Parmi les stimuli environnementaux, la couleur est une expérience perceptuelle omniprésente. Elle est capable d’infléchir la motivation d’approche et d’évitement des individus sans qu’ils en aient conscience. Elliot et ses collaborateurs (2007) ont en en effet montré qu’en contexte d’accomplissement, le rouge agissait subtilement sur les processus cognitifs et moteurs en évoquant une menace. L’objectif de cette thèse a été d’enrichir ce paradigme des couleurs à l’aide de variables et de tâches non testées. Notre travail a tout d’abord montré l’effet délétère du rouge sur la variabilité de la fréquence cardiaque et la mémoire de travail lors d’un test cognitif. Cet effet négatif a ensuite été mis en évidence sur l’efficience motrice lors d’une tâche de force maximale. Sur la base d’une validation partielle en langue française du questionnaire de mesure des tempéraments (Elliot & Thrash, 2010), il a ensuite été suggéré que l’effet débilitant du rouge sur la mémoire pouvait être modulé par le tempérament d’évitement. Enfin, nous avons étudié de façon exploratoire la modulation de l’effet menaçant du rouge par l’origine culturelle. Les différentes significations accordées au rouge par des étudiants chinois et français pourraient être à l’origine d’une modulation de l’effet de cette couleur sur l’efficience motrice. / Among the environmental stimuli, the color is a ubiquitous perceptual experience. It is able to influence the approach and avoidance motivation outside of consciousness. Elliot and colleagues (2007) have indeed shown that in an achievement context, red acts as a subtle threat-cue on cognitive and motor processes. The aim of this thesis was to extend this empirical and theoretical work, using novel variables and tasks. Our results have first shown the deleterious effect of red on the heart rate variability and the working memory in a cognitive test, and then on the motor efficiency during a maximum voluntary contraction task. Based on a partial French validation of the approach-avoidance temperament questionnaire (Elliot & Thrash, 2010), it was then proposed that the negative effect of red on the memory could be modulated by the avoidance temperament. Finally, we have studied in an exploratory fashion the modulation of the threatening red effect by the cultural origin. Our results have suggested that differences in meanings given to red between Chinese and French students could have different consequences on motor efficiency.

Abstract available through the Developmental Psychobiology.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:29:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Angela Lourenconi.pdf: 3188195 bytes, checksum: 7bde29f160b0632fbd3df3d3e5ca3617 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-21 / The style of communication can facilitate or hindering social relationships, so it is important to identify the style that each individual owns, considering the types of temperaments, and manifests as interlocutor. This study included the types of temperaments proposed was: Extraversion/ Introversion, Thinking/Feeling, Practical/Imaginative, Organized/Flexible, to define the communication styles and construction of Styles Inventory Communication (EEC). The purpose of the study has been determinated the validity of the survey instrument. Two studies were conducted: a content validity, with two steps, qualitative and quantitative, another of construct validity, with participation of 861 students males and females. The value of alpha Cronbach has been equivalent to 0.88 determining high instrument reliability. By factorial analysis the scale items are distributed in: Meticulous/Thoughtful, Expressive/Simpatic, Arguer/Pragmatic and Retracted/ Reliable. The style Meticulous / Thoughtful had greater tendency for men (M = 4.33, SD = 0.029 ) and women (M = 4.37, SD = 0.029) too. In the area of knowledge communication style is more predominant style Meticulous/ Thoughtful (M = 4.39; SD = 0.038) in the area of Exact Sciences. In the area of Biological Sciences the style Arguer/Pragmatic (M = 4.04; SD = 0.036) has higher precedence over others. By the study presented the styles that have significance values less than 0.05 are: Expressive/Simpatic and Retracted/ Reliable, and dependence of the variable gender. Has already the styles, Meticulous/Thoughtful and Arguer/Pragmatic, have significance values less than 0.05 indicating that they are independent for the variables of gender and area of knowledge. The Scale Communication Styles had demonstrated its reliability in the dimensions: Meticulous/Thoughtful (alpha = 0,86), Expressive/Simpatic (alpha = 0,74), Arguer/Pragmatic (alpha = 0,64) and Retracted/ Reliable (alpha = 0,63). / O estilo de comunica??o pode facilitar ou dificultar as rela??es sociais, portanto ? relevante identificar o estilo que cada indiv?duo possui, considerando os tipos de temperamentos, e manifesta como interlocutor. Neste estudo foram considerados os tipos de temperamentos: Extrovers?o/Introvers?o, Pensamento/Sentimento, Pr?tico/ Imaginativo, organizado/flex?vel, para defini??o dos estilos de comunica??o e constru??o da Escala de Estilos de Comunica??o (EEC). O objetivo do estudo foi determinar a validade do instrumento de pesquisa. Foram realizados dois estudos: um de validade de conte?do com duas etapas, qualitativa e quantitativa, outro de validade de construto, com a participa??o de 861 estudantes universit?rios de ambos os sexos. O valor do alpha de Cronbach foi equivalente a 0,88 determinando alta confiabilidade do instrumento. Por analise fatorial os itens da escala se distribuem em: Meticuloso/Ponderado, Expressivo/Simp?tico, Argumentador/Pragm?tico e Retra?do/Confi?vel, sendo o estilo Meticuloso/Ponderado de maior tend?ncia para homens (M = 4,33; DP = 0,029) e mulheres (M = 4,37; DP = 0,029). Quanto ? ?rea de conhecimento o estilo de comunica??o mais preponderante ? tamb?m o estilo Meticuloso/Ponderado (M = 4,39; DP = 0,038) na ?rea de Ci?ncias Exatas. Na ?rea de Ci?ncias Biol?gicas e da Sa?de o estilo Argumentador/ Pragm?tico (M = 4,04; DP = 0,036) tem maior preponder?ncia sobre os demais. Pelo estudo apresentado os estilos que t?m valores de signific?ncia menor que 0,05 s?o: Expressivo/Simp?tico e Retra?do/Confi?vel, tendo depend?ncia da vari?vel de g?nero. J? os estilos, Meticuloso/Ponderado e Argumentador/ Pragm?tico, t?m valores de signific?ncia menor que 0,05 indicando que s?o independentes quanto ?s vari?veis de g?nero e ?rea de conhecimento. A Escala de Estilos de Comunica??o teve sua confiabilidade demonstrada nas dimens?es: Meticuloso/Ponderado (alfa = 0,86), Expressivo/Simp?tico (alfa = 0,74), Argumentador/Pragm?tico (alfa = 0,64) e Retra?do/Confi?vel (alfa = 0,63).

Les études sur les personnages féminins stendhaliens et mériméens sont certainement nombreuses. Toutefois, notre travail envisage une nouvelle approche qui a pour objectif de mettre en évidence les rapports que Stendhal et Mérimée entretiennent avec les théories qui prédominent dès le XVIIIe siècle. Nous nous référons en particulier à la théorie des quatre tempéraments et la théorie des climats et leur influence sur la création des figures féminines, protagonistes des histoires qui constituent le corpus des Chroniques italiennes et des nouvelles de Mérimée, c’est-à-dire La Vénus d’Ille, Colomba et Carmen. Notre propos est de découvrir un nouvel aspect de la problématique féminine en analysant le type humain de la femme du Midi étudié sous la perspective de l’influence des théories susmentionnées. Nous avons également mis en relation la forme littéraire adoptée par les deux écrivains (la nouvelle, le petit roman) avec les sujets qu’ils abordent et l’effet qu’ils veulent produire sur le lecteur. En quoi, en effet, la forme brève qu'ils choisissent contribue-t-elle à l'effet de violence que la représentation du Sud est supposée produire ? Le récit court sert, à l'évidence, l'efficacité d'un propos à la fois esthétique, ethnologique et éthique. L’étude s’articule en trois temps. Dans un premier temps, nous nous intéressons à l’évolution de la théorie des tempéraments et la théorie des climats, ensuite, au contexte historique et culturel de la période à cheval entre le XVIIIe et XIXe siècles qui influence aussi la création littéraire de Stendhal et de Mérimée. Dans un deuxième temps, nous nous occupons de la poétique stendhalienne et mériméenne par rapport aux récits courts. Enfin, nous analysons les figures féminines par rapport aux études préliminaires que nous avons faites dans les parties précédentes. / Studies about female characters in Stendhal’s and Mérimée’s works are in no doubt numerous. However, the aim of our work is to highlight the relationship between these authors and the theories that prevailed from the eighteenth century onwards. We refer in particular to both the four temperaments theory and the climate the theory and their influence on the creation of female characters, protagonists in the stories we chose for our corpus: the Chroniques italiennes of Stendhal and the shorts stories La Vénus d’Ille, Colomba and Carmen of Mérimée. Our purpose is to unveil a new aspect of the female problematic by analysing Southern Europe woman human type observed from the perspective of the influence of the above-mentioned theories. We also linked the form chosen by the two writers (short story, little novel) with the themes they address and the effect they want to produce on the reader. To which extent is the short story type contributing to the effect of violence supposed to be produced by the depiction of the South? Short stories serve the efficiency of a purpose at the same time aesthetic, ethnological and ethical. This study consists of three parts. First of all, we examine the the evolution of both four temperaments theory and climate theory, as well as the eighteenth, beginning of the nineteenth century historical and cultural background which also influences Stendhal and Mérimée literary creation. Secondly, we reflect upon Stendhal’s and Mérimée’s poetics in relation to short stories. Finally, we analyse the female characters in relation to the preliminary studies previously mentioned. / Gli studi sui personaggi femminili di Stendhal e Mérimée sono sicuramenti numerosi. Ciò nonostante, il nostro lavoro prevede un nuovo approccio che ha come obiettivo di mettere in evidenza l’influenza che le correnti di pensiero, che predominano a partire dal diciottesimo secolo, hanno sulla produzione letterario di Stendhal e Mérimée. In particolare, ci riferiamo alla teoria dei quattro temperamenti e alla teoria dei climi rispetto alla creazione dei personaggi femminili, protagonisti delle storie che costituiscono il corpus delle Cronache italiane e delle novelle di Mérimée, ossia La Venere d’Ille, Colomba et Carmen. Il nostro scopo è quello di mettere in luce un nuovo aspetto della problematica femminile, analizzando il tipo umano della donna meridionale studiato sotto la prospettiva delle teorie sopra menzionate. Abbiamo anche messo in relazione la forma letteraria adottata dai due scrittori (la novella, il piccolo romanzo) con l’argomento che trattano e l’effetto che vogliono produrre sul lettore. Concretamente, in che modo la forma breve che scelgono contribuisce all’effetto di violenza che la rappresentazione del Sud è presupposta produrre? La novella serve a rendere efficace un pensiero estetico, etnologico et etico. Lo studio si divide in tre parti. In un primo momento, ci interessiamo all’evoluzione della teoria dei temperamenti e alla teoria dei climi, in seguito, al contesto storico-culturale del periodo a cavallo tra diciottesimo e diciannovesimo secolo che influenza anche la creazione letteraria di Stendhal et Mérimée. In un secondo momento, ci occupiamo della poetica di Stendhal et Mérimée rispetto alla novella. Infine, analizziamo i personaggi femminili in rapporto agli studi preliminari effettuati nelle parti precedenti della nostra tesi.

La désorganisation du discours est couramment observée en phase maniaque du trouble bipolaire. Elle peut se manifester par un langage incompréhensible, des idées décousues ou illogiques. Les premières études qui ont exploré les processus cognitifs sous-tendant ces perturbations du langage et du cours de la pensée dans le trouble bipolaire semblent en faveur de perturbations sémantiques. Pour déterminer la nature de ces perturbations, nous avons réalisé plusieurs études portant sur deux processus spécifiques : la propagation automatique de l’activation sémantique et l’inhibition sémantique. Pour évaluer ces processus nous avons construit deux tâches de décision lexicale basées sur l’amorçage sémantique. Celles-ci sont proposées à 17 patients bipolaires euthymiques ainsi qu’à un groupe de 61 personnes issues de la population générale pour lesquelles les traits de personnalité hypomaniaque et les tempéraments affectifs sont évalués. Les résultats montrent une moindre efficacité pour les deux processus dans le trouble bipolaire. Ces perturbations sont associées aux troubles du cours de la pensée. Dans la population générale, les résultats montrent que seule l’atteinte de la propagation automatique de l’activation est associée aux tempéraments hyperthymique et irritable. Cette association n’est pas retrouvée pour le processus d’inhibition sémantique, suggérant la mise en place de stratégies cognitives compensatoires lorsque les processus sont contrôlés. Nos résultats, associés à ceux de la littérature, semblent en faveur d’une approche dimensionnelle du trouble bipolaire et soulignent l’intérêt d’investiguer davantage la cognition dans les formes atténuées du trouble. / Disorganization of speech is commonly observed in the manic phase of bipolar disorder as incomprehensible language, disjointed or illogical ideas. Recent studies had explored the cognitive processes that underlie these disturbances of language and formal thought disorders in bipolar trouble. These studies appear to be in favor of semantic abnormalities. To determine the nature of these disturbances, we carried out studies which focus on two specific processes: the automatic spreading activation and the semantic inhibition. To assess these processes, two lexical decision tasks based on semantic priming were built. These tasks are proposed to 17 euthymic bipolar patients as well as to a group of 61 people from the general population for whom hypomanic personality traits and affective temperaments are evaluated. The results show lower efficacy for both processes in bipolar disorder. These disturbances are associated with the disturbances of formal thought disorders. In the general population, the results show that only the dysfunction of the automatic spreading activation is associated with hyperthymic and irritable temperaments. This association is not found for semantic inhibition, suggesting the intervention of compensatory cognitive strategies when the processes are controlled. Our results, combined with those of the literature, seem to be in favor of a dimensional approach to bipolar disorder and underline the interest of investigating cognition in the attenuated forms of the disorder.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:23:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo Cesar dos Santos.pdf: 7657229 bytes, checksum: 2789e5a7baf7005913b0595cfff5666d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Nowadays, the computer science academic field is facing several challenges due to its importance and its insertion in different science fields and also, due to the rapid breakthrough of digital technologies in information and communication. There is a growing demand for places to study and graduate in computer science. Therefore a great effort is needed to improve the quality of educational process adopted by the academic institutions. The aim of this research is to analyze the planning procedures employed by the computer science course of a public school and to propose a new way of teaching, which will certainly reach better results in the teaching and learning process. In order to achieve this, we brought up a conceptual framework (CF) to support the didactic planning process of all the subjects related to the computer science course. In this research it was applied a qualitative approach, enforced nature, in an exploratory purpose. The procedures adopted were based in an experimental research. Fifteen teachers and fifty one students, from that public school, participated in the study. As a result the findings showed the behaving profile of the students, their capacity of learning and their multiple intelligence skills. There is also an analysis of the present scenario taking into consideration the different ways of planning and conducting classes. Based on data from that research it was pointed out the need of improvements in the last two aspects. However, it was prepared the framework of the CF proposed and it was given an example of its use and, finally, experiments using it were carried out by the professors. As positive results came out, the possibility of including the CF as part of class plan in that public school is real / Atualmente, na área acadêmica em computação, enfrentam-se vários desafios, dada sua importância, sua inserção nas demais áreas de conhecimento e os avanços das tecnologias digitais da informação e comunicação. É crescente a demanda por novas vagas nas graduações em ciência da computação. Por isso, faz-se necessário investir esforços para obtenção de melhorias na qualidade dos processos de ensino, adotados nas instituições acadêmicas. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar o processo de planejamento de ensino no curso de computação de uma instituição pública e propor novas práticas que ofereçam possíveis melhorias no processo de ensino-aprendizagem. Para tal, propôs-se um Framework Conceitual (FC), para apoiar o processo de planejamento de ensino em disciplinas do referido curso. Para a pesquisa foi utilizada uma abordagem qualitativa, de natureza aplicada, com objetivo exploratório. Os procedimentos adotados foram de uma pesquisa experimental. Participaram quinze professores e cinquenta e um alunos da referida instituição. Como resultados apresentam-se: os perfis de temperamentos, os estilos de aprendizagem, as inteligências múltiplas dos alunos e ainda uma análise do cenário atual das formas de planejamento e regência das aulas. A partir dos dados obtidos na pesquisa, foram apontadas necessidades de melhorias nesses dois últimos aspectos. Contudo, elaborou-se a estrutura do FC proposto, demonstrou-se um exemplo de aplicação e, finalmente, foram realizados experimentos com sua aplicação pelos professores. As conclusões apontam para resultados positivos e possibilidades de uso do FC no processo de planejamento de ensino da instituição pesquisada

The mother-child relationship is the first basic relationship with which any human being is confronted. The temperaments of mother and child play an important role in this relationship. The aim of this study is to explore the perception of mothers with regards to temperaments. This study uses a qualitative approach, which is explorative and descriptive, to gain insight into the influence of temperaments in the mother-child relationship. Seven mothers were selected by purposeful sampling to participate in the group work as research process. Group work progresses through the following three phases: awareness, exploration and personalisation. Naive sketches were used to determine the perception of the mothers during the awareness and personalisation phases. A focus group interview was utilised in the exploration phase. Finding showed that the mother-child relationship plays an important role in the optimal development of the child and his or her mother. This study confirmed the importance of understanding temperaments in the mother-child relationship. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Specialisation in Guidance & Counseling)

This research presents empirical evidence and interpretation about the effects of planning participants and contextual factors on information selection in public organizations. The study addresses important research questions and gaps in the literature about applicability of planning theory to practice, about effects of planning participants and participant diversity on information selection, and about community and organizational factors that influence information selection in the planning process. The research informs emergency planning, practice, and guidance, as well as planning theory and practice in general. The research sample consists of survey data from 183 local emergency planning committees (LEPCs) about their conduct of hazardous materials commodity flow studies (HMCFS), along with data from other secondary sources. HMCFS projects collect information about hazardous materials (HazMat) transport that can be used in a wide range of local emergency planning and community planning applications. This study takes the perspective that socio-cultural frameworks, such as organizational norms and values, influence information behaviors of planning participants. Controlling for organizational and community factors, the participation of community planners in HMCFS projects has a significant positive effect on selection of communicative information sources. Participation of HazMat responders in HMCFS projects does not have a significant negative effect on selection of communicative information sources. The diversity of HMCFS participants has a significant positive effect on information selection diversity. Other organizational and community factors, such as vicarious experience, 'know-how' and direct experience, financial resources, and knowledge/perception of hazards and risks are also important influences on information selection behavior. Results of this study are applicable to planning entities that are likely to use planning information: proactive LEPCs, planning agencies, and planning consortiums. The results are also applicable to community planners in local planning agencies and emergency responders in local emergency response agencies, and public planning organizations in general. In addition to providing evidence about the applicability of communicative rationality in planning practice, this research suggests that institutional/contextual, bounded, instrumental, and political rationalities may also in influence conduct of planning projects. Four corresponding prescriptive recommendations are made for planning theory and practice.

The mother-child relationship is the first basic relationship with which any human being is confronted. The temperaments of mother and child play an important role in this relationship. The aim of this study is to explore the perception of mothers with regards to temperaments. This study uses a qualitative approach, which is explorative and descriptive, to gain insight into the influence of temperaments in the mother-child relationship. Seven mothers were selected by purposeful sampling to participate in the group work as research process. Group work progresses through the following three phases: awareness, exploration and personalisation. Naive sketches were used to determine the perception of the mothers during the awareness and personalisation phases. A focus group interview was utilised in the exploration phase. Finding showed that the mother-child relationship plays an important role in the optimal development of the child and his or her mother. This study confirmed the importance of understanding temperaments in the mother-child relationship. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Specialisation in Guidance & Counseling)