La professionnalisation de l’armée engagée par l’Etat (Gabon) au début des années 1999s’inscrit dans le prolongement des réformes institutionnelles issues de la démocratisation de lasociété et de la refondation de l’Etat. En effet, après la crise de frustration à l’origine duputsch de 1964 et les politiques clientélistes initiées par le monopartisme à tous les niveaux del’institution militaire, jusqu’en 1990 l’armée gabonaise s’inscrivait dans le schéma classiquede certaines armées d’Afrique noire dites énormes appareils bureaucratiques chargées desurveiller et de punir. Transformée en une armée prétorienne, l’armée gabonaise fut séparéede l’Etat son employeur. Soumise à l’épreuve de la professionnalisation, elle se réorganise, serestructure et se rationnalise adoptant ainsi une nouvelle posture aux côtés de l’Etat auprèsduquel elle s’affirme progressivement comme un acteur sociopolitique. Cette recherches’appuie sur des documents stratégiques, des faits concrets et des données empiriques pouranalyser la transformation d’une institution étatique, son nouveau rôle aux côtés de l’Etat, laSociété et la Nation / In the 1990’s, Gabon started the army’s professionalization. It was the continuation of theinstitutional reforms that came from the society democratization and the reform of the State.Indeed, after the frustration crisis and the 1964’s putsch which ensues from it, the single-partysystem introduced nepotism at all levels of the gabonese army. This army was since, and until1999, in the classic pattern of the « huge bureaucracy in charge of spying and crackingdown » like many black african armies. Turned into a pretorian army, the gabonese army wasseparated from the State, its former employer. Subject to the profesionalization, the gabonesearmy is now reorganizing, restructuring and rationalizing itself. So adopting a new positionbesides the State, the gabonese army is progressively affirming itself as a sociopolitical actor.This research work relies on strategic documents, concrete facts and empirical data to analyzethe transformation (structural and organisational) of a state institution and of its new rolebesides State, Society and Nation.

The thesis examines the career and professional philosophy of Philip Morris. Starting in schools management in Kent in the 1920s, Morris subsequently devised a huge wartime educational programme for the Army and then spent the remainder of his career in higher education as the Vice-Chancellor of Bristol University. He served on several important committees concerned with teacher training, school examinations and adult and Commonwealth education, and held senior positions in the BBC and the British Council. The culmination of his career was his vital contribution to the report of the Committee on Higher Education chaired by Lord Robbins. For thirty years these activities enabled him to influence the development of education at home and abroad. He was able to put into practice his belief in the value of a liberal education made available throughout life to all who could benefit from it, without regard to social class or the immediate economic interests of society. Despite a natural modesty and preference for avoiding public attention, the conformity of his views with mainstream political and academic opinion, combined with his administrative ability, resulted in an acknowledgement by his peers of his eminence in his field. Within British governance he came to epitomise the effective though informal ruling elite known as ‘the Great and the Good’. Towards the end of his career, however, his authority and his ability to direct the course of events began to decline, and many of his principal objectives appeared to fail in the period after his retirement. The thesis concludes by examining the reasons for this, suggesting that it was caused by changing attitudes to paternalist administration and to the value of liberal education, arising from a range of factors including the very expansion of educational opportunity that he had helped to bring about.

The study of Roman military administration has largely been limited to the Prinicipate following the discovery of documents at Vindolanda and Dura-Europos. The origin of this administration is either attributed to Augustus’ military reforms or considered older but irrecoverable based on a perceived lack of evidence. This thesis aims to demonstrate that, far from irrecoverable, it is possible to reconstruct the development of a relatively complex and well-structured bureaucratic system supporting the army during the Middle Republic. This bureaucracy developed in parallel with the military as the scale and scope of Rome’s wars increased during the period, and is reflected in the evolution of an administrative complex on the south-eastern slope of the Capitol. It is argued that in Rome and within the legion detailed records were kept and, within reason, every effort was made to keep them as accurate as possible. The Capitol functioned as the administrative hub, where census declarations and the census list, stored in the atrium Libertatis, served as the central authority for military records. Other military documents kept in the aerarium Saturni provided support. Lists such as the tabulae iuniorum were created from the census records, with exemptions and served terms noted. From these, legion lists with the same details could be created by military tribunes or scribae at the dilectus, the military recruitment levy, in the area Capitolina. One copy of this list was taken with the legion, and from 204 BC another was left in Rome. These parallel documents enabled a degree of cooperation between the administrative authorities within the legions and at Rome. The legion lists allowed commanders (or their subordinates) to act as devolved satellite bureaucracies, with more exact information from being on the spot. Frequent letters and embassies from the legions to the senate meant that these satellites could communicate not only their tactical position but also administrative information. In the field, legion lists provided commanders with a record of their men. Additional information on rank was added once the legion was organised. Using this list the quaestor calculated the pay for each individual, marking the separate deductions to be made from each soldier. Commanders took care to keep the record of their numbers accurate, noting casualties in as much detail as time and injuries allowed. This information was transmitted to the senate in order to keep the legions up to strength, not only by replacing casualties but also those who had served the ideal maximum term of six years. Overly long service was for the most part thus avoided. It appears that every effort was made to keep the records as up-to-date as possible, but it was recognised that errors could occur. The lustra conducted by new generals provided the opportunity to correct any omissions or mistakes as well as ritually purifying the army under a new commander. The emergency levy circumvented any errors in the census so that Rome could mobilise effectively in a crisis. It was not Augustan invention but these Mid-Republican developments which presaged the bureaucratic system known under the Principate.

The Royal Canadian School of Mechanical Engineering at Camp Chilliwack, British Columbia, assesses officer cadets on a five point scale, in terms of 13 qualities which are considered by RCSME to be characteristic of a "good man". This research was undertaken for the purpose of critically examining this assessment method to suggest possible improvements to it. The assessment method was examined in two ways : (a) By carrying out a job analysis by means of the critical incident technique to derive Critical Requirements for COTC cadets and use these as a basis for judging whether or not the criteria of assessment at present in use are well formulated; (b) By obtaining peer ratings by the cadets themselves to serve as a basis for-examining the validity of assessments that have been made by the existing procedures. The Critical Incident Technique, as outlined by Flanagan, was used to obtain incidents from the entire cadet population and from the instructors who were currently involved with or were familiar with COTC training, There were three major differences between cadets and instructors in the incidents collected: (a) the rank orders of incidents showed marked differences for a few Critical Requirements but in general considerable similarity existed; (b) the number of incidents collected from certain locations differed, and (c) a disproportionately large number of ineffective incidents were contributed by instructors. A detailed comparison was made between the Critical Requirements isolated in this study and the categories employed at the RCSME in the assessment of cadets. There were 11 Critical Requirements for which no corresponding categories existed. Three main objections to tie RCSME categories were discussed. Peer ratings were obtained for the entire cadet population. These predicted future officer performance without being unduly affected by popularity. The peer ratings of First Phase cadets were found to be more accurate than those of Second Phase cadets. Peer ratings were scored by weighted and unweighted scoring techniques. Both methods yielded almost identical results. The unweighted scoring technique, however, requires fewer calculations and is less time consuming. The results of this study indicated that peer ratings can be used as an independent measure of officer cadet performance. Two improvement procedures were suggested. First, that the Critical Requirements isolated in this study be used as a basis for assessment in the form of a check list or other device and, second, that the employment of peer ratings be incorporated as one of the components of the assessment method. / Arts, Faculty of / Psychology, Department of / Graduate

The American military experience in the European Theater of Operations during the Second World War is one of the most heavily documented topics in modern historiography. However, within this plethora of scholarship, very little has been written on the contributions of the United States Cavalry to this era. The six mechanized cavalry groups assigned to the Third Army served in a variety of roles, conducting screens, counter-reconnaissance, as well as a number of other associated security missions for their parent corps and the Army. Although unheralded, these groups made substantial and war-altering impacts for the Third Army.

The Army, despite having been vexed for a century on how to effectively fight the Plains Indians, ultimately defeated them only a decade after the Civil War. This thesis will bring to the forefront those individuals who adapted fighting techniques and ultimately achieved victories on the Texas frontier before the Civil War. The majority of these victories came as a result of mounted warfare under the direction of lower ranking officers in control of smaller forces. The tactic of fighting Indians from horseback was shown to be effective by the Rangers and later emulated by the Army.

In this dissertation, I investigate the function of the Roman army in the Negev. Evidence from archaeological survey and excavations of thirty-nine structures reveals that for 700 years Roman sites were situated to serve trade networks. Negev trade goods included frankincense, myrrh, spices, cassia, and silk - the epitome of luxury items in the Roman world. The importation, distribution, and taxation of these goods provided the imperial treasury with a steady revenue stream. Military units monitored road systems, secured supply lines, and performed local policing duties functioning, in effect, as agents of imperial administration. I begin with the period immediately prior to Roman annexation, when the Negev was home to Nabataean traders. This phase (1st c. BCE-1st c. CE) ended with the formation of the province of Arabia, a move likely inspired by the need for new revenue on account of the enormous outlays required by Trajan's Dacian wars. For the next 200 years, the Romans maintained the preexisting Nabataean network. In the early fourth century C.E., about half of the established Roman sites were abandoned and new ones were built along a new route - not as a reaction to localized threats but instead to support more efficient sea-borne trade via Aila, on the Red Sea. In the fifth century nomadic tribes began to cause serious security problems. In response new infantry and cavalry units were posted to the region, but were stationed in existing forts so as to maintain the continued security of the trade networks. In the Negev, the Roman military acted as an extension of imperial administration to support the smooth functioning of trade. The results clarify ancient historical references to the Limes Palaestinae, a term that modern scholars have understood to refer to a militarized defensive line on the Negev frontier. The distribution patterns that I found do not support a military interpretation, either of a defensive strategy or an internal frontier. Rather, the region remained structured around long established Nabataean-era road networks that were used to transport luxury commodities. In the Negev, the Roman army facilitated imperial interests for economic, rather than military, security. / 2019-01-01T00:00:00Z

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