Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:40:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cristiane Regina Tozzo.pdf: 645717 bytes, checksum: 3e1e34e1a14f1187d2662329116107f0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-01-28 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / The present research aimed at the identification and the discussion of important elements for the competent teacher work ,from the first to the fourth grades, where there exist students with physical, mental, sensorial or multiple deficiencies, in the process of being included into Municipal Educational System of Rio Claro City. The theory referential has involved bibliography and documental research and covers definitions and terminonology about people and students with deficiency, the importance of the school inclusion, the teacher work and the continuing education in the educational environment. The field study followed a qualitative approach, having as data collection an interview for the focal group, where eight teachers have expressed their opinions about the accessibility at the school, in the school classroom, the teaching resources, as well as the teacher´s professional degree, and the work of the teacher. The selected items were organized in categories which composed the theme core, where the participants testimony were grouped, contributing to the whole vision of the elements necessary to the improvement of the state of school inclusion, in special the teacher´s work. The collection of the identified and discussed elements send it significantly to the effective relationship of the students with deficiency among their peers and the teacher, favoring the access to the knowledge and the respect to the singularity and diversity of them. Besides this, it is necessary curricular adaptations and teaching resources concerning the classroom activities. Legislation and teaching orientation were themes suggested for the programs on continuing education, as well as exchanging experiences in the Group Pedagogical Meetings at school. The research reached completely the proposed objective and its content points to possible contributions in the teacher´s work relation to school inclusion. / A presente pesquisa teve por objetivo identificar e discutir elementos necessários à atuação competente de professores, de 1ª à 4ª séries, que tenham alunos com deficiência física, mental, sensorial ou múltipla em situação de inclusão na Rede Municipal de Ensino de Rio Claro. O referencial teórico utilizado envolveu pesquisa bibliográfica e documental e abrange definições e terminologias sobre pessoas e alunos com deficiência, a importância da inclusão escolar, atuação de professores e da formação continuada no âmbito educacional. A pesquisa de campo realizada seguiu os princípios da abordagem qualitativa, tendo como instrumento de coleta de dados a entrevista de grupo focal, envolvendo oito professoras que expressaram suas opiniões a respeito da acessibilidade na escola e na sala de aula, dos recursos didáticos, bem como da formação e atuação do professor. Os itens selecionados foram classificados em categorias que passaram a compor núcleos temáticos, onde houve o agrupamento dos depoimentos das participantes, contribuindo para a visualização dos elementos necessários para favorecer a melhoria das condições de inclusão escolar, em especial a atuação do professor. O conjunto dos elementos identificados e discutidos remete de maneira significativa para efetivo relacionamento dos alunos com deficiência entre os colegas de classe e o professor, favorecendo o acesso ao conhecimento e o respeito à singularidade e à diversidade dos mesmos. Além disso, há a necessidade de adaptações curriculares e recursos didáticos pertinentes à realização de atividades em sala de aula. Legislação e Orientações Didáticas foram temas sugeridos para os cursos de formação continuada, como também trocas de experiências em Horários Pedagógicos Coletivos na escola. A pesquisa atingiu plenamente o objetivo proposto e seu conteúdo aponta para possíveis contribuições na atuação do professor frente à inclusão escolar.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T13:54:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Jose.pdf: 1185247 bytes, checksum: e3e1229707d87ec37cecf87151e83bc9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-19 / The educator sickness and its possible repercussions in the pedagogical practice. It is pointed out the articulations among the Brazilian Teaching Organization, the educational reforms, partially deriving from the situation in which the capitalism is, and the incidences related to the organization and management of the school, in order to understand the alterations on the work of the teachers and on the processes of health-sickness in the school context, trying approaches to the notion of subjectiveness to evidence answers signaled as its effects. The objective is to build a sickness profile of the teachers of the County Educational System, from São Luís, in order to identify its possible impacts on the pedagogical practice in the class room, pointing out organizational and environmental characteristics indicated by the teachers as aspects that can favor wearing out situations, enunciating the situation of sickness and its effects on the amount of medical licenses and sick leave and revealing the movements of attention and reaction to the worsening of the teachers health. The theoretical references presents contributions of researchers such as: Antunes (2001, 2004), Oliveira (2000, 2002, 2003), Freitas (2001), Silva (2002), Esteve (1999), Codo (2002), Martinez (2003), Araújo and Paranhos (2003), Araújo et al. (2005), Gasparini, Barreto and Assumption (2005), Bardin (2004), among others. Other contributions were also searched, highlighting on Foucault (2003, 2006, 2007) power-knowledge about the live body, the (re)organization of the medical knowledge and the meaning of the disease; the references were also supported by Minayo-Gomez and Barros (2002) and Barros (2002, 2003) with the incorporation of the discussions on the processes of subjectiveness in the school, that contributes to other perspectives of analysis of the teachers work absences via medical licenses. A qualitative approach of research was adopted, using as procedures and instruments: documental analysis, semi-structured interview, questionnaire filled out without the presence of the researcher and without his comments. For data analysis it was considered the orientations of the Analysis of Content. As subject of the research, it was used the educators of the initial series of Elementary School of a school in the urban zone of São Luís, besides the managers, coordinators and a sample of the morning students. The main results of the study suggest attention to the presence of certain factors described as inadequate to the good working performance and facilitators of the teachers wearing out and to the intense work overload referred to by the teachers, mainly concerning to the amount of students in the class rooms, excess of activities and tasks to accomplish, pedagogical demands, use of the break time and lack of family support. It is possible to state that the data indicates an accusation of the situation of sickness in which the educator is, because among the categories that make for the municipal public service, this is the one that is the most absent of work because of medical licenses.The teachers sickness profile is characterized by high incidence of diseases, especially those related to the osseous-muscular system and the conjunctive tissue, followed by mental and behavior disturbances, diseases of the respiratory and circulatory systems and neoplasias. A high percentage of extended sick leaves were noticed, indicating a continuous absence of an educator, besides the association of diagnoses for the same license, in other words, the teacher not only just gets sick, but also he/she gets sick for several causes. It was observed that in the school, contradicting the indexes, in spite of being sick, the educator, in some cases, remains in the classroom, as if resisting to be away from it. Inferences concerning the repercussions of this sickness in the pedagogical practice allow to associate them to components such as planning, professor/student relationship and evaluation, indicating that it does not isolate itself and it is not immune to the worsening of the teachers health. It can be stated that some observed actions, perhaps insignificant for the teachers, are in fact movements of struggle and reaction against the sickness situations, movements that differ from each other according to the capacity of each one of them to understand and fight against their sickness. Keywords: Teachers work. Sickness. Pedagogical practice. / O adoecimento do/a educador/a e suas possíveis repercussões na prática pedagógica. Destacamos articulações entre a organização do ensino brasileiro, as reformas educacionais em parte decorrentes do estágio em que se encontra o capitalismo na contemporaneidade, e as incidências quanto a organizar e gerir a escola, para uma compreensão das alterações no trabalho docente e nos processos da saúde-doença no contexto escolar, tentando aproximações à noção de subjetivação para evidenciar respostas sinalizadas como efeitos desta. Objetivamos construir um perfil do adoecimento dos/as educadores/as da Rede Pública Municipal de Educação de São Luís, para identificar possíveis repercussões deste na prática pedagógica em sala de aula, ressaltando características organizacional-ambientais apontadas pelas docentes como aspectos que podem favorecer situações de desgaste, enunciando o quadro de adoecimento e seus efeitos em termos de licenças médicas e afastamento do trabalho e desvelando movimentos de atenção e reação aos agravos à saúde docente. O referencial teórico apresenta contribuições de pesquisadores como: Antunes (2001, 2004), Oliveira (2000, 2002, 2003), Freitas (2001), Silva (2002), Esteve (1999), Codo (2002), Martinez (2003), Araújo e Paranhos (2003), Araújo et al. (2005), Gasparini, Barreto e Assunção (2005), Bardin (2004), dentre vários. Ainda recorremos a outros aportes, destacando em Foucault (2003, 2006, 2007) o poder-saber sobre o corpo vivo, a (re)organização do saber médico e do significado da doença; também contamos com o apoio de Minayo-Gomez e Barros (2002) e Barros (2002, 2003) pela incorporação das discussões sobre processos de subjetivação na escola, que contribui para outras perspectivas de análise do afastamento do trabalho do/a educador/a, via licenças médicas. Adotamos uma abordagem qualitativa de pesquisa, utilizando como procedimentos e instrumentos: análise documental, entrevista semi-estruturada, questionário autopreenchível e observação participante. Para análise dos dados consideramos as orientações da Análise de Conteúdo. Como sujeitos da pesquisa tivemos as educadoras das séries iniciais do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola da zona urbana de São Luís, além dos/as gestores/as, coordenadores/as e uma amostra dos/as alunos/as, no turno matutino. Os principais resultados do estudo sugerem atenção à existência de determinados fatores descritos como inadequados ao bom desempenho do trabalho e facilitadores do desgaste docente e, à intensa sobrecarga de trabalho referida pelas professoras, principalmente no que concerne à quantidade de alunos/as em sala de aula, excesso de atividades e tarefas a cumprir, exigências pedagógicas, utilização dos horários destinados ao intervalo e falta de apoio familiar. É possível afirmar que os dados apontam para uma denúncia da situação de adoecimento em que se encontra o/a educador/a, pois dentre as categorias que integram o serviço público municipal, esta é a que mais se ausenta do trabalho por motivo de licenças médicas; o perfil do adoecimento docente se caracteriza por elevada incidência de doenças, especialmente aquelas relacionadas ao Sistema osteomuscular e do tecido conjuntivo, seguidas por Transtornos mentais e comportamentais, Doenças do aparelho respiratório, Doenças do aparelho circulatório e Neoplasias. Notamos acentuado percentual de licenças em prorrogação, subtendendo o afastamento contínuo de um/a educador/a, além da associação de diagnósticos para uma mesma licença, ou seja, o/a educador/a não apenas adoece, adoece por várias causas. Observamos que na escola, contrariando os índices, apesar de alguma situação de adoecimento a educadora permanece em sala, como se resistisse a dela ausentar-se. Inferências acerca das repercussões desse adoecimento na prática pedagógica permitem associá-las a componentes como planejamento, relação professor/a-aluno/a e avaliação, denotando que a mesma não se isola nem fica imune aos agravos à saúde docente. Podemos dizer que algumas ações observadas, talvez insignificantes para as professoras, são, na verdade, movimentos de luta e reação contra as situações de adoecimento, movimentos que diferem entre si de acordo com a capacidade de cada uma delas compreender e lutar contra seu adoecer.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work is a Master Thesis on Education, related to research interest number two School Practices and Public Policy. It s linked to the Program of Post-graduation on Education of the Federal Santa Maria University (Brazil). This study had the proposal from the discourse analysis of mother tongue teacher s in Elementary School at investigating the pedagogic discourse production in school environment, specifically during the class, understanding this discourse as teacher s work. This research had the participation of six Portuguese teachers of municipal public school in Santa Maria RS Brazil. It s understood that the planning and conduction of the lesson itself is the teacher s work, however, for that, it s necessary the language mediation. The aim of this study was to analyze how the language in discourse, used by teachers during the class, are produced as work. Besides, it intended to investigate the meaning effects of these professionals work, observing how pedagogic discourse circulates in class, producing and reproducing the values of the society immersed on the capitalist production mode context. So that, this research had as theoretic-methodological approach the Discourse Analysis of French School, founded by Michel Pêcheux on 1960 s. The study is also based on Historical- dialect Materialism to develop the discourse analysis. This investigation was built by observation, recording and transcription of the discourses, constituting, in this way, the research corpus, that was analyzed during and after the observations realized at schools. Thus, I d intended, through this study, to contribute with the research on teachers work, issue in which I insert my academic investigation interest. At this sense, I believe to have researched about meaning effects on teachers work meant, for me, to have entered on the language non-transparence, through a reading gesture, can interpret what is being said, hidden, unsaid and that was already said, from social places occupied by the teachers. / A presente dissertação de Mestrado, vinculada à Linha de Pesquisa 2 Práticas Escolares e Políticas Públicas, do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, propõe-se - a partir da análise do discurso de professoras de língua materna dos Anos Finais do Ensino Fundamental investigar a produção do discurso pedagógico no ambiente escolar, especificamente em aula, entendendo esse discurso como trabalho dos professores. Esta pesquisa contou com a participação de seis professoras de Língua Portuguesa da rede pública municipal de ensino de Santa Maria - RS. Entende-se que o planejamento e a condução da aula em si é o trabalho dos professores, no entanto, para isso, é necessária a mediação da linguagem. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar como a linguagem discursivisada pelos professores em aula produz-se como trabalho. Além disso, pretendeu-se investigar os efeitos de sentidos do trabalho desses profissionais, observando-se como discurso pedagógico que circula em aula produz e reproduz os valores da sociedade imersa no contexto do modo de produção capitalista. Para tanto, esta pesquisa teve como aporte teórico-metodológico a Análise de Discurso da Escola Francesa, fundada por Michel Pêchêux na década de 1960, além de ter utilizado o Materialismo Histórico-Dialético como enfoque teórico nos discursos observados. A investigação foi desenvolvida mediante observação, gravação e transcrição dos discursos, constituindo-se assim o córpus da pesquisa que foi analisado durante e após as observações realizadas nas escolas. Assim, pretendi, através deste estudo, contribuir com a pesquisa sobre trabalho docente, temática na qual se inserem minhas investigações no âmbito acadêmico. Nesse sentido, acredito que ter pesquisado sobre os efeitos de sentidos do trabalho das professoras significou, para mim, ter adentrado na não transparência da linguagem para, através de um gesto de leitura, interpretar aquilo que estava sendo dito, o oculto, o não dito e o já dito, a partir dos lugares sociais que os professores ocupam.

The Master's thesis focuses on the complexities of quality of work life and work engagement among education staff. The introduction presents a general overview of key concepts and outlines the development of approaches and the wider context. Drawing on the theoretical background, the following text addresses specific problems in greater detail. While the first chapter deals with a more general understanding of quality of life in various disciplines, the second chapter narrows its focus to the concept of quality of work life introducing selected theories and contemporary research approaches. Another thematic part of the thesis explores work engagement - it defines the concept, its development and relation to other phenomena (for instance, work satisfaction, well-being, or the burn-out syndrome). The thesis also includes an empirical study with the intention to describe the subjectively perceived quality of work life and the level of work engagement among employees of educational organizations. Due to the Covid-19 pandemic, numerous measures needed to be adopted, which have profoundly transformed and influenced the way teachers perform their job tasks. The turbulent nature and low predictability of related changes represent an unprecedented challenge and can influence long-term quality of work life...

No description available.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka grundskollärares arbetssituation, utifrån deras upplevelser av stress. Frågeställningarna undersökte stressfaktorer, stresshantering samt förväntningarna lärarna upplever sig ha på sig. Deltagarna i studien var sex stycken kvinnliga grundskolelärare, i åldrarna 36-53 år. För att undersöka detta valdes kvalitativ analysmetod där datan samlades in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförda på olika skolor i mellersta och södra Sverige. Resultatet som framkom var att lärare framförallt upplever stress på grund av ojämn arbetsbelastning, oförutsägbara händelser och betygssättning. Vidare förklarar lärarna att de har höga förväntningarna på sig i läraryrket, vilket i sig innebär stress. Kommunikation och stöd framkom av lärarna som viktiga faktorer för att hantera stress. Det finns en hel del forskning kring lärarnas arbetsmiljö, dock med motstridiga resultat. Denna studie har genom att besvara frågeställningarna bidragit till en fördjupad kunskap om vilka faktorer som skapar stress i läraryrket samt hur dessa ska hanteras. / The purpose of this thesis was to evaluate the work environment for elementary school teachers, given their respective experiences from stress. The questions issued examined stress factors, stress management and the expectations teachers perceive to experience. The participants of the study were six female elementary school teachers in the ages between 36 and 53 years old. A qualitative analysis method was implemented, in order to perform the stated evaluation, where data was collected through semi-structured interviews at different schools located in the central to southern parts of Sweden. The emerged results indicated that the primary reasons for teachers experienced stress were unregular workload, unpredictable events and grading.  Furthermore, teachers proclaim their received high expectations, which in itself infer stress.   Communication and support were put forward by teachers as important factors in dealing with stress.  There is a great deal of research done regarding teachers working environment, although with contrarious results. This study has by answering the given problems contributed to a deepened knowledge base of which important factors cause stress in the profession of teaching, and how they ought to be managed.

O problema que deu origem a essa investigação foi o conflito resultante do descompasso entre opções teóricas conscientes e a prática de ensino que conseguíamos efetivamente implementar, ao assumirmos aulas de Língua Portuguesa para turmas do ciclo II do Ensino Fundamental, em uma escola pública estadual, logo após a conclusão do mestrado em Educação. No intuito de priorizarmos práticas que favorecessem a formação de alunos leitores e produtores de textos, e não apenas copistas e decifradores, verificávamos a interferência de diversos aspectos que repercutiam negativamente em nossa prática. Assim, partindo do pressuposto de que o desenvolvimento dessas capacidades requer um ensino deliberado e contínuo ao longo de toda a escolaridade básica, por professores de diferentes disciplinas, propusemo-nos a buscar respostas para as seguintes questões: qual a natureza das dificuldades enfrentadas pelos professores ao buscarem promover a aprendizagem dos seus alunos? Que contingências relacionadas ao ensino da leitura e da escrita, deliberado ou não, estão presentes no trabalho do professor da escola pública, facilitando ou dificultando os processos de ensino e aprendizagem? Para responder a essas questões, empreendemos um estudo situado no paradigma da pesquisa qualitativa em educação, empregando, em algumas etapas, procedimentos inspirados na etnografia educacional (Ezpeleta e Rockwell, 1986; Fonseca, 1998; Erickson, 1989). A análise dos dados fundamentou-se em um critério essencialmente semântico, à luz de parâmetros da análise do conteúdo (Bardin, 1978). Os trabalhos de Tiramonti (2005), Azanha (1990, 2004), Souza (2002, 2006) e Lapo (2005), entre outros autores, subsidiaram teoricamente a nossa investigação, na medida em que propõem considerar aspectos do contexto mais amplo em que atuam os professores, focalizando situações concretas das quais emergem fontes de mal-estar e de bem-estar docente que intervêm em suas práticas. Os dados indicaram que o contexto da sala de aula não é, muitas vezes, propício ao trabalho cotidiano focado em práticas de leitura e produção de texto, em função de diversos fatores: número elevado de alunos, dificuldade de acompanhamento particularizado desses alunos pelos professores; necessidade de gerir demandas individuais e coletivas do grupo; dificuldades inerentes à manutenção de certa ordem que permita a realização de atividades complexas e significativas na sala de aula; interesses pessoais divergentes e por vezes conflitantes; recursos materiais às vezes escassos ou precários; tempo acelerado para gerir inúmeros procedimentos cotidianos, que acabam ocupando grande parte do tempo das aulas em questões não diretamente relacionadas ao ensino e aprendizagem dos conteúdos, entre uma infinidade de outros fatores. Além de questões de ordem objetiva, interferem também nas situações concretas de sala de aula aspectos de ordem subjetiva, que envolvem conhecimentos e características pessoais dos docentes, seus valores, crenças, necessidades e desejos, os quais determinam maneiras muito peculiares de avaliar o contexto, agir e reagir às contingências cotidianas. Todos esses elementos precisam ser considerados quando se propõem ações de melhoria da educação pública. É preciso, pois, relativizar as expectativas quanto ao papel da escola e dos professores, que parecem superestimadas no conjunto de ações que a sociedade precisa implementar para que a qualidade do ensino melhore de modo significativo. / The problem that gave rise to this investigation was the conflict resulting from the dissonance between theoretical conscious options and the teaching practice that we have actually managed to implement when we took over the Portuguese Language classes for Cycle II groups of Brazilian Middle School at a state public school, soon after completing the Masters Degree in Education. Aimed at prioritizing practices that would favor the education of text readers and producers, not just copyists and decoders, we verified the interference of many aspects that had a negative impact on our practice. Thus, starting from the premise that the development of such skills requires a deliberate and continuous teaching during the whole basic education by teachers of different subjects, we have proposed to look after the answers for the following questions: what is the nature of the difficulties faced by teachers when trying to promote their students learning? Which contingencies related to teach reading and writing, deliberate or not, are present in the work of public school teachers, making the teaching and learning processes easy or difficult? To answer such questions, we undertook a study within the paradigm of the qualitative research in education, using, in some steps, procedures inspired in the educational ethnography (Ezpeleta and Rockwell, 1986; Fonseca, 1998; Erickson, 1989). The data analysis was grounded on essentially semantic criteria, in the light of content analysis parameters (Bardin, 1978). The works of Tiramonti (2005), Azanha (1990, 2004), Souza (2002, 2006) and Lapo (2005), among other authors, gave theoretical support to our investigation, insofar they propose to consider aspects of the broader context where teachers act, focusing on concrete situations from which sources of teachers uneasiness and easiness emerge that intervene in their practices. Data indicated that the classroom context is often not proper for the everyday work focused on the practices of reading and producing texts, in view of many factors: high number of students, difficulty of individualized follow-up of these students by teachers; need of managing the groups individual and collective demands; difficulties inherent to maintaining a certain order that allows performing complex and meaningful activities in classroom; divergent and often conflicting personal interests; sometimes scarce or precarious material resources; having to rush to manage multiple everyday tasks that eventually take large amount of class time in issues not directly related to teaching and learning of contents, among a multitude of other factors. Besides questions of objective order, aspects of subjective order do also interfere with concrete classroom situations, which involve knowledge and personal characteristics of teachers, their values, beliefs, needs and desires, which determine very peculiar ways of evaluating the context, acting and reacting to everyday contingencies. All these elements must be considered when improvement actions in public education are proposed. Thus, it is necessary to frame the expectations as to the role of school and teachers, which seem to be overestimated in the set of actions that the society must implement so that there is significant improvement in the teaching quality.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:33:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jadilson Lourenco da Silva.pdf: 1701670 bytes, checksum: 835f75c2f20feafd1ba3118032860bd7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-15 / Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo / This study investigates the turnover rate of the teachers in the public education system of the State of Sao Paulo. The research field was an Elementary and High School in the city of Franco da Rocha, between 1997 and 2006. The teachers turnover was verified from the fact that teachers from different professional status (permanent, temporary and stable) were not remaining in the same school throughout the year and the subsequent teaching years of the investigated period. The data collection about the stability of the teachers in the schools was done by the analysis of the class logbooks in the years researched. Through semi-structured interviews, it has been verified the perception of the school agents about the influence of the teachers turnover in the organization of school s pedagogic work. The results pointed the existence of a high turnover rate in Sao Paulo, manifested in the different professional categories that compose the state school system. Between 1997 and 2003, the minor turnover was among the stable teachers, who are the minority. In the school researched it was also verified that the permanent teachers the second biggest group of teachers present the largest turnover rate between 1997 and 2006. The temporary teachers the biggest group by the period present the second largest rate. However, this ratio was significantly lower than the permanents. In some years, pointing out that category doesn t have job stability and, at each school year, have to go through a new process of selection to take classes, whose discretion is the time spent in the classroom. These results are the opposite of the common sense, that job stability evokes the permanence. The interviews also revealed school agents perception about public policies that are needed to avoid the harming of teachers work / Este estudo investiga a rotatividade docente na rede estadual paulista de ensino, tendo como campo de pesquisa uma escola estadual de ensino fundamental e médio do município de Franco da Rocha, entre os anos de 1997 e 2006. A rotatividade docente foi verificada a partir da não permanência dos professores de diferentes estatutos profissionais: efetivos, estáveis e ocupantes de função atividade (OFAs), durante os meses do ano e nos sucessivos anos letivos do período investigado. A coleta dos dados sobre a permanência dos professores na escola realizou-se por meio da análise dos Livros-Ponto dos docentes nos anos pesquisados. Verificou-se também, por meio de entrevistas semi-estruturadas, a percepção dos agentes escolares acerca da influência da rotatividade docente na organização do trabalho pedagógico da escola. Os resultados apontaram para a existência da rotatividade docente na rede paulista de ensino, manifestada nas diferentes categorias profissionais que compõem o sistema estadual de ensino. Nos anos de 1997 e 2003, o segmento que apresentou a menor rotatividade foi o dos professores estáveis, que são o de menor número em relação ao total dos docentes. Verificou-se também, na escola pesquisada, que os docentes efetivos o segundo maior grupo de professores - apresentaram os maiores percentuais de rotatividade docente entre os anos de 1997 e 2006, Já os professores temporários durante o período estudado, o maior grupo de professores apresentam o segundo maior percentual de rotatividade docente, porém significativamente menor em determinados anos em relação aos efetivos, salientando que essa categoria não possui estabilidade no emprego e, a cada ano letivo, passam por um novo processo de atribuição de aulas, cujo critério é a pontuação por tempo de serviço. Resultados que contrariam o senso comum de que a estabilidade no emprego ocasiona a permanência. As entrevistas revelaram a percepção dos agentes escolares sobre a necessidade de elaboração de políticas públicas que evitem a precarização do trabalho docente

本研究旨在瞭解目前臺北市立公立國民小學校長知識領導、教師工作壓力與學校創新經營效能的現況；探討不同背景下，校長知識領導、教師工作壓力與學校創新經營效能之差異情形；並探析三變項彼此之相關與預測力；檢定三變項的結構方程模式之適配情形及變項間之影響力。本章依據上述研究目的進行文獻探討，提出研究架構，編製「國民小學校長知識領導、教師工作壓力與學校創新經營效能量表」以進行實徵調查。本研究以臺北市之公立國民小學教師為對象，共抽取76所國民小學之912位教師為樣本，回收828份有效問卷，可用卷回收率為90.79％；蒐集的資料以描述性統計分析、t考驗、ANOVA分析、積差相關、多元逐步迴歸、結構方程模式等統計方法進行分析與處理，獲致如下的結果： 一、 臺北市公立國民小學校長知識領導表現為中高程度，以「充實領導知能」得分最高，「展現創新行動」得分最低。 二、 臺北市公立國民小學教師對其工作壓力感受為中低程度，以「工作負荷」壓力感受最高，「人際關係」壓力感受最低。 三、 臺北市公立國民小學學校創新經營效能表現為中高程度，以「環境設備創新效能」得分最高，「行政服務創新效能」得分最低。 四、 臺北市公立國民小學以男性、41歲以上、研究所以上學歷、年資26年以上、擔任主任職務之教師，知覺「校長知識領導」的程度較高。 五、 臺北市公立國民小學以師資班或師大、師院、一般大學教育系大學部畢業學歷、擔任組長、副組長或教師職務、身處學校規模在61班以上之教師，知覺「工作壓力」的程度較高。 六、 臺北市公立國民小學以51歲以上、服務年資16年以上、擔任主任、組長（或副組長）職務之教師，知覺「學校創新經營效能」的程度較高。 七、 臺北市公立國民小學校長知識領導與教師工作壓力、教師工作壓力與學校創新經營效能具低、中度負相關，而校長知識領導與學校創新經營效能具有高度正相關。 八、 臺北市公立國民小學校長知識領導與教師工作壓力對學校創新經營效能具有顯著預測作用，以「校長知識領導」與其層面「整合知識資源」的預測力最佳。 九、 臺北市公立國民小學校長知識領導、教師工作壓力與學校創新經營效能的結構方程模式之適配性檢定獲得支持，能解釋主要變項之關係。 十、 臺北市公立國民小學校長知識領導對學校創新經營效能之影響以直接效果為主。 依據研究結果，本研究在臺北市公立國民小學校長知識領導、教師工作壓力與學校創新經營效能的相關研究上，提出如下的建議： 一、 成立校長知識領導社群，以利校長間領導知能的分享與傳承。 二、 強化學校行政服務與課程教學的創新，以利學校創新經營均衡發展。 三、 降低學校規模、暢通學校溝通管道、營造校內合作氣氛，以利校長知識領導、降低教師工作壓力，提升學校創新經營效能。 四、 透過減課的激勵方式，協助教師減輕工作壓力，以利從事學校創新經營。 五、 鼓勵教師參與校內外或是學位進修，以利教師本職學能的提升，促進行政與教學間互信互助。 六、 提供充裕的時間與空間發展創新，以提升學校創新經營成效。 七、 協助輔導年輕教師，全面提升教師教學成效。 八、 將研究範圍擴大至其它地區或全國，並考慮擴大問卷調查對象至不同層級的教育人員。 九、 可配合採用訪談法、個案研究、德懷術、焦點團體座談等方法，來進行較深入的探討，使研究結果更具有參考價值。 十、 可透過階層線性模式（HLM）來對各變項內之向度做進一步的觀察多層次變項間的關係。 依據研究結論，上述相關建議，俾供教育行政機關、國民小學及未來研究之參考。 / The purpose of this research is to advance understanding of the relationship among public elementary school principals' leadership in knowledge management, teachers' work stress, and effectiveness of schools' innovative management in Taipei city. I analyzed these three variables in different backgrounds of their relationship and prediction. I assessed the adjustment and effects of the structural equation model among three variables. To achieve the purposes, the research involved literature review, proposing a research model and adopting a questionnaire survey: “The investigative questionnaire of relationships among elementary school principals' leadership in knowledge management, teachers' work stress, and effectiveness of school innovation management.” The survey consisted of 912 teachers from 76 elementary schools in Taipei city, and among them, 828 distributed copies were returned as valid. The return rate was 90.79%. The data which were collected underwent statistical treatments such as t- test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson product-moment correlation, multivariate analysis of variance, and structural equation model in order to obtain the results for the stated objectives of the study. The conclusions of this research are as follows: 1. Taipei public elementary school principals have medium-high performance on their practice of leadership in knowledge management. Score the highest in the dimension of "building professional expertise" and the lowest in the dimension of "showing innovative actions." 2. Taipei public elementary school teachers have low-medium work stress. Score highest in the dimension of "work loads" and the lowest in the dimension of " interpersonal relationship." 3. Taipei public elementary schools have medium-high performance in terms of innovative management. Evaluate highest in the dimension of "Innovative performance on school's facilities" and lowest in the dimension of " innovative performance on administrative services. " 4. Among Taipei public elementary school teachers, those who are male, over the age 41, master's degree or above, working more than 26 years, and working as director, have significantly greater awareness of principals’ leadership in knowledge management. 5. Taipei public elementary school teachers, who graduated from Teachers' college with a bachelor's degree, working at a school of over 61 classes, have higher level of work stress. 6. Taipei public elementary school teachers, who are over the age 51, work more than 16 years, serve as director and section chief (or vice section chief), have significantly better awareness of the effectiveness of school innovative management. 7. Taipei public elementary school teachers’ work stress has low-negative correlation to principals’ leadership in knowledge management and effectiveness of school innovative management. Principals’ leadership in knowledge management is high-positively related to effectiveness of school innovative management. 8. Both principals’ leadership in knowledge management and teachers’ work stress serve a predictive function on the effectiveness of school innovative management, especially in the variable of principals’ leadership in knowledge management and the dimension of " integrating knowledge resources " 9. The result of assessment of proper fit on the structural equation model among principals’ leadership in knowledge management, teachers’ work stress, and effectiveness of school innovative management supports and explains the co-relationships of these three variables. 10. The Influence of Taipei public elementary school principal's leadership in knowledge management on schools' innovative management is mainly via direct effects. Based on the findings, the research investigation offers several suggestions for helping school teachers, principles, as well as administrators to implement for a better organizational practice: 1. Establish Leadership community for school principles to exchange and share the knowledge 2. Strengthen the innovation in administrative service as well as course design for a balanced development of school's innovative management. 3. Reduce school scale, open up communication and create cooperative atmosphere within the school for the better leadership, less work stress and to promote the efficiency of innovative operation. 4. Mitigate work stress by reducing school teachers' teaching hours to benefit schools’ innovative operation plans. 5. Encourage teachers to pursue further education. It will not only improves teachers' professionalism but contributes mutual trust between administrators and teachers. 6. Giving sufficient time and space for innovation to benefit the effect of schools’ innovative operation. 7. Provide guidance to young educators to improve teaching quality in all-round manner. 8. Expand research scope to other areas or nationwide and consider expanding the target of questionnaire survey to educators in different levels. 9. Proceed further investigation on the topic with various research methods such as Interview Survey, Case Study, Delphi Technique, Focus Group Interview, etc, which makes the findings more worthy referenced. 10. Using hierarchical linear model to have an empirical research among principals' leadership in knowledge management, teachers' work stress and effectiveness of schools' innovative management. I hope the authority, elementary educators will find the suggestions of this research beneficial to the better organizational development. Key words: principals' leadership in knowledge management, teachers' work stress, effectiveness of schools' innovative management

This case study is conducted on teachers working in Non-Formal Education centers (NFE's), for the Non-Governmental Organization Seva Mandir, in the Udaipur district in Rajasthan, India. The setting for the study is remote rural villages around the small city Udaipur, with one million inhabitants. The purpose of this case study is to investigate what impact the capacity building course that Seva Mandir offers the teachers, the NFE certification course, have had on the teacher’s lives. The aim is to get a picture of the overall impact of the course on a professional level and on the individual NFE teachers’ personal life. The case study was conducted on a sample of eleven out of 50 NFE teachers working for Seva Mandir in the Jhadol block. The empirical data was collected through qualitative interviews conducted in the NFE schools. The NFE centers that are run by Seva Mandir are a complement to malfunctioning government schools in areas where most of the children are first generation learners. The schools aim to keep children from working or starting to work, through giving them an educational base. The teachers have no previous teachers training and are having an average prior education of 8th to 10th class. The general findings of the study are that a majority of the teachers felt an increase in self-confidence after participating in the course. They generally had more concrete and ambitious future plans after the course than before it, and they were highly dominated of plans for further education for themselves and their children. It was also found that the teachers felt major changes in their teaching approach after the course. They had learnt new teaching strategies and seemed to have changed their attitude against the children. The teachers used activities like games, songs and stories in their teaching as well as taking help of the local surroundings when teaching.