruerade med låsningar vars montering och demontering kan genomföras med hög personsäkerhet. Totalvikten för den främre infästningens delkomponenter är ca 800 kg under vidareutvecklingsfasen.Den vidareutvecklade främre infästningen uppfyller de krav och önskemål i kravspecifikationen som var möjliga att verifieras med CAD och FEM-analys. / This master’s thesis includes generation and further development of concept for a muck handling system mount on a tunnel boring machine. The machine, with the working title Mobile miner, is developed by Atlas Copco together with the technical consultant firm Svea Teknik AB among others. The master’s thesis is conducted in parallel with the finalizing of the actual development project with a chance of being included. The master’s thesis is preceded by the development of the tunnel boring machine and its frontal muck handling system that consists of a ramp (apron) and a chain conveyor. The task of the system is to gather and transport the crushed rock (muck) that is generated during the tunnel boring process. The mount is divided into a frontal- and a rear mount due to the size of the system and due to the movement criteria’s for the system. A specification of requirements is generated, preceded by a literature study, several concepts are generated while only one concept of a frontal mount is further developed. The concept of a frontal mount to be further developed is chosen using Pugh’s matrix.The development process resulted in a frontal mount with two load sensing systems, placed beneath the apron, together with two rail guides used to adjust the vertical position of the apron. The load sensing system measures the load acting on the front of the apron using hydraulic cylinders that signals the machine to stop all its movements when exposed to a specified overload. This is to protect the apron from breaking down.The frontal mount is designed to allow easy mounting and dismounting of the frontal muck handling system during service. The connections between the frontal muck handling system and the machine are designed with locking mechanisms that can be mounted and dismounted with high personal safety. The total weight of the components for the frontal mount is about 800 kg during the further development phase.The frontal mount fulfills the requirements and requests stated in the specification of requirements possible to verify using CAD and FEM-analysis.

A double case study applying action research methodology was conducted in two pharmaceutical preparation manufacturers in the Netherlands to improve their manufacturing systems by implementing time-based manufacturing (TBM) practices. Following the diagnosis phase, the situation of each Company was analysed and suitable improvement interventions were selected for implementation in the Case Companies. At the end of the action research project, semi-structured interviews were taken in each Company a year later, and the achieved results of the improvement programmes were collected and analysed. This research extends the existing theory of time-based competition and demonstrates that TBM practices apply also in the pharmaceutical preparation manufacturing industry. Furthermore, this study shows how to improve TBM practices and reduce the throughput time by providing the route for improvement and implementation. Although the first Case Company did not improve the core TBM practices and manufacturing performance, its infrastructure improved through the implementation of an ERP system and further enhancement of its quality management system, illustrating that the design of the infrastructure is a key factor to become a time-based competitor. The second Case Company succeeded to improve the 2 TBM practices and throughput processes resulting in the reduction of the order cycle time and increase of the delivery dependability. Based on the data of the two Case Companies, this study demonstrated the relationship between these two manufacturing performance parameters, which indicates that manufacturers may strive for both delivery speed and delivery reliability using the same improvement plan. Adopting TBM is a long journey of many years and needs a continuous improvement infrastructure.

The deployment of engineering models and design methods divorced from the effect that mechanised shield tunnelling with tunnel boring machines (TBMs) has on concrete segmental linings (CSLs) can lead to either material waste or structural damage within the tunnel design life. Most research to date on CSL behaviour during construction neglects the sequential ring loading and TBM-lining transverse interactions, which this thesis proved to be key in the short and long term behaviour of CSLs and whose study is essential if the design and maintenance of CSL structures is ever to be optimised. This thesis investigates the longitudinal and transverse behaviour of CSL structures simultaneously backfilled with bicomponent grouts (BGs) during tunnelling, and how this early response influences long term behaviour. The research work is drawn on three pillars that enable cross-validation of conclusions: analytical models, three-dimensional numerical simulations and the interpretation of the Crossrail's Thames tunnel (CTT) field data, which included distributed fibre optic strain (DFOS) data. A theoretical framework ranging from construction loading scenarios to the mechanisms underlying structural damage is described for the future development of limit state design methods. Analytical models of longitudinal behaviour are also proposed. The study of joint geometries, temporary spear bolts and DFOS sensing in CSL construction monitoring is included as ancillary research. The solution developed for a sequential elastic rod subjected to a trilinear temperature profile and in shear interaction with the elastic ground predicts accurately the early tunnel pre-stressing relaxation caused by grout hardening, e.g. ≈50% in the CTT. The proposed sequential elastic beam model, which incorporates the effects of stage-varying net TBM moments, transverse loads and lining pressure gradients within the tunnel unsupported length, estimates satisfactorily the history of tunnel beam response during construction for a realistic expression of the lining stiffness. A potential damage assessment method for the early detection of tunnel sections prone to ring joint damage was proposed. The TBM-lining transverse interaction determines the CSL ring behaviour at the early stages of tunnelling. The ring response resultant from this interaction is irrecoverable and contributes to the long term total deformations and internal forces; in tunnels excavated in grounds with Ko≈1, it becomes the major source of ring distortion. The main transverse actions are the sealing pressures, which are inversely related to the tail clearance, and the transverse load of oblique hydraulic jacks. When the non-bedded rings are eccentric with respect to the shield tail, the ring distortion increases the risk of cracking near the rear corners and spalling at the ram pad interspaces of constrained segments. The ring distortion is directly related to the pressure gradients, the unsupported length and the ring flexibility. When individual segments rotate outwards under the action of transverse ram loads, e.g. the outer springline segment during pronounced TBM steering around a horizontal curve, the localised action of the sealing pressures can result in longitudinal cracking at the intrados of the segment front. This study represents a qualitative leap towards the optimisation of CSL design, shifting the attention of researchers and designers to TBM-lining transverse interactions as the most determinant factor of structural response during construction in CSLs simultaneously backfilled with BGs.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第20678号 / 工博第4375号 / 新制||工||1680(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科社会基盤工学専攻 / (主査)教授 中川 一, 教授 平石 哲也, 准教授 川池 健司 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

A double case study applying action research methodology was conducted in two pharmaceutical preparation manufacturers in the Netherlands to improve their manufacturing systems by implementing time-based manufacturing (TBM) practices. Following the diagnosis phase, the situation of each Company was analysed and suitable improvement interventions were selected for implementation in the Case Companies. At the end of the action research project, semi-structured interviews were taken in each Company a year later, and the achieved results of the improvement programmes were collected and analysed. This research extends the existing theory of time-based competition and demonstrates that TBM practices apply also in the pharmaceutical preparation manufacturing industry. Furthermore, this study shows how to improve TBM practices and reduce the throughput time by providing the route for improvement and implementation. Although the first Case Company did not improve the core TBM practices and manufacturing performance, its infrastructure improved through the implementation of an ERP system and further enhancement of its quality management system, illustrating that the design of the infrastructure is a key factor to become a time-based competitor. The second Case Company succeeded to improve the 2 TBM practices and throughput processes resulting in the reduction of the order cycle time and increase of the delivery dependability. Based on the data of the two Case Companies, this study demonstrated the relationship between these two manufacturing performance parameters, which indicates that manufacturers may strive for both delivery speed and delivery reliability using the same improvement plan. Adopting TBM is a long journey of many years and needs a continuous improvement infrastructure.

Tunnel structures are important investments especially for urban areas. Ke&ccedil / i&ouml / ren - Tandogan metro alignment is one of those investments executed by Ankara Metropolitan Municipality. The purpose of this research is to evaluate Tunnel Boring Machine (Earth Pressure Balance type) (TBM-EPB) performance within different lithological units encountered along Tandogan -Mecidiye segment of the Ke&ccedil / i&ouml / ren - Tandogan metro tunnel. The evaluation is based on the data obtained from traditional site investigation methods, statistical approaches and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Complex geological and hydrogeological conditions are found to be effective in the advancement of a TBM implemented in tunnel boring works. A good understanding of the geology is essential in such cases. Available field (in-situ) and laboratory tests have been used in order to determine geological, hydrogeological and geotechnical properties of the metro tunnel alignment. Advancements in the tunnel boring process also proved that hydrogeological conditions are effective on the performance of TBM so related data are considered carefully while preparing cross-section layers and calculating weights in order to display the distribution of excavation difficulty classes through the tunnel alignment.

Contrary to the linings of conventionally driven tunnels, the linings of tunnels bored by tunnel boring machines (TBMs) consist of precast concrete segments which are articulated or coupled at the longitudinal and circumferential joints. There are several analytical and numerical structural analysis methods proposed for the design of TBM segmental linings. In this thesis study, different calculation methods including elastic equation method and two dimensional (2D) and three dimensional (3D) beam &ndash / spring methods are compared and discussed. This study shows that in addition to the characteristics of concrete segments, the mechanical and geometrical properties of longitudinal and circumferential joints have significant effects on the structural behavior of segmental lining.