published_or_final_version / Linguistics / Master / Master of Arts in Applied Linguistics

published_or_final_version / Linguistics / Master / Master of Philosophy

The phonological comparisons between English and CJK vowels and consonants were provided for Chinese, Japanese, and Korean (CJK) singers with an effective means to sing English songs with proper diction. The phonological approach – describing the specific position of articulators – is a useful pedagogical tool for CJK singers. However, if voice teachers, whether they have taught CJK students or not, could share their strategies, it might help future CJK students and their voice teachers as well. Through the survey, which was conducted between April 2013 to May 2013 with members of the Great Lakes Region of the National Association of Teachers of Singing (NATS), the following research question was conducted: “What are the perceptions of voice teachers regarding English pronunciation difficulties among native Chinese, Japanese, and Korean students?” This is a convenience sample, but there is no significant difference from the other NATS regions among teachers. I do not believe that I would have received different results from other regions of voice teachers. In order to find solutions, not only should teachers be able to perceive the difficulties, but they also should be able to suggest training methods based on phonological analysis. I compared these two sources of strategies among speech pathologists and voice teachers. The survey results showed that the voice teachers in the Great Lake Region of NATS have considerable perceptions regarding the difficulties of the CJK students. Their teaching strategies focus on demonstrating the correct placement and shape of the articulators in various ways. With these strategies, if they add more specific exercises, which are found in the appendices of this dissertation, it would save time and enable CJK singers to have better enunciation. / School of Music

本研究期望能設計以環境保護為主題的華語課程，使中高級華語學習者在學習語言的同時，亦能了解相關環保知識，並透過共同討論現實世界所面臨的問題提升其環保意識。 研究目的為：一、了解中高級華語學習者之學習需求。二、提供環保議題融入華語教學課程設計參考模式。三、評估具體教學成效。在課程設計前，透過文獻分析釐清本課程適合的教學方法、教學目標訂定方式以及教學材料的選取、編寫準則，主要以主題式教學法（Theme-Based Language Instruction）、溝通式教學法（Communicative Language Teaching）、美國外語教學學會（ACTFL）之5C準則（5C Standards）及貝爾格勒憲章（The Belgrade Charter）中的六項環境教育目標為本研究之教學理念，並參考英語教學之經驗，思考環境議題融入語言課程可行方式。亦透過需求分析，向中高級學習者與教師發放問卷，了解「教」與「學」兩方對於環保主題課程的態度及看法。綜合文獻與需求分析結果為本研究課程設計總體方向，依此進行課程發展設計，並實際進行兩次課程實施以評估學習成就及整體課程設計，提出改進之道及後續研究建議。 本文主要研究方法為發展研究法、問卷及訪談調查法。發展研究法提供本研究可參照之設計流程，包含分析、設計發展、課程實施、成效評估、修正等階段。問卷調查用於課程設計前之學習需求分析、課程實施後之課程滿意度調查；訪談則用於課程實施後，了解學習者對本課程的想法、心得與建議，進一步回饋至修正建議。 透過教學實施，學習者對於本課程皆給予正面評價，認為本課程有意思且實用，不僅能使語言技能進步，亦能關心、討論環境議題，也讓平常少有機會接觸時事的學生更了解台灣社會與文化。本研究根據教學成效提出幾點教學建議：一、在教學內容選取上，現實議題探討能加強學習者之社會語言能力，且符合學習興趣，使學習者能更了解所處的社會環境。議題以真實材料或非真實材料呈現皆有其須注意之處。二、在環境教育目標於華語課程之實踐上，教師須於課堂提供察覺、認識之契機，透過引導，學習者能自行運用其技能與評估能力，最後發展出個人觀點與態度。三、在課堂活動規劃上，輸入、輸出型活動須搭配且循序運用。筆者並於篇末提出後續研究建議。 / This study examines the design of a Chinese language curriculum focused on environmental protection, and aims to enhance students’ language skills while increasing awareness about environmental issues. There are three purposes of this study; the first is to analyze the learning needs of intermediate-high CSL students, the second is to provide a design model for an environmentally themed CSL curriculum, and the third is to evaluate the effectiveness of its implementation. Also included is a review of previous studies that highlights appropriate methods of developing objectives, editing materials, and teaching. The instructional philosophy of this study is based on theme-based language instruction, communicative language teaching, the 5 C’s language teaching standards (ACTFL) , and the six objectives of environmental education in the Belgrade Charter. A learning needs questionnaire is also given to both teachers and students in order to survey their opinions on teaching and learning. The results of this needs analysis and extensive review of existing literature provide the main guiding principles behind the curriculum’s development. The results of two terms of implementations are presented, as well as potential further improvements. The main research method of this study is developmental research; surveys and interviews are used to as supplemental methods. The developmental research method provides a model for curriculum design, and calls for various phases of analysis, design (development), implementation, and evaluation. Survey research is then used to forecast learning needs before the design phase, and also to gather students’ feedback after the completion of the class. Interviews are used after each complete implementation to gather more information and impressions from students. After two complete implementations of the curriculum, the interview results show that students find the course practical and interesting, as they can not only enhance their language skills, but also raise their awareness of environmental issues through class discussion. In addition, they felt the class increased their understanding of Taiwan society and culture via discussion of current events. The main findings are as follows: 1) Content relating to social issues can simultaneously improve students’ sociolinguistic competence and also meet their learning needs. The contents can be provided in authentic or inauthentic contexts, but should follow certain design principles. 2) To fulfill the six objectives of environmental education in a CSL curriculum, the instructor needs to help students understand environmental issues first, and then guide students to use their analysis skills to evaluate current events. Afterwards, students will develop their own perspective and attitude. 3) To develop an effective course, the input and output activities should be arranged in sequence.

Cette thèse porte sur l’intersinographie, notion construite sur le modèle d’« interlangue », pour caractériser les connaissances "intermédiaires" des apprenants en matière d’écriture en langue étrangère. Nous étudions la dynamique du développement des compétences graphiques chez des apprenants francophones du chinois comme langue étrangère. Nous abordons une question cruciale pour la didactique et l’apprentissage de la langue chinoise (mandarin). En effet, à la différence des langues à écriture alphabétique, le développement d’une compétence graphique en chinois a des spécificités qui ne se réduisent pas à la transcription de la langue parlée. Cela tient évidemment à la nature de l’écriture chinoise. La maîtrise de cette dernière requiert des processus pédagogiques particuliers. Peu de travaux ont été consacrés au développement d’une compétence graphique en langue étrangère et encore moins aux compétences liées à la sinographie. Cette thèse s’articule autour d’une étude de la maîtrise de l’exécution graphique. Afin de dresser une liste des productions graphiques non conformes, nous avons établi trois corpus auprès d’apprenants du chinois langue étrangère : un corpus graphique général, un test de la graphie de 100 caractères et un corpus relevé auprès d’adolescents apprenant le français. Suite à nos études quantitatives et qualitatives (suivi des évolutions individuelles), validées par des analyses statistiques, nous proposons une démarche d’enseignement dite d’« arborescence sinographique (字树, zìshù) ». A l’heure de la digitalisation de l’information et des savoirs, cette thèse propose des pistes de réflexion originales en matière de didactique des sinogrammes. / This thesis focuses on intersinography, a concept built on the "interlanguage" model, to characterize the learner’s "intermediate" knowledge of writing in a foreign language. We study the dynamics of the development of graphic competences in French-speaking learners of Chinese as a foreign language.We address a crucial question for didactics and learning Chinese (Mandarin). Unlike languages written in an alphabet system, the development of the graphic skills necessary for writing Chinese characters is partially distinct from the learning of spoken Chinese. This is obviously due to the nature of Chinese logograms. Mastery of reading and writing in Chinese requires specific pedagogical processes, distinct from those of oral language.Little work has been devoted to the development of graphic competence in a foreign language, in particular to sinography. This thesis is based on a study of the mastery of graphical execution.In order to draw up a list of non-conforming graphic productions, we have built three corpora among learners of Chinese as a foreign language: a corpus of writings from adolescents (the adolescent corpus), a test for diagnosing written competency (the 100-character test), and a general-use corpus of character writings (the general graphic corpus).Following our quantitative and qualitative studies (follow-up of individual evolutions), and validated by statistical analyzes, we propose a method of teaching called the "sinographic tree (字树, zìshù)". In the age of the digitization of information and knowledge, this thesis proposes unique reflection on the teaching of the sinograms.

Cette thèse intitulée "Le rôle des représentations dans l'enseignement du chinois à l'école élémentaire"s'inscrit dans le domaine de l'acquisition d'une langue étrangère. Elle cherche à rendre compte des modes de représentations de la langue chinoise induits au sein de dispositifs éducatifs nécessitant des contenus d'apprentissage, des enseignants, des pratiques pédagogiques et des acteurs sociaux. Ces représentations dépendent aussi de processus qui façonnent les usages linguistiques du chinois dans l'espace mondial. La thèse observe leur rôle pour mettre en question la façon dont on enseigne le chinois aux enfants. L'introduction relativement récente de la langue chinoise au programme scolaire de l'école élémentaire et la promotion de la langue chinoise comme lingua franca du futur témoigne de l'importance que la société accorde à cet apprentissage. L'auteur a rassemblé les représentations des différents acteurs : enseignants, parents et élèves, qui sont confrontés à l'enseignement du chinois, pour évaluer leur impact sur la façon dont on oriente le contenu de cette discipline afin de mesurer les enjeux linguistiques de ce choix.Les chapitres de cette thèse se sont inscrits dans un double cadre. D'une part, on a tenté d'analyser d'un point de vue pédagogique les rapports entre la représentation de la langue chinoise et les pratiques existantes qui sont trop souvent impensées. Ces pratiques étant d'ailleurs effectuées conjointement par des professeurs sinophones et des professeurs de chinois de langue seconde. D'autre part, on a puisé dans les matériaux empiriques nécessaires à cette analyse dans le cadre du rôle grandissant du chinois comme langue internationale dans le contexte de l'importance croissante de la Chine au cœur de la mondialisation. / This Thesis entitled "The role of representations in teaching Chinese at primary school" is in keeping with the field of learning a foreign language. It tries to account for the means of representations of the Chinese language induced within educative deployment requiring some contents as learnings, teachers, educational methods and social players. These representations depend also on the process that mould the linguistic uses of Chinese in the world. The Thesis observes their role to question the way of teaching Chinese to the children. The introduction relatively recent of the Chinese language into the scholar syllabus of the primary school and the promotion of Chinese language as lingua franca for the future show the importance that societ y attaches to this learning.This Thesis’s chapters are inscribed on a double bounds. On the one hand, we have tried to analyze from an educational point of view the links between the representation of Chinese language and the existing practices which are too often unthought. These practices are jointly carried out by the Chinese teachers and by teachers of Chinese as second language. On the other hand, we draw on the empirical material necessary to this analysis as part of the increasing role of Chinese as international language in the context of the growing importance of China in the heart of globalization.

對華語學習者而言，漢字的諸多特性使漢字閱讀成為學習者面臨的難點之一，而華語聲調也是許多學習者在聽和說上的難點。閱讀為連結字形與字音，再對應至字義的過程，因此本文以華語學習者為對象，嘗試找出漢字閱讀與華語聲調之間的關係，以不同形式的聲調標記（tone marker）作為視覺提示及不同熟悉度（word familiarity）的詞彙作為操弄變項，使用眼動儀（eye-tracker）為實驗工具，設計閱讀理解作業，了解聲調標記及詞彙熟悉度對閱讀程度不同的華語學習者在閱讀時的影響。 實驗採完全受試者內設計，操弄三種聲調標記（聲調輪廓、聲調數字及中性刺激）的實驗句呈現方式與實驗句中的目標詞熟悉程度（高、低），記錄閱讀實驗句的眼動資料。實驗共分三階段進行，每一階段受試者需閱讀具相同聲調標記的實驗句，並回答隨機出現的理解題；研究同時輔以中文年級認字量表、LEAP-Q問卷及目標詞理解程度問卷三項工具來評定受試者客觀及主觀上的中文閱讀程度差異，以及主觀對操弄目標詞的理解程度。眼動資料包含整體性、區域性及以實驗句中每個詞為單位分析的三種眼動表現，並以閱讀能力為分析變項，比較閱讀能力高、低兩組眼動表現的異同。 研究發現無論學習者閱讀程度為何，皆可以穩定地看到熟悉度的效果，閱讀高熟悉度詞彙的速度較快，顯示熟悉度影響了閱讀歷程。而聲調標記的效果較不明顯，但是聲調標記對低程度組的影響較大，且在閱讀高熟悉度詞彙時，添加帶有較多資訊的聲調輪廓標記可能是一種干擾，反之在閱讀低熟悉度詞彙時，可以幫助學習者辨識字詞。而在中文年級認字量表的結果中，有部分學習者容易將字唸為含有該字雙字詞的另一個字（蝶唸為蝴），這可能與學習者傾向以詞彙為單位記憶有關，因此本文也在最後進行詞素教學的相關討論，並針對華語學習者提出教學建議。

課堂遊戲活動是語言教室裡重要的一環，透過遊戲不僅可降低學習者壓力、提升學習動機、增加學生互動，更能刺激高層次的思考，對華語教師而言也是不可或缺的語言練習。然而，目前華語教學關於遊戲活動的相關研究尚在發展階段，在教學現場，華語老師也受限於難以自行設計遊戲或製作道具等因素，因而降低使用課堂遊戲活動的意願和頻率。 本研究將桌上遊戲元素加入華語文課堂中，透過適度更動桌上遊戲「驢橋」的部分規則和道具，盼學生在帶有競爭性質的規則中歡樂且積極地練習所學生詞，證明桌上遊戲作為華語教學複習活動的可行性。 此次實驗過程中讓受試學生實地操作「驢橋」，實驗過程中同時錄音，實驗結束後請所有受試學生填寫問卷，並徵求自願者進行一對一訪談，最後綜合實驗觀察紀錄、問卷與訪談以觀察探究學生對「驢橋」的反應。根據研究結果，「驢橋」作為華語課堂的遊戲活動時，可引起學生注意力，積極將所學應用於遊戲中，提升生詞學習的自信心，華語教師在遊戲中可鼓勵增強學生的滿足感，扮演給予學生回饋的重要角色，「驢橋」為學生接受程度高的華語課堂教學複習遊戲活動。此次研究證明桌上遊戲「驢橋」改編為華語教學課堂複習活動可提升學生學習動機，學生反應熱烈，未來可推廣更多樣化的桌上遊戲進入華語教學課堂，讓華語教學的活動更豐富多彩。 / Class games play an important role in language class. The advantages of games include: lower the learning pressure, strengthen the learning motivation, enhance the interaction between students, and stimulate higher-order thinking ability. Games are also a necessary practice for language learning. However, related research in the field of teaching Chinese as a second language is still developing. Also, due to the difficulty of designing the games and preparing the props, Chinese teachers would hesitate to use the games or reduce the frequency of language games in the classroom. The topic of this research is teaching Chinese as a second language class integrated with tabletop games factors. By amending some rules and props of the board game Eselsbrücke, students would be expected to practice the learned vocabularies actively and delightfully in this game. Also, this research could prove the feasibility of tabletop games as the reviewing activity of teaching Chinese as second language. In the research, subjects would operate Eselsbrücke directly, and all their response would be observed through recording. After the research, students filled in the questionnaire, and volunteers would accept the interview. According to the research result, as a game in Chinese class, Eselsbrücke can arouse student’s attention, review what they have learned, makes students more confident in learning vocabularies. Chinese teachers play an important role that not only encourages students to achieve higher sense of satisfaction, but also feedbacks to students immediately. Combining the fun of game and the effective language practice, Eselsbrücke is a reviewing activity which is easy for students to accept in teaching Chinese as a second language class. This research proves that tabletop game Eselsbrücke shows positive effect to students as a Chinese class reviewing activity. In the future, we may promote tabletop games in teaching Chinese as a second language class, to create more and more interesting and attractive Chinese teaching activities.

「溝通」為語言學習的主要目的，如何能使中級華語學習者自然流暢地表達個人觀點並更貼近母語人士的語言習慣是本研究所探討的議題。研究顯示「電影」應用於第二語言教材可以幫助學習者提升溝通能力，更可持續激發語言學習的興趣。然而台灣目前使用電影主要以文化課程輔助進行，尚未規劃專門的電影華語課程，且普遍以成人為主教學對象。 因此本文主要探討如何應用華語電影於青少年華語課程，並分析華語電影教材的學習成效。本研究採用文獻回顧探究電影教學相關研究、中英教學中的電影教學發展、青少年華語教學、教學法與教學模式，以第二章節作為理論架構，依據此架構設計電影華語課程並實際執行。研究結果顯示使用溝通式教學法所延伸的教學活動，同時搭配ADDIE教學模式能有效地將電影教材應用於華語課程中，不僅符合學習者的學習需求，更使教學更具系統性。研究者依電影主題歸納成11種類型，針對青少年學習者選取「愛情類」、「勵志類」類型，以此兩種主題作為框架列舉出20部適合用於華語課程的電影，另外參考電影作為第二語言教材的標準，制定5項華語電影選取原則提供教學者參考。回饋結果顯示，學習者認為電影華語課程能提升聽、說能力，其次為閱讀能力，最後為寫作能力。整體而言，青少年學習者對於電影運用於語言課程中抱持正面的看法，大部分的學習者表示喜愛電影主題和課程中所討論的話題，透過課程中不斷地問答和多元的任務練習活動，學習者溝通時能以自然的表達方式和他人交流想法，並以尊重、包容和分享的情懷欣賞跨文化的議題。最後，研究者於文末提供未來電影華語教學之研究建議。 / Communication is the main purpose of language learning. This research is concerned about how to assist intermediate-level learners in expressing fluently and using the language according to the native speaker's habits. Research shows that using “ Film” can help to improve the communicative ability of the learners, which can also trigger more interest in language learning. However, the use of films for teaching Chinese in Taiwan is limited to culture classes of the adult, not planned for specialized classes. Hence, the main purpose of this research is to analyze how to apply Chinese films in adolescent Chinese courses, and the effect of Chinese film courses. The method of this research is based on the literature review in both teaching Chinese and English by using film, teaching Chinese for adolescent, teaching method and teaching model. Through this framework, the author has planned and implemented the lesson on teaching Chinese through Chinese films. The result has shown that using Communicative Language Teaching and ADDIE teaching model at the same time can incorporate film materials into courses more effectively. According to the film genre, the author has classified 11 types of films, analyzed romance and inspiration topic for adolescent learners, listed 20 films through which are suitable for Chinese courses. Besides, this research has drawn up 5 criteria for selecting Chinese films. The result of the survey has shown that listening and speaking ability can be increased after courses, but not much practice on reading and writing ability. Overall, using film as class material receives a very positive feedback from adolescent learners. Most of the learners show their high interest in themes and topics of the courses, learners can share ideas and express themselves naturally with others through diverse tasks in the class. Meanwhile learning to show respect to different cultures in cross-cultural issues. Pedagogical implications and suggestions for further research are included at the end of this thesis.

This study compared strategy use and beliefs about language learning, and the relationship between beliefs and use reported by 428 monolingual Korean and 420 bilingual Korean-Chinese university students. This study also examined the influence of background variables (e.g., gender, self-rated English proficiency, and academic major) on learners' beliefs and strategy use. Data was collected using three questionnaires, the Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL), the Beliefs about Language Learning Inventory (BALLI), and the Individual Background Questionnaire (IBQ). Data were analyzed using descriptive analyses, principal-component analyses, factor analyses, Pearson r correlation analyses, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), and the Scheffé post-hoc test. Monolinguals reported using compensation strategies most, followed by cognitive, metacognitive, memory, social/practical practice, and affective strategies. Bilinguals preferred to use cognitive strategies most, followed by metacognitive and affective, compensation, memory, social, and independent practice strategies. Students from both groups reported low use of social and memory strategies. Despite a less favorable formal English education environment in the Korean-Chinese community and fewer English learning experiences, bilingual Korean-Chinese reported higher use of learning strategies, which indicates bilinguals' superior language learning abilities. Students from both groups had strong instrumental motivation for learning English. Bilinguals held stronger beliefs about the importance of formal learning and felt less fear of speaking English with native English speakers. Significant correlations between strategy and belief variables indicated differences in the impact of beliefs on strategy use for both groups. The result of the MANOVA revealed that bilingual humanities or engineering majors used more strategies and held stronger beliefs about formal learning. Proficiency level was positively correlated with strategy use for both groups. No gender effect on strategy use and beliefs was found. The assumption that differences in the learning experiences of the participants from two distinct geographical and socio-educational learning settings would influence the findings of this study was upheld.