Beneficiarii consularis were members of the military staffs attached to Roman provincial governors of the Principate, and are well attested epigraph!cally, both at provincial capitals and at outposts along major roads and frontiers of the Western military provinces. They were usually experienced legionaries approaching retirement. and were of senior principalis rank. Each legion in a province provided the governor with (probably) sixty men of this rank. The governor's staff (the officium consularis) assisted the governor in ail his duties, administrative, judicial and military, and the beneficiarii were employed in a variety of roles, appearing in the sources as arresting officers, messengers, servants to the governor and general assistants. To indicate their status as officiales of the governor, they carried a decorated lance-symbol when operating away from the officium. In Britain and the two German provinces they were evidently outposted, apparently for periods of six months at a time, along the roads linking the provincial capitals with the frontiers, with neighbouring provinces, and with Rome, in contrast with the other Western provinces where, for the most part, no such stationes are attested. The stationes have usually been regarded as police posts for the protection of the roads, but this seems unlikely. Although a few stationes fall outside the general pattern and can perhaps be associated with the control of imperial estates, the majority are to be linked with frontier defence. Since the main network of stationes, both in the Germanies and in the rest of Europe first appears in the 160's, they may be seen as a response to the Chattan and Marcomannic attacks. The evidence is consistent with the interpretation of the stationes as relays for the improvement of military communications, those on the frontiers perhaps having an additional role in the coordination of military intelligence-gathering.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Boston University / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / 2031-01-01

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Arts, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. / This research report examines the experiences of a group of women-soldiers serving in the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) in relation to two major sociological concerns. The first concern is the South African transition and the establishment of the SANDF, and the second is gender issues within the military. There is little literature concerning women-soldiers in relation to the establishment of the SANDF. In addition, the iiterature on women and militarism suggests that there is no consensus amongst women around key questions regarding the military. Therefore, researching the experiences of'a group of women-soldiers required the use of research methods which would enable a free flow of information by the respondents. This particular group of research subjects was identified through the quota sampling technique. The group represented a large variety of social identities and backgrounds. The informants were interviewed primarily through structured in-depth interviews. The central finding of this research is that the informants had various experiences according to different sociological characteristics, such as race, previous military service, or marital status. In relation to the transition and the establishment of the SANDF, military experience and race were found to be the most important factors in shaping the respondents' experiences. In this regard, I have argued that the SANDF reflects the former SADF Concerning gender issues within the military, marital status appeared as the most relevant factor. Considering this, it is suggested that the social responsibilities attached to wifehood and motherhood influence women toward traditional female domains in the workplace. / Andrew Chakane 2019

Titre : Les marsouins de 1880 à 1914. Etude anthropologique et prosopographique.Après la défaite de 1870-1871, la France renoue avec son expansion coloniale. Au préalable, les politiciens de tous bords, les économistes ou encore les investisseurs privés se sont attachés à justifier le « fait colonial » en vue de doter le pays de troupes spécialisées dans les interventions outre-mer. Dans ce cadre, l’infanterie et l’artillerie de la Marine reçoivent le rôle d’évoluer en dehors du sol métropolitain afin d’accomplir les trois étapes du processus colonial : la conquête, la pacification et l’administration.Cette étude vise à mieux cerner cette population de soldats, communément appelée « marsouin », en la suivant depuis le recrutement jusqu’à son déploiement outre-mer. En plus d’étudier spécifiquement les conditions de recrutement, il s’agit ici de s’interroger sur la formation afin de savoir si ces hommes disposent des qualités intellectuelles et physiques pour pouvoir exercer leur métier aux colonies.Pour le savoir, il a fallu dépouiller près de 4500 registres matricules en vue de réaliser des séries statistiques. L’exploitation d’une centaine de témoignages a également permis de suivre le quotidien de ces hommes et ainsi de comprendre leurs motivations, leurs difficultés, leurs déceptions, leurs satisfactions, leurs représentations ou encore leurs aspirations en termes d’avancement ou de récompenses.En outre, il en ressort généralement que le marsouin a su s’adapter aux différentes situations et circonstances en dépit de la quantité et de la qualité du recrutement qui font régulièrement défaut entre 1880 et 1914. Le soldat colonial souffre en plus de sa mauvaise réputation même si celle-ci tend à s’atténuer à mesure que l’Empire colonial se construit et se solidifie. Le marsouin, bras armé du gouvernement, est en effet la cible des critiques qui proviennent des anticolonialistes. L’armée peine le plus souvent à réagir en livrant une autre version. Nonobstant, à la veille de la Grande Guerre, la colonisation fait quasiment consensus et les marsouins jouissent progressivement d’une reconnaissance qui leur échappait jusque-là. / Title : French marine troops (“marsouins”) from 1880 until 1914. Anthropologic and prosopographical study.In the wake of the 1870-1871 military defeat, France resumed its colonial expansion. Politicians on all sides, economists or investors justified “colonialism” in order to provide the country with troops specialized in overseas operations. In this context, French marine infantry and artillery units were specifically tasked with operating outside French soil in order to carry out the three stages of the colonial process: conquest, pacification and administrative management.This aim of this research is to get a better knowledge of the soldiers nicknamed “marsouins”, from their recruitment up to their deployment overseas. In addition to paying attention to the recruitment process, we’ll also focus on their training, so as to know whether these troops were endowed with the intellectual and physical qualities needed to operate in French colonies.In order to achieve this research, it was necessary to study about 4,500 Army registers to compile statistics. The exploitation of about 100 testimonies also allowed us to have a better understanding of the daily life of these troops, their motivations to sign up, the difficulties they experienced, as well as their joys, expectations in terms of promotions and awards.Moreover, we could observe that the “marsouin” was able to adapt to the different situations and circumstances he was faced with, in spite of the poor quality of the recruits and their too limited number between 1880 and 1914. However, these troops had a bad reputation which tended to improve as the French colonial empire grew and got stronger.

In the post-Civil War Southwest, the United States Army utilized civilians and Indians as scouts. As the mainstay of the reconnaissance force, enlisted Indians excelled as trackers, guides, and fighters. General George Crook became the foremost advocate of this service. A little-known aspect of the era was the international controversy created by the activities of native trackers under the 1882 reciprocal hot pursuit agreement between Mexico and the United States. Providing valuable information on Army scouts are numerous government records which include the Annual Report of the Secretary of War from 1866 to 1896 and Foreign Relations of the United States for 1883 and 1886. Memoirs, biographies, and articles in regional and national historical journals supplement government documents.

During the War of the First Coalition, the Army of the Sambre and Meuse, commanded by Jean-Baptiste Jourdan, played the decisive role against Coalition forces in the Low Countries. Created in June 1794, the army defeated the Allies at the battle of Second Fleurus on 26 June 1794 and commenced the Coalition’s retreat to the Rhine River. At the end of the year, Jourdan led the army to winter quarters along the left bank of the Rhine and achieved France’s historically momentous “natural frontier.” Despite its historical significance, the Army of the Sambre and Meuse has suffered from scant historical attention. Based largely on archival research, this thesis provides a detailed examination of the army’s performance during the Fleurus campaign. In addition, this thesis pursues several broader themes. A detailed study of the Sambre and Meuse Army provides insight into institutional military change during the late eighteenth century. While historians traditionally argue that the French Revolution inaugurated an attendant “revolution in military affairs,” this thesis presents evidence of evolutionary changes and continuities. Another important theme is the question of the combat effectiveness of French field armies during the Revolutionary epoch. Although historians typically present the French armies as unique and superior to their Old Regime opponents, this thesis demonstrates the effective parity between the armies of Revolutionary France and the Old Regime on the battlefield.

Orientador: Marisa Saenz Leme / Resumo: O recrutamento para o Exército e para a Armada durante o período Imperial foi sempre uma tarefa árdua de se concretizar. Baseando-se no recrutamento forçado, escolhia-se aquela parcela despossuída de recursos (mendigos, ex-escravos, criminosos etc) que não possuíam alguma profissão ou um ofício bem determinado. Com a criação da Lei 2556 de 26 de setembro de 1874 e a promulgação do Decreto 5881 de 27 de fevereiro de 1875, o recrutamento para o Exército e a Armada passaria a ter como base o sorteio universal. A Lei do Sorteio de 1874 estabelecia que qualquer homem livre ou liberto entre 19 e 30 anos estaria à disposição das forças armadas por um período mínimo de 6 anos. A nova legislação alterou radicalmente o método que havia sobre o recrutamento militar até então, gerando assim movimentos sediciosos em todo o Império. Tais considerações serão objeto de estudo desta pesquisa, que procura examinar a forma como ocorreram essas manifestações contra a nova lei de recrutamento na província de São Paulo, destacando a região nordeste da província, entre os anos de 1875 e o final do período Imperial. Baseando-se no pressuposto que o Estado Imperial brasileiro almejou que o recrutamento atingisse todas as camadas da sociedade, visando uma modernização de suas forças armadas, enquadrando-as nos moldes europeus, a Lei 2556 foi de fato uma iniciativa reformista no pós guerra? Como essa lei foi recebida dentro das lógicas sociais que haviam no país? Com base nessas questões, o objetivo da... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The recruitment for the army and the Armada during theImperial period was always an arduous task of realising. Based on forced recruitment, it was chosen that dispossessed portion of resources (beggars, former slaves, criminals, etc) who did not have any profession or a well-established craft. With the creation of Law 2556 of September 26, 1874 and the promulgation of Decree 5881 of February 27, 1875, recruitment for the Army and Navy would be based on the universal draw. The Law of the Draw of 1874 established that any free or released man between the ages of 19 and 30 would be at the disposal of the armed forces for a minimum period of 6 years. The new legislation radically altered the method of military recruitment hitherto, thus generating seditious movements throughout the Empire. Such considerations will be the subject of a study of this research, which examines how these manifestations occurred against the new recruitment law in the province of São Paulo, highlighting the northeast region of the province between the years 1875 and the end of the Imperial period. Based on the assumption that the Brazilian Imperial State intended that recruitment reach all levels of society, aiming at a modernization of its armed forces, molding them in the European mold, was Law 2556 really a post-war reform initiative? How was this law received within the social logic of the country? Based on these questions, the objective of the present proposal is to analyze how the manifestations co... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

The philosophy of Total Quality Management (TQM) is relatively little known in Australia, and does not feature at policy level in the Australian Army. It has, however, been adopted by the US Department of Defense (US DoD) and the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), and is being investigated by the Royal Australian Navy (RAN). TQM is analyzed as a theory and as an organizational concept. This is supported by extensive analysis and case studies from US and Australian organizations. The public and private sector organizations examined provide indications of the worth of TQM, guidance for planning and implementation, and the facility to learn from the experiences of others. TQM cannot be undertaken without detailed, organizationally specific preparation and requires pro-active support from the highest level of the organization. This paper examines the TQM philosophy and the Australian Army and proposes a model for the development of TQM as an integral part of the organizational function of the Army. The emphasis is on general management, the level that has the responsibility for structuring and managing the Army in support of all Army functions. Research conducted by elements of the US DoD is analyzed to indicate applicability to the future requirements of the Australian Army. The paper argues that general management in the Australian Army has been affected by organizational changes over time. A management philosophy is now needed that will support, into the 21st Century, the values and roles required by the Army. TQM provides such a basis, and the proposed TQM Development Model provides in turn a sound basis for further examination of TQM by the Army.

This thesis examines the formative years of the Joint Army and Navy Board, 1903 to 1919. It serves as an institutional history, focusing on the function of the interservice coordination body. The Joint Board is examined within the context of formulating American military strategy and U.S. diplomatic affairs from its creation in July 1903 to its reconstitution in 1919. At present no comprehensive historical study exists focusing on the Joint Board. Currently, interservice cooperation and coordination during this period receive no more than peripheral analysis in war plan studies. Thus, this work begins the first comprehensive history of the precursor to the Joint Chiefs of Staff. This thesis analyzes the origins and creation of the Joint Board, the Board??s basic duties and responsibilities, and Joint Board actions as they impacted U.S. diplomacy and military strategy concerning the homeland and coast defense, the Caribbean and Cuba, the Panama Canal, as well as the Pacific and the Philippines. Within this geographical framework, this thesis explores the relation of the Joint Board to the Navy General Board and Army General Staff, the cooperation of the U.S. Army and U.S. Navy between the Spanish-American War and World War I, the impact of Joint Board actions on American civil-military relations, and the efficacy of interservice cooperation. This thesis is based largely on unpublished as well as published primary sources, including the records of the Joint Board, Navy General Board records, Army War College Division records, and members?? personal papers housed at the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C. In addition, secondary sources are used to place the Joint Board within the larger contextual framework of interservice cooperation, U.S. civil-military relations, and American military history during the early twentieth century.