Este trabalho trata de mostrar que nem todos os árabes eram nômades e que mesmo estes desempenharam um importante papel no desenvolvimento social, cultural e artístico da antiguidade pré-islâmica, pois foram eles os responsáveis pela transmissão e conhecimentos existentes na época, e que colocaram em contato os pontos mais distantes desta vasta região. Também os árabes sedentários participaram ativamente do processo político desta área durante o império romano, parta, e mais tarde sassânida e bizantino. A pesquisa acentua o fato da arquitetura do Islão ter sido formada a partir das tradições regionais das populações islamizadas e de sua obediência e entendimento de um livro religioso, o Alcorão, que regulou a sociedade, e em decorrência a sua maneira de ver o mundo e de se relacionar com o espaço e com as expressões artísticas. A análise dos eventos históricos, das técnicas construtivas e dos edifícios da região estudada [os paises do norte da África, e do Oriente Médio (península arábica, crescente fértil, Irã) tratou de demonstrar o desdobramento que teve na construção do edifício escolhido como representativo da arquitetura árabe e que foi o objeto de análise, a mesquita de Ibn Tülün. Além disso, mostra que durante o primeiro período da expansão islâmica, houve uma intensa fusão de culturas. Esta situação fez com que toda esta região sob a expansão mulçumana se comportasse de maneira similar a da Antigüidade, ou seja, como uma ponte onde trafegaram correntes de pensamento e cultura entre os extremos, o Ocidente e o Oriente Médio. Esta foi uma época de intensa urbanização e fundação de novas cidades e é dentro deste processo de fusão de culturas, que as cidades vão se construindo e dentro delas, os seus principais edifícios, no caso da cidade muçulmana, a mesquita. / This work shows that nor all the Arabs were nomadic and even they had played an important role in the social development, cultural and artistic of pre-Islamic antiquity, because they had been responsible for the transmission and knowledge at this time, and that they had put in contact the points most distant of this vast region. Also the sedentary Arabs had participated actively of the politic process of this area during the Roman empire, Parthian, and later Sassanid and Byzantine. The research points out the fact of the Islamic architecture have been formed from the regional traditions of the muslim populations and their obedience and agreement of a religious book, the Quran, that dictated directions for the society, and so its way of seeing the world and dealing with the space and the artistic expressions. The analysis of the historical events, the building techniques of the studied region [the north African countries, and the Middle East (Arabian peninsula, the Fertile Crescent, Iran) it demonstrated the unfolding that it had in the construction of the chosen building as representative of the Arab architecture and it was the analysis object, the Ibn Tülün mosque. Moreover, it shows that during the first moment of the islamic expansion, there had been an intense fusing of cultures. This situation did with this whole area under the Muslim expansion behaved itself in a similar way of the Antiquity, that is, like a bridge where thought and culture crossed from a point to another, the Western and the Middle East. This was a time of intense urbanization and foundation of new cities and it is inside of this process of fusion of cultures, the cities are building and within them, their main building, in the case of the Muslim city, the Mosque.

Studies suggests that there are differences between minorities from the Middle East in Western countries and natives regarding their attitudes to psychiatric illness, where the minority from Middle East have more negative attitudes towards psychiatric illness. While minorities from the Middle East comprise a significant share of the population in Sweden, there is a lack of studies that specifically investigates how their attitudes towards mental illness compares to the attitudes of Swedish born. The aim of this study is to investigate if men and women from the Middle East living in Sweden differ in their attitudes towards mental illness compared to men and women born in Sweden. The investigation is based on CAMI-S three attitude factors: “open-minded/pro-integration”, “fear/avoidance” and “community mental health ideology”. The study is based on questionnaires from 80 respondents, 48 born in Sweden and 32 born in the Middle East, where the respondents have answered questions based on CAMI-S. The answers have been compiled based on the three attitude factors and the relationship between the attitude factors and country of origin and gender have been analyzed with ANOVA. The null hypothesis is that there is no relationship between the three attitude factors and the independent variables “country of origin” and “gender”. The results show that there is a relationship between country of origin and the two first attitude factors, where the respondents from the Middle East had more negative attitudes towards mental illness compared to Swedes. Gender, on the other hand, had no statistically reliable relation with the three attitude factors. The results also indicate that the tool CAMI-S is ill adjusted for individuals with little knowledge of the Swedish care system.

Political-Military Risks for Tourism in the Middle East Abstract The master's thesis analyses the perception of political-military risks for incoming tourism in the Middle East from the perspective of Czech potential tourists. The examined area of the Middle East bears some geographic and geopolitical ideas, that are still absent in the Czech scientific milieu. Tourism in the Middle East also operates in the environment of political-military risks. Scholarly literature suggests that these risks represent one of the main factors influencing the choice of destination. The paper deepens understanding of this relationship by focusing on the perception of political-military risks in space, in terms of their typological diversity, and analyses determinants of this perception. The main research tool, a questionnaire, served to collect data that was analysed through descriptive statistics and statistical inference, as a paired t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and correlation analysis. The findings are mostly in consensus with theoretical knowledge and previous studies. Individual types of political- military risks showed different impact on the perception for realization of tourism. A statistically significant difference exists between violent and non-violent political-military risks. In some cases, however,...

The remnant montane forests of southern Lebanon provide habitat to a rich diversity of endemic, rare and threatened plant and animal species. Prior to the intensification of human activity during the mid-Holocene period these forests covered most of the Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon Mountain ranges. What is not known is how the dynamics of these forests changed in response to major shifts in climate. The aim of this DPhil thesis was to document changes in vegetation composition in southern Lebanon during the last glacial period (~112 to 35 ka BP). To achieve this aim, a palynological study was conducted on a sedimentary sequence recovered from Aammiq Wetland located in the Bekaa Valley, Lebanon. Fossil pollen was analysed to reconstruct variability in vegetation composition and abundance. Energy dispersive spectroscopy, magnetic susceptibility and loss-on-ignition were used to reconstruct the geomorphological and hydrological processes acting within the wetland and its watershed. Macro and microcharcoal were analysed to reconstruct local and regional fire histories respectively. A chronology was established for this sequence using a combination of radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence dating (OSL) techniques. The results indicate significant variability in the composition and abundance of vegetation through the time interval ~ 112 to ~ 35 ka BP closely aligned in time to global and regional climatic events. Changes in the chemical and physical properties of the sediments indicate significant variability in landscape erosion processes and hydrological conditions in the watershed and within the wetland over the similar interval in time. Peaks in local and regional fire activity were concurrent with periods of precession minima and Dansgaard-Oeschger warming events and had a significant impact on the composition of vegetation within the Aammiq region. These findings provide the first account of environmental change in the southern Bekaa Valley and adjacent slopes of the Lebanon Mountains during the last glacial period.

This thesis is a study of gender and honour, focusing on NGO’s who work to support women in Sweden who have escaped honour violence. The purpose of this thesis is to find out and explain how they make sense of honour and more specifically, to investigate how does Swedish authorities can help the Middle Eastern women who are victims under this tradition. My focus through this thesis will be on the data analysis, moreover, using intersectionality as an analytical tool will help to explain the intersections which lead to the honour killings. The results show that the honour violence still exists in the Swedish society as well as the Middle East, in addition, some Middle Eastern people who moved to Sweden still believe and practice the honour culture in the Swedish society. More than that, I got the answers for all the research questions which helped me to clarify the relation between honour and its intersections which helped me to know the reasons why does the Honour violence/killings can happen. The answers agree that the honour violence is connected to the shame and guilt cultures. The meaning of honour is different in different cultures. Most of the honour related cases have women as victims. The honour has many intersections, most of them related to virginity, homosexuality, out marriage relations and rape. The Swedish organisations offer help for the victims of honour.  More than that, reading my thesis will give the reader the understanding of the phenomena of Honour, its intersections and how it does exist in the Middle Eastern culture and its old traditions. / Gender Studies

Since the euphoria of a hard-won independence and the hopes attached to socialist nation-building, Algeria has experienced liberalisation, increasing inequality and civil war. This thesis sets out to explore memories of post-independence nation-building in the 1970s, interrogating the past-present relationship, by asking how Algerians remember their own recent past, and what these memories reveal about contemporary subjectivities. Based on a year of ethnographic fieldwork in the low-income Algiers neighbourhood of Bab el-Oued, the research focuses specifically on memories of politics, urban space and sociability. While the authoritarianism of the period was rejected for its repression of civil liberties, the overwhelming narrative on the period was nostalgic, with the past routinely couched as more positive than the present. Memories of intense social mobility and rising living standards within the context of state-led development, competent urban management and warm neighbourhood relations governed by traditional morality and solidarity were used to critique the present; particularly the retreat of the state from its responsibilities since the 1980s and the fragmented, consumerist society that has emerged from civil conflict since the 1990s. However, social memory also translated a series of principles that demonstrated the continued relevance of the egalitarian claims made by postcolonial nationalism. Popular notions of social justice mapped future aspirations for the Algerian polity. Nostalgia was not only a matter of the past, but of the lost future of material plenty and equality promised by industrial modernisation that once seemed just over the horizon, but is now divorced from present experience. Such memories translated the passing of the dream of mass utopia, even though the modernist principles of equality, justice and progress continued to underpin both daily interactions and the political aspirations of the present.

[pt] A pesquisa tem por foco a análise da atuação da Agência Internacional de Energia Atômica (AIEA) no que se refere ao programa nuclear iraniano. Para tal, utilizamos a teorização de Edward Said em O orientalismo (1978), como modo de argumentarmos a existência de representações de alteridade sobre o Irã, que constroem este Estado como uma ameaça à estabilidade e à paz internacionais. Selecionamos para este trabalho os discursos de Estados Unidos, Israel e Arábia Saudita, por considerarmos estes os Estados mais interessados em manter o Irã afastado da tecnologia nuclear. Estes Estados constroem discursivamente representações de alteridade e risco sobre o Irã, como forma de argumentar que os demais Estados e a AIEA devem se mobilizar para evitar que o Estado xiita adquira a tecnologia nuclear. Nossa pesquisa tem como foco a análise do tratamento do contencioso iraniano na AIEA, de modo a identificarmos se os discursos de alteridade relativos ao Irã alteram o comportamento da agência. Para tal, testaremos se o secretariado da AIEA cumpre as normas estabelecidas no regime internacional de não-proliferação nuclear, mantendo-se na esfera técnica, ou se os discursos de alteridade construídos pelos Estados selecionados modificam seu comportamento, tornando suas decisões mais rígidas com relação ao Irã. / [en] This dissertation analyses the role played by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in the Iranian nuclear program. As theoretical grounds, we shall employ Edward Said`s framework presented in Orientalism (1978) so as to debate the existence of alterity representations regarding Iran which depict this state as a menace to international peace and stability. For this research, we have selected speeches by the United States, Israel and Saudi Arabia, for we consider these the states most interested in keeping Iran away from nuclear technology. Through discourse, these states build representations of alterity and threat concerning Iran, as a means to argue that all other states along with the IAEA must mobilize so as to prevent the Shiite state from acquiring nuclear technology. This research shall assess how Iran`s litigious was dealt with by the IAEA with a view to identifying if the alterity discourses regarding Iran have altered the agency`s behavior. Thus, we shall investigate if the IAEA secretariat abides by the norms established by the nuclear non-proliferation international regime, limiting itself to the technical sphere, or if the alterity discourses built by the selected states modify its behavior, rendering its decisions towards Iran more stringent.

In this dissertation, I argue that transnational elites within the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) have been integrated within a Transnational Capitalist Class (TCC) economically, militarily and politically through relationships that transcend the boundaries of the nation-state. These relationships exist within the context of a global capitalist structure of accumulation that is dependent on the maintenance of a repressive state apparatus in the GCC. There have been few attempts to analyze the relationships that Middle Eastern political and economic elites have developed with global elite networks. This work fills an important gap in the scholarly literature by linking the political and economic power of the GCC elites to transnational capitalist class actors in the U.S. and Western Europe. The TCC is comprised of actors who derive their wealth and power from ownership of production or financial activities on a global scale. The embeddedness of GCC elites within the TCC came with the de-centralization of capital accumulation occurring from the 1970s through the present that has linked regional and local capitalists to the ownership activities of transnational capitalist firms. The GCC is an important case study for analyzing the structure and consequences the current phase of globalization due to its relative vi importance in providing resources and financing for transnational globalization. Therefore this project contributes to our assessment of the role played by transnational elites in the GCC and the regional and global consequences of their power struggles based in part on a theoretical framework derived from Neo-Gramscianism.

The topic of this thesis is the question of EU's involvement in the resolution of the Middle East conflict (in a narrower sense the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians) and the survey of common positions and differences of the EU and other significant participants (especially the USA and the USSR/Russia). The ultimate objective is to assess the contribution and role of the EU in the whole process based on its analysis. The first part of the thesis outlines the evolution of the Middle East conflict from the creation of the State of Israel up to the present (May 2008), the second part deals with the analysis of West European states' and EU's approach towards the Peace Process and the the third part contains a comparison of the EU's positions with selected key participants (the USA and the USSR/Russia).

Orientador: Cassiano Sydown Quilici / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T23:41:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Olmos_AlinedeAlmeida_M.pdf: 2978523 bytes, checksum: 410b9d0b7e38a48a9003d23bf6805b13 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Este trabalho pretende analisar a maneira própria com que o grupo de teatro francês Théâtre du Soleil se relaciona e é influenciado por tradições teatrais orientais. Com esse objetivo procura-se estabelecer como a relação do grupo com diversas dessas tradições se desenvolveu a partir de um panorama que abarca todas as criações teatrais de Ariane Mnouhckine, diretora da companhia, desde antes da fundação do Théâtre du Soleil até a peça Et soudain des nuits d¿éveil, de 1997. Posteriormente analisa-se o objeto de estudo específico dessa pesquisa, o espetáculo Tambours sur la digue, criado em 1999, buscando-se identificar, em seu processo criativo, os mecanismos e abordagens próprias da companhia no que diz respeito a sua forma particular de apropriação e tratamento de suas referências teatrais orientais. Nesse ponto destaca-se a importância da relação estabelecida com tais tradições chamada de "relação imaginada" e a partir do detalhamento desse conceito evidencia-se as particularidades da companhia no tratamento dessa questão. Ao final dessa dissertação busca-se aprofundar as particularidades da companhia descobertas propondo um diálogo com outras abordagens interculturais de outros artistas, teóricos e críticos teatrais / Abstract: This study aims to examine the way in which the French theater group Théâtre du Soleil relates to and is influenced by Oriental theatrical traditions. To this end we seek to understand how the group¿s relationship with many of these traditions has developed, establishing a panorama that encompasses all theatrical creations held by the director of the company, Ariane Mnouhckine, from before the foundation of Théâtre du Soleil to the play Et soudain des nuits d'éveil, presented in 1997. Afterwards, we establish an analysis of the subject matter of the research, the play Tambours sur la digue, in which we seek to identify, within its creative process, the mechanisms and the approaches of the company regarding their particular manners of managing and handling eastern theatrical references. At this point it is emphasized the importance of the relationship with those traditions through an explanation of the concept of "Imagined Relationship", whose detailing evidences the particularities of the company¿s treatment of this issue. At the end of the dissertation, we seek to further develop the peculiarities of the company that were discovered, proposing a dialogue with other intercultural approaches held by artists, theorists and theater critics / Mestrado / Teatro, Dança e Performance / Mestra em Artes da Cena