This essay explores ten articles or letters to the editor, written by women who sympathize with the Swedish extreme right-wing party Nordic Resistance Movement. The purpose of the essay is to examine what arguments women bring forward to explain their commitment to the movement, despite its misogynist roots. The texts, along with an article, written by a man who is a party member, and the party manifesto, are examined mainly with the help of discourse analysis. Yvonne Hirdman’s theory on gender systems, Edward Said’s notion of orientalism and Benedict Anderson’s concept of imagined communities have all been crucial to the theoretical framework of the essay. The results show that the women emphasize how their unique female qualities give them an elevated position in the organization, that they complete men, that they are in need of protection and, finally, that they have reached a higher level of understanding of society than other women. However, they contradict themselves when they reveal how they feel diminished and treated with scorn by men from the party.

The Nordic Seas region marks a transitional zone between the temperate North Atlantic Ocean and the polar Arctic Ocean. The influence of contrasting fluxes of organic matter on benthic community structure and function within the deep waters of the region were investigated. Samples of the macrofaunal community were collated throughout the region employing a standardised method. In the summer of 2002, during the RRS James Clark Ross 75 cruise, replicated samples were obtained with the SMBA multiple corer and the USNEL boxcorer from four stations located at similar sampling depths along a latitudinal transect at the Norwegian Sea continental margin. Additional replicated samples were obtained with a megacorer at six stations located along two bathymetric transects across the Norwegian Sea continental margin in the summer of 2005 during the RRS James Clark Ross 127 cruise. Contrasting fluxes of organic matter influenced benthic community structure, functional ecology and bioturbation potential. Species known to adopt the feeding strategy of the sub-surface storage of organic matter occurred in areas characterised by a seasonal input of organic matter. Species richness and diversity was highest at the Svalbard Margin, located within the marginal ice zone. Bathymetric patterns of macrofaunal biomass were comparable with previously reported global patterns. However, bathymetric patterns of macrofaunal abundance were higher than global patterns. The previously reported rapid subduction of organic matter by the sipunculan Nephasoma sp. and associated deep burrow networks on the Voring Plateau was linked to the species Nephasoma lilljeborgi. It is proposed that N. lilljeborgi is an ecosystem engineer.

The aim was to investigate the perception of whiteness in Nordic architecture and analyse the reasonsbehind the pale colour scheme in a public space context. The word pale was used alongsidewith white, since it gave broader possibilities to ponder over the topic. The geographical researcharea was framed to cover Sweden and Finland, although the search for underlying reasons extendedbeyond the borders of the North. Architecture was viewed as an entity, including both exteriors andinteriors. The focus was on reasoning around the question “why” to arouse professional discourseabout the often-unquestioned topic. Analysing the background of a commonly acknowledged phenomenonstrives to make architects more conscious of the background of their aesthetics so thatfuture decisions can be based on a more complex set of knowledge rather than leaning on tradition.Because of the wide demarcation of the research question, the project started with self-formulatedhypothesis, after which they were thoroughly analysed. The formulated pre-assumptions were, thatthe Nordic paleness is, firstly, a consequence of misinterpreted past architecture. Moreover, naturalcircumstances of the North, the symbolism connected to white and the tradition of canonisingmodernism were established as hypothesis. Lastly, architect education, combined with the tendencyof prototyping with white materials were assumed to endorse the pale colour scheme. The misinterpretations’possible implication in the perception of whiteness was also examined as a part of the research.Justification for the hypothesis was found, although broad framing meant that the referencematerial was splintered. Personal reflection was used as a means for cohesion. The paper includes aconcise artistic element in the form of an introductory poem to each chapter. / Batchelor's thesis for Aalto university

The thesis consists of a philosophical normative analysis of legislation on prostitution. The thesis aims to add on to the existing discussion regarding prostitution through an angle that has not been discussed earlier. During the thesis, three major models of legislation are analyzed through the theoretical framework of Martha Nussbaum’s capabilities approach. The three major models of legislation are criminalization, the Nordic model, and legalization. The result entails that criminalization is the least supported model of legislation regarding prostitution, and the Nordic model is the most supported by the theoretical framework. Although, it is stated that the answer could perhaps be found outside the three major models of legislation.

For its natural resources and significant strategic position, the Arctic region is becoming the subject of research projects more and more often than before not only for the countries reaching this area but also for the neighbouring ones these days - including the projects of the European Union, too. As a result of the reasons already mentioned above, this region has also been in the centre of attention of the countries participating in the Nordic Council since 1996 - these are the following: Norway, Finland, Sweden, Denmark and Iceland. The Nordic Council is an institutional form of long-standing collaboration of the Nordic countries, which mainly for the geopolitical reasons has never included the foreign policies. Due to the disintegration of the bipolar organization in the 1990s, the possibilities to coordinate these policies for these states have in this respect appeared much more frequently. From the geopolitical point of view, the Nordic Council forms quite an inconsistent group of states. Norway and Iceland are members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, while Finland and Sweden have been incorporated into European structures in 1995. Denmark is then the only country that is part of both organizations. The author of this thesis will focus on the influence of the various modes of geopolitical...

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The focus of this paper is based in comparative law between four countries. Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. Specifically how each of them handle workplace representation, both within the field of safety/wellbeing of the employees and the field of union work. The findings within this paper is that each country have very similar rules regarding safety officers, skyddsombud in Swedish. However each country have taken their own path in the field of unions. Sweden and Finland choose to regulate the relationships between the union and employer representatives while Norway and Denmark leave it to the two to get along without interference. Denmark, Finland and Norway have basic collective agreements, while Sweden only regulate through law or the collective agreement each workplace agrees to themselves. Finland uniquely creates ways for the employees to circumvent the unions.

This thesis examines daylight utilization in Nordic home environments without artificial lighting. One of the aims is to save energy and create healthy living spaces that fully harness daylight benefits. The research question focuses on how to effectively use daylight as the sole illumination source for functional, comfortable, and aesthetically pleasing homes. Existing guidelines overlook the importance of daylight in homes and fail to consider human preferences, resulting in a research gap. To address this, this thesis conducts an analysis of three existing buildings and presents a design project that specifically focuses on building orientation, openings, and materials. Daylight calculations are conducted based on the proposed design. The key findings emphasize that a home without artificial light can be easily achieved during the summer months through strategic room placement, incorporation of skylight windows, and utilization of various window types. Material selection is crucial in creating a comfortable atmosphere while maximizing daylight transmission for optimal lighting. These findings highlight the importance of considering unique daylight conditions in Nordic countries and aligning designs with individual preferences. The study contributes by emphasizing the need for optimal daylight solutions that enhance energy efficiency, well-being, and user satisfaction in home environments.

This project, in collaboration with The Nordic Swan Ecolabel, deals with optimization of daylighting as well energy usage within a residential building for the purposes of Nordic ecolabelling/certification. One of the main purposes of this study is to understand the fundamentals of daylighting and to explore commonly used methods of daylight optimization and how these affect the energy consumption of the building. The other purpose of this study entails a comprehensive study of the evolution of daylight regulations within the Swedish building standard.In order to achieve the above intended aims of the project, a literature review was done on the fundamentals of daylighting as well as a review of the Swedish building standard. In order to evaluate the daylight optimization methods and how they affect energy usage, a mathematical model of a residential building was used within IDA ICE software. The simulated model was built based on certain requirements by the Nordic Swan Ecolabel.Due to time limitations, the study was focused on simulation of metric of daylight factor, and this limited the scope of the study. More realistic simulations with regards to control signals for internal shading were not possible within IDA ICE software. Therefore, simulations were done for only two extremes, that is, always drawn window blinds and never drawn.The window size, presence, and type of internal blinds as well as light transmittance affected both the average daylight factor as well energy consumption the most. The use of large windows with venetian blinds and light transmittance of 0.71 were the best alternatives for both average daylight factor and energy use. Increase in window size increased both the average daylight factor as well as the operational energy used within the building.

Studiens syfte är att belysa likheter och skillnader mellan de olika centralorganisationerna inom lantmäteri i Norden. Studien omfattar även det nordiska samarbetet för att skapa en djupare förståelse för hur länderna samarbetar inom lantmäteri. De nordiska ländernas centralorganisationer skiljer sig åt i uppbyggnad och arbetsmetoder. Fastighetsförändringar och den fastighetsrättsliga hanteringen är av lika stor vikt i samtliga länder som ingår i studien men hanteras på olika sätt. Danmarks centralorganisation består av tre styrelser. Privata aktörer utför förrättningar som sedan rapporteras till styrelserna för registrering. Organisationen är komplex på så vis att den inte är uppbyggd som en enda organisation, utan består av flera samarbetande parter. Finlands centralorganisation består av flera enheter, områden och avdelningar som styrs av direktörer. Organisationen är statlig där både förrättningar och inskrivning ligger inom centralorganisationens ansvar. Norges centralorganisation är statlig, med få arbetsområden och inriktningar. Inom organisationen hanteras kartor, inskrivning och fastighetsregistrering. Jordskifteretten, vilket är det domstolsväsen som utför stora och tvistiga förrättningar, så som jord-, skogsbruks- och samfällighetsförrättningar. Kommunerna utför de mindre och enklare förrättningarna, exempelvis fastighetsreglering inom detaljplan. Norges organisation går mot en privatiserad förrättningsprocess för att utveckla och förbättra lantmäteriförfarandet inom landet. Norges organisation är mindre i omfattning än de anda nordiska ländernas. Organisation består av färre divisioner och saknar enheter. Sverige har en statlig centralorganisation som hanterar förrättningar och inskrivning. Organisationen baseras på olika divisioner som hanterar fastighetsbildning, fastighetsinskrivning och geodesi. Nordiskt samarbete förekommer mellan både centralorganisationerna och ländernas lantmäteriföreningar, vilka syftar till att stärka samhörigheten och gemenskapen mellan lantmätarna. Samarbetet möjliggör kompetensutbyte, yrkesmässig- och personlig utveckling. Centralorganisationerna i Danmark, Finland, Norge och Sverige skiljer sig från varandra men det finns ändå vissa likheter. Möjligheten att skapa en organisation som fungerar över länderna gemensamt begränsas av den nationella lagstiftningen. En gemensam centralorganisation kommer således inte att bildas och är inte heller syftet med det nordiska samarbetet. / The purpose of the study is to highlight similarities and differences between the different central organizations for surveying in the Nordic counties. The Nordic cooperation’s will be examined to gain a deeper understanding for the cooperation between the countries. Denmark’s organization is consisted by several boards. Those who perform cadastral proce-dure are private operators who report changes in property to the boards for registration. The organization is complex and difficult to get an overview of. The central organization of Finland is large and extensive, with multiple devices, areas and departments controlled by directors. The organization is owned by the state where both cadastral procedure and cadastre is within the central organizations responsibility. The central organization of Norway is owned by the state, with few work areas and specializations. They handle maps, cadastre and registration. It is Jordsifteretten who perform major ordinances and municipalities perform the minor. They are investigation whether the cadastral procedure should be private in order to develop and improve the surveying process in the country. Sweden like Finland has a central organization owned by the state who is handling cadastral procedure and cadastre. The organization is built in a number of different divisions that manage registration of property, cadastre and geodesy. In addition to the government offices are also municipal offices. In both the central organizations and in the countries different surveying associations are Nordic cooperation’s. Both seek to strengthen communion and enable exchange of expertise between the counties. The central organizations of Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden are different from each other, but there are still some similarities. The possibility to create an organization that works across the countries in common, is limited by national legislation. A unified central organization will therefore not be formed, nor is it the purpose of the Nordic cooperation’s. By mapping the central organizations an overview is created of the variations between the countries. But despite these differences succeed to get similar results in terms of surveying operations in the Nordic countries.