This research investigated the relationships among four personality traits (affiliation, achievement, aggression, and dominance), actual influence, perceived influence, and individual consensus. My hypotheses consisted of a path model showing the relationships among these variables. The purpose of this research is to increase our understanding of group dynamics. By understanding group dynamics, managers can design meetings to optimize the commitment to and quality of the group’s decision. The methodology for my research was relational. In relational studies, variables aren’t manipulated. To test my hypotheses, I measured several variables that weren’t manipulated but were obtained in an experimental situation. Subjects (308) were randomly placed in 77 four-person groups. Each group consisted of three subjects and a confederate. The confederates weren’t part of my study and I didn’t collect data on them. All group members completed the Lost on the Moon exercise three times: an initial individual rank, a group rank, and a final individual rank. For each subject, I collected data on seven variables: affiliation, achievement, aggression, dominance, actual influence, perceived influence, and individual consensus. I measured affiliation, achievement, aggression, and dominance with Jackson’s Personality Research Form. Actual influence was measured by the absolute difference between the group member’s individual ranking and the final group ranking. A low score indicated high influence. Perceived influence and individual consensus were measured with a questionnaire. Both scales were derived from a factor analytic study. I found the following significant relationships: - affiliation was negatively related to actual influence, - affiliation was positively related to individual consensus, - achievement was positively related to perceived influence, - achievement was positively related to individual consensus, - actual influence was positively related to perceived influence, and - perceived influence was positively related to individual consensus. The first five relationships were found to be significant at the .05 level. The relationship between perceived influence and individual consensus was found to be significant at the .01 level. In interpreting the results, this relationship is suspicious. Since both scales were derived from a factor analysis of the same questionnaire, this significant relationship may result partially from measurement bias. In my exploratory analysis, I found gender to affect group dynamics more than personality. Therefore, further studies which manipulate gender need to be performed before the relationships among gender, personality traits, and group dynamics are fully understood. / Master of Science

Text in Afrikaans / This research dealt with the contribution of psychodynamic group interventions to organisational development (OD). The research consists of a qualitative investigation and was based on a case-study design with the use of multiple cases. Three different cases were presented, namely where a psychodynamic group intervention was used together with another intervention, where obstacles in a group were to be solved and as an in-house working conference. Random sampling was also done within the cases. Three interventions were done, data was gathered and analysed by means of content analysis, and the results were reported. It was found in all three cases that a unique contribution was made. Regarding the first case, the intervention was the beginning of a process of change whereby the participants were enabled to develop their identity as a group, from a family business to a company. Participants became aware of underlying conflict, started to own their roles in it, and to take responsibility for addressing the dynamics themselves. In the context in which the intervention was used, the contribution was, however, restricted because its value was only experienced after the intervention. Regarding the second case, the obstacles influencing the functioning of the team were addressed efficiently after the intervention. Participants were authorised to manage their boundaries more efficiently and to address role differentiation, leading to more open communication and a better work climate. Regarding the third case, it was found suitable especially for learning diagnostic competencies from a psychodynamic paradigm. Learning occurred on a personal level resulted in the ability of participants to identify dynamics in their organisation and to present similar interventions in their work place. Recommendations were made for the use of psychodynamic group interventions from a qualitative paradigm, as well as regarding the necessary competencies and a training programme for presenting psychodynamic group interventions. / Hierdie navorsing hande! oor die bydrae van psigodinamiese groepintervensies tot organisasie-ontwikkeiing (00). Die behoefte om onbewuste dinamika in organisasies aan te spreek, hettot hierdie navorsing aanleiding gegee. Die navorsing is in die vorm van 'n kwalitatiewe ondersoek en is gebaseer op 'n gevallestudie-navorsingsontwerp waarin daar van meervoudige gevalle gebruik gemaak is. Drieverskillendegevalleisaangebied, naamlikwaar'n psigodinamiese groepintervensie saam met 'n ander intervensie gebruik is, waar blokkasies in 'n groep opgelos moes word en as 'n in-huise werkskonferensie. Daar is ook van ewekansige steekproefneming binne elke geval gebruik gemaak. Drie intervensies is uitgevoer, data is ingesamel en deur middel van inhoudsontleding ontleed. Daar is bevind dat al drie gevaiie 'n unieke bydrae gelewer het. Ten opsigte van die eerste geval was die intervensie die begin van 'n veranderingsproses waardeur die deelnemers in staat gestel is om vanuit 'n familiebesigheid hu! identiteit as 'n maatskappy te ontwikkel. Deelnemers het bewus geword van onderliggende konflik, begin om hulle rolle daarin te eien, en verantwoordelikheid te aanvaar om die dinamika self aan te spreek. In die konteks waarin die intervensie gebruik was, was die bydrae egter beperk omdat die waarde daarvan eers na afloop van die intervensie ervaar is. Ten opsigte van die tweede geval is die blokkasie wat die funksionering van die span bei'nvloed het na afloop van die intervensie doeltreffend aangespreek. Deelnemers is bemagtig om hul grense meer doeltreffend te bestuur en roldifferensiasie aan te spreek, wat tot meer openlike kommunikasie en 'n beter werksklimaat aanleiding gegee het. Ten opsigte van die derde geval is bevind dat dit veral geskik was vir die aanleer van diagnostiesebevoegdhedevanuit'n psigodinamiese paradigma.Leerwatoppersoonlike vlak plaasgevind het, het tot gevolg gehad dat deelnemers in staatwas om die dinamika in hul organisasie te identifiseeren om self soortgelyke intervensies in hul werkplek aan te bied. Aanbevelings virdiegebruikvanpsigodinamiesegroepintervensiesvanuit'nkwaiitatiewe benadering tot 0 0 is gemaak, sowel as aanbevelings oordie noodsaaklike bevoegdhede en 'n opleidingsprogram vir die aanbied van psigodinamiese groepintervensies deur bedryfsielkundiges. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / D.Admin. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

This research has utilised Antonovsky's SOC construct and explored its role in a group relations training event. A quantitative and qualitative design was used. A sample of eight (N = 8) human resources practitioners was recruited through convenience sampling. The qualitative analysis of the group relations training event was facilitated by split mean procedure analysis of the SOC results. The research demonstrated that the SOC is a pervasive disposition in determining the way in which one appraises and copes with group relations· training. All participants experienced anxiety, stress, defensive behaviour, negative emotions and learning associated with a group relations training event. However, the high-SOC participants were better able to cope, manage and make sense of the group relations training than low-SOC individuals. Recommendations were formulated in doing future research for human resource practitioners on the role of SOC in group relations training. / Industrial & Organizational Psychology / M.Admin. (Industrial Psychology)

Aims: The aim is to assess the effect of the two-month program using games and activities in the nature of social relationships in a group of adolescents. Methods: The research group consisted of 17 girls aged 13 and 14 years. The girls were divided into two groups. The group intervention program completed a two-month ski lessons with additional features activities and games in the winter nature. In the control group ran a classic ski training. Social relations in the group were assessed based on the survey using sociometric rating method Class compass, preferential methods of recording and sociometric questions. Results: In the group with the program based on the method class compass was recorded 27 positive choices regarding sympathy and influence in the first polling, 23 in the second and 30 in the third. The point value of mutual sympathy by preferential entry fell from 461 to 419 points and third interviews increased again to 450 points. For the first sociometric questions of social cohesion index value decreased from 0.81 to 0.67 and 0.31, the second was an increase of 0.28 to 0.58, and then drop to 0.33. In the control group, which carried a normal ski school lessons, the changes were minimal. Number 28 cast options according to the method of class compass in the second polling repeated...

Desde sua ocupação por não indígenas, a região do Alto Xingu tem sido alvo de rápidas e profundas transformações sociais, ambientais e econômicas, acentuadas nas últimas duas décadas pelo aumento populacional e pela expansão e intensificação de atividades agropecuárias. Os impactos sobre os recursos hídricos locais vêm sendo observados, especialmente por seus primeiros ocupantes, os povos indígenas que habitam a região. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo teve por objetivo analisar a relação entre as representações sociais da água e as práticas de uso e manejo dos recursos hídricos dos diferentes grupos sociais que ocupam o meio rural da sub-bacia hidrográfica do rio Culuene, Mato Grosso. Os resultados mostram que os valores, experiências e categorias mentais associados à água estão diretamente relacionados às práticas de uso e manejo dos recursos hídricos nos diferentes grupos. Assim, constatou-se que, quanto mais categorias e subcategorias o grupo utiliza para perceber e instrumentalizar a água, menor é a adoção de práticas que contribuem para a degradação dos recursos hídricos pelo mesmo, e vice versa. Os povos indígenas e pescadores e barqueiros foram os grupos que apresentaram maior número de categorias e subcategorias de representação da água e uma visão mais holística do recurso no território, por conseguinte, suas práticas de uso e manejo da água apresentaram baixo ou insignificante impacto para a manutenção qualitativa ou quantitativa da água. Os minifundiários e médios produtores utilizaram menos subcategorias que os grupos anteriores para descrever o status da água e apresentaram práticas de manejo e uso da água similares, que contribuem para a sua degradação, como: represamentos de nascentes para a dessedentação animal, ausência de vegetação nativa no entorno de minas d\'água, dessedentação animal nas beiras de rios e córregos e uso intensivo de agrotóxicos. Por último, o grupo dos grandes produtores foi o que exibiu menos categorias e subcategorias de representação da água e, por outro lado, demonstrou adotar práticas mais impactantes para a degradação dos recursos hídricos, mais especificamente: represamentos de nascentes em grande escala para piscicultura, dessedentação animal direta e armazenamento de água - sem a devida obtenção de licença ambiental -; drenagens de várzeas; falta de vegetação nos entornos de nascentes; perfuração de poços irregular e uso intensivo de agrotóxicos. Desta forma, verificou-se a existência de práticas de uso e manejo da água extremamente diversificadas e contrastantes no território, no qual o acesso a água em qualidade e quantidade mostrou-se dependente do poder econômico dos grupos que tem acesso à terra. Além disso, a escolha de práticas de manejo e uso da água pelos grupos com maior poder econômico, como também, pelos grupos socialmente excluídos, tem gerado uma série de impactos locais, como poluição e contaminação da água por agrotóxicos, redução e morte de peixes, morte de árvores em beiras de rios e de plantas tradicionalmente cultivadas para a subsistência de povos indígenas e pequenos produtores. / Since its occupation by non-indigenous peoples, the Alto Xingu region has been target of social, environmental and economic transformations intensified in the last two decades by population growth and expansion and intensification of farming activities. Especially its first occupants have observed the impacts over local water resources. The present study aimed to analyze the relationship between social representations of water and water use and management practices of different social groups that occupied Culuene watershed rural zone, in Mato Grosso state. The results showed that the values, experiences and mental categories concerning water were directly related to water use and management practices in the different groups. In this sense, we find that the more categories and subcategories the group use to perceive and instrumentalize water, the less is the adoption of water degradation practices by it, and vice versa. The indigenous peoples, fishers and boat pilots were the groups that showed the largest number of water social representation categories and subcategories, and a more holistic view of water resource in the territory. At the same time, their water use and management practices showed a low or insignificant impact to water conservation in qualitative and quantitative terms. The small and medium farmers used less subcategories than the previous groups to describe water status and showed similar water use e management practices, which contribute to its degradation, as springs damming to watering livestock, absence of forest around springs, livestock watering in rivers and streams, and intense use of pesticides. Finally, the big farmers group was the one which showed less categories and subcategories to represent water and, in another hand, demonstrated adopting most impactful practices towards water resources degradation, more specifically: large-scale springs damming for fish farming, livestock watering and water storage without the proper obtaining of environmental license, floodplains drainage, absence of native vegetation cover around springs, irregular drilling of artesian wells and intensive pesticides use. In this way, we verified the existence of extremely diversified and contrasting water use and management practices in the territory, in which water access in qualitative and quantitative terms showed to be dependent on economic power of groups that have access to land. Furthermore, the choice of water use and management practices by groups with greater economic power as well as by socially excluded groups has generated a series of impacts, like water pollution and contamination by pesticides, reduction and death of fish, trees alongside of rivers and streams and plants traditionally farmed for subsistence by indigenous peoples and smallholders.

In this thesis I analyze the evolutionary ethics and propose a new perspective that develops on the notion of altruism. The view of evolutionary ethics, especially the sociobiological account, has some problems. The most important philosophical problem is the &ldquo / is-ought&rdquo / problem which refers to the question as to whether moral propositions can be inferred from factual statements. In order to overcome this problem I suggest a different reading of the notion of altruism namely &ldquo / altruistic behavior practice&rdquo / that refers to norms, habits and repeated actions that provide the sustainability of society. The notion of altruistic behavior practice is presented and evaluated with the help of Alasdair MacIntyre&rsquo / s and John Dewey&rsquo / s moral philosophy. The moral views of these two philosophers are based on human practices and habitual formations in society. In this respect, evolutionary ethics and the notion of altruism are re-established on the basis of human practices and habitual modes of socialization.

In fact Dersimi people have constructed a visible population in Europe, there needs to be more studies made about the diasporic existence of Dersimis in Europe. Being aware of this need, this study attempts to contribute to the understanding of the existence of Dersimi people through Europe. In line with this, this study focuses on the re-invention of Dersim identity in Berlin around a Dersimi association, Berlin Dersim Community. According to this, the intensive participant observation conducted around the Dersimi association is the main source for this study. In the light of this ethnographic fieldwork, the following findings are found out in this study: Self identification on the basis of homeland identity is a significant phenomena for Dersimi people which unites Dersimi people around Berlin Dersim Community Association. And Dersimi people around the association can be defined as diaspora according to Robert Cohen&rsquo / s usage of the term. Being a part of Turkish labour diaspora in Berlin, Dersimi people have transformed into a cultural diaspora with the passing years abroad.

In this Study, the empiricist ethical system of Epicurus and idealist ethical system of Kant will be compared. Kant maintains that as Epicurus&rsquo / ethics regards morality as a means for the attainment of happiness, it is nothing but a self-love ethics. He, for this reason, calls Epicurean morality &ldquo / selfishness.&rdquo / According to Kant, the maxims of happiness can be known only through experience but he says, experience can never produce a law which is universal and necessary. He contends that as Epicurean ethics has happiness as its ultimate goal (i.e., the highest good), it cannot be able to produce an objective morality, valid for all rational beings. Kant, on the other hand, tries to found his ethical system on an a priori moral law of pure reason which borrows nothing from experience. This Study would, in a sense, be a defense of Epicurean ethical system against Kant&rsquo / s claims. The main argument of the thesis is that Epicurean ethics is not a self-love ethics, but rather a system which propounds happiness for all. I will be arguing that for Epicurus, one&rsquo / s own happiness is necessarily bound up with the happiness of others, and that his system is sound and consistent. I will also try to show that Kant is not successful in deducing a transcendentally ideal (a priori) law of reason and that his system has some inconsistencies.

Max Weber and Karl Marx have been compared in various ways, especially since Weber&rsquo / s Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism was first published in the beginning of 20th century. The general claim was that their perspectives are completely different from each other. With the analysis of Protestant Ethic, they claim, Weber came up with a negative answer to Marx in terms of his analysis of the relationship between society and economy. However, in this study it is indicated that Weber&rsquo / s analyses were in close proximity with those of Marx&rsquo / s and these similarities can be seen in Weber&rsquo / s both early and late period works such as &ldquo / The Social Causes of the Decline of Ancient Civilization&rdquo / , Economy and Society and General Economic History. Weber&rsquo / s approach in this all corpus can be considered to be &ldquo / a quasi Marxist perspective&rdquo / . In these texts, he refers widely to Marx and elaborates the factors which he thought Marx had excluded from his analysis. Although he accused Marx of using a one-sided causal interpretation of history, Weber&rsquo / s approach in relation to Marx has close parallels with historical materialism

社會團體是國內數量最多、最受學術界忽視的一種非營利組織，相關的研究論述並不多見。近年來，社會團體之設立制度應適度鬆綁的呼聲甚高，政府輔導團體人力縮減難以因應團體數量之增加，同時，為健全社會團體發展，團體之課責制度有建立的必要。基此，本研究旨在探討社會團體對設立方式採「登記報備制」的接受程度、對主管機關訂定監督管理規範內容的看法、以及瞭解社會團體對健全發展團體的態度，再根據研究結果，提出改進國內社會團體設立與監督制度之具體建議。除文獻分析法外，本研究採取問卷調查法來蒐集資料，經由次數分配、卡方獨立性檢定法等統計分析方法進行研究，結果發現，在團體特性與團體行為方面，國內的社會團體呈現蓬勃發展的狀態，組織成員以個人居多，又多屬小型或中型組織，財源非常不充裕，以致相當程度地影響團體之健全發展。團體的類型主要為學術團體、經濟團體、社會服務慈善公益團體等，多屬開放性質團體，守法程度及對主管機關之依賴程度均相當高；非法人團體仍有存續的空間。同時，相當多的社會團體已體認到公開資訊透明化之必要性。在對團體設立改採「登記報備制」的接受度方面，多數傾向於不贊成，惟不贊成與贊成之比例相當接近，贊成的理由主要為「可維護人民集會結社自由」。在對主管機關訂定監督管理規範內容的態度方面，（一）同意增訂組成社會團體之最低個人會員人數與團體會員單位數，並認為地方性與全國性團體應分別訂定不同標準；此外，亦贊同對公益屬性團體訂定較嚴格規範。（二）對主管機關現行會務規範多表贊同，認為會員權利義務事項應由團體於章程中自訂，不必規範理監事會之召開次數，並贊同增訂理監事最低名額、理監事占會員人數之比例、理監事相互間親屬關係限制、聘任工作人員與理監事間親屬關係限制等規範，對於開放社會團體從事符合設立目的之銷售貨物活動，但不得分配盈餘給組織成員之做法也表同意。惟對主管機關不介入處理團體爭議規定，不表同意或呈現意見分歧情況。（三）贊同對年度收入達一定規模之團體，由主管機關強制委請會計師簽證，也同意增訂主管機關可對停止活動達一定期間之團體，直接廢止備案，對違反法令情節、章程或妨礙公益情節重大之團體處以罰鍰以及委請學術機構對社會團體作績效評鑑等規定，對於現行由主管機關自行辦理社會團體績效評鑑的方式也不反對。原則上，同意增訂強制社會團體主動提供大眾查詢資料，以及主管機關將團體資料提供大眾查詢等資訊公開規範，惟對提供會員名冊及由主管機關將財務相關表報提供大眾查詢等做法，不表贊同。在對健全發展社會團體的態度方面，同意現行法令有助社會團體之健全發展，也贊成增訂部分監督管理規範有助社會團體之健全發展，並認為社會團體成立後未能健全運作最主要的原因是財源不足。 / The social group is the most popular Non-Profit Organization (NPO) in Taiwan and ignored by the academy . Its related studies are few. Although the number of employees of the authorities regulating the social groups is limited, the demand for reforming the entry regulation of the social groups is increasing. Therefore, a well-established monitoring system of the social groups is necessary and urgent. Consequently, the purpose of this thesis is to investigate the social groups’ willingness to accept registration and notification system, their opinions about the contents of the monitoring system and how to run the social groups efficiently. Then policy implications for the entry-regulating and monitoring systems will be suggested based the above empirical results. This research employs questionnaire investigation to collect data. By using statistical analysis methods including frequency distribution and chi-square independence test, the empirical results of this research are stated as follows. 1.The social groups’ characteristics and behavior: the development of social groups in Taiwan is blooming. Most social groups with individual members are small or medium size. The shortage of their capital limits the level of groups’ development. The types of social group can be classified into literacy, economic, social service and charity groups. They belong to public groups, abide by the regulation and rely on governing authorities’ support. Most social groups agree to offer their information in public. Non-commonalty groups can survive and develop in current situation. Most social groups disagree the formation by registration and notification system. However, the ratio of acceptance and reject is close. The reason of acceptance is that this kind of formation can protect the freedom of civil gathering and forming an association. 2.The social groups’ attitude on the contents of monitoring and managing system of governing authorities: 2.1Most groups agree to establish regulation on minimum individual members or group members in forming a social group, set different standard level in local and national groups, and set more strictly regulation on public welfare groups. 2.2Most groups agree to abide by the current regulations such as member’s right and obligations should be stated in the stand rule by group itself, the frequency of director and supervisor’s convocation, minimum quota of director and supervisor, the ratio of director and supervisor to members, the restriction between director’s and supervisor’s relatives, and the restriction between staff personnel and director’s and supervisor’s relatives, allowing the social groups’ doing sale activities if those activities correspond with funding goal but not allowing the assignment of their earnings to members. Most groups disagree or controvert on whether governing authorities should get involved in dealing with groups’ disputes. 2.3Most groups agree to accept the appointed accountant by governing authorities to verify those groups when their annual revenue exceed certain level, to establish directly abolishment when social groups cease operation for a certain period of time, to increase the regulation of appointing academic association to evaluate their performance if they against the laws, stand rules or hinder public welfare, to establish the regulation on providing information for public research and governing authorities’ requirement. However, most groups disagree to provide member’s roll and financial related statement from governing authorities for public research. 3.Social groups’ attitude on the future development: most groups agree that the current laws are benefit to a well-developed social group, the establishment of monitoring and managing regulation is also benefit to social groups’ development. The reason for social groups which can’t be well developed after they form is shortage of their capital.