This work analyses compliance of disability policy in the states of Visegrad group, i.e. Czech Republic, Slovak Republic, Poland and Hungary. It examines legislation adopted at the supranational level and their subsequent implementation in the policies of particular national states. It deals with the development of policies for people with disabilities since 1989 with the emphasis on similar historical development in these countries. It describes in detail various national strategies, legal acts and measures adopted, possibilities their enforcement and public attitude towards the issue. The outcome of this study is to compare disability policies in the examined countries while the research shows that in the Czech and Slovak Republic the compliance rate is significantly higher than in Poland and Hungary. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Bibliography: pages 48-50. / Through the analysis of an 18-school research project that was conducted in the Western Cape in 1994, the aim of this report is to emphasize the need for and importance of effectively researching the educational setting in order to obtain quality data. This task will take the form of a general discussion concerning "what information..." should be collected and "how..." it should be "collected, analyzed, and interpreted" from the perspective that it is "critical to remember that decision-makers require information to be provided promptly... in order to make informed policy decisions" (Ross & Postlethwaite, 1992:1-2).

Bibliography: pages 167-184. / Through this study I will be able to focus on how school effectiveness factors as identified in school effectiveness literature operate in relation to the individual circumstances of a particular school. This is an element that signifies a point of departure from the school effectiveness paradigm that sought to generalize or view such factors as operating similarly in all schools with similar outcomes. Through this study I intend to understand that factors of effectiveness identified in school effectiveness literature operate differently in different schools.

Businesses, governments and communities are increasingly interested in measuring the non-financial impacts of their activities and investments. This assessment often takes the form of measurement models that utilize a Triple Bottom Line (TBL) framework, namely looking at the areas ofthe environment, the economy, and the social simultaneously. Despite its many accounting flaws, more and more organizations adopt this philosophy by applying it literally in the form of impact reports. In this framework, the social dimension is the most challenging to measure. Because of its complexities, this aspect of TBL reporting has often been vague and lack rigor. The research question I am addressing is: what facilitates or inhibits the uptake and use of meaningful social bottom line reporting? From conducting case studies that include document analyses and in-depth open-ended interviews with key decision-makers of organizations in the Community Development Financial Institution industry (CDFI), I examined how and why these organizations effectively measure their social and community impact. Given that there are inherent flaws with the logic of the social dimension of Triple Bottom Line reporting but organizations nevertheless are using it, this study looked in-depth at Community Development Financial Institutions that utilize various measurement methods to assess their particular impact on the social dimension of communities. The struggles, experiences, processes and content of social bottom line reporting by CDFls revealed that their uptake and use is facilitated by being mission driven, having a compatible business model, and by demands from their stakeholders, funders, and regulation requirements. It is hindered by a lack of sufficient capacity, unclear social bottom line definitions, and a lack of embedded ness in their day to day operations.

National movement and local demands indicated the necessity of training programs for child care workers (herein referred to as CCW's) in Oregon. In 1966, the "First National Survey of Children's Residential Institution" was done by Pappenforst & Kilpatrick. This survey showed that the primary concern of directors of children's institution was the quality of CCW's. A national conference was held in Cleveland in 1967 to study the characteristics essential to excellent performance and make recommendations for training programs of CCW's in residential treatment for children.There have been numerous expressions of the demands for training programs in Oregon by directors of agenciesas well as the Oregon Association of Child Care Workers. (herein referred to as OACCW). The objective of this research was to study residential child care in Oregon as a service delivery system, and to study the manpower element of the system in relation to the development of a feasible training program for CCW's serving now or in the future in various private or public residential child care agencies in Oregon.

Evidence of physical decline due in part to the rapid encroachment of commercial and industrial activity into some of Portland's residential areas in the mid-1960s and efforts to combat the forces of time and change through neighborhood revitalization provide the basis for this study. Additionally, some of the characteristics often employed in explaining the phenomenon in cities are manifested in the city of Portland. For example, Portland is endowed with a distinctive and well established downtown area that provides opportunities for the establishment of businesses as well as white-collar job opportunities. By the standards of the U.S. Bureau of the Census, Portland has a relatively large population and several older neighborhoods. The city provides its residents the feel for inner-city living, such as its beautiful waterfront scenery, its high-rise and park block apartments, its cultural facilities and unique transit mall. These criteria underscore the selection of Portland as the geographical area of this research. The purpose of this research itself is to assess the urban structural changes that occurred in Portland between 1970 and 1980. The research used a sample of inner-city neighborhoods from the city to explain these structural changes over time. Additionally, two samples of neighborhoods (Northeast and Southeast) within the city were selected as the basis for comparing the structural changes. The data developed from the 1970 and 1980 census of population and housing characteristics comprised the change in the median household income ratio, the change in the home value ratio, and the change in the median rent ratio designated as dependent variables. Nine independent variables representing the pre-existing conditions in the city at the start of the decade were selected from locational, demographic, and housing factors. The research hypotheses were tested by regresslng the three dependent variables against the nine independent variables resulting in three regression models for each sample. The a priori expectations as reflected by the signs of the coefficients show mixed support for the hypotheses in each sample in predicted direction, and in level of significance. In the city sample the neighborhood housing quality factor was observed to have a strong positive causal relationship with neighborhood revitalization. The outcome confirmed the contention that a significant and systematic reverse revival trend occurred in Portland at the start of the 1970 decade. This finding contradicts the conventional invasion-succession theory associated with Burgess (1925). Similar reverse revival trends were observed in the Northeast and Southeast samples. But unlike the city sample the race factor had a strong positive causal relationship with revitalization. The outcome may be a reflection of the rental squeeze in terms of housing affordability faced by black renters in both subareas because their incomes could not keep pace with housing costs. Consequently their demand for rental housing may have grown faster than the supply of the rental housing stock in a segregated rental market. The chow tests show significant structural differences between the two submodels, but the impact of the race factor as reflected by the measures of relative variability was greater in Northeast Portland than in Southeast Portland. In light of the research findings, this study concludes that Portland may undoubtedly be the only city in the nation that experienced a significant and systematic revival trend between 1970 and 1980. However, this trend did not extend to the predominantly black areas of the city as reflected by the strong negative outcome of the race factor. In addition, the functional significance of the systematic revival trend in Portland may not be substantial when compared to larger and older cities like St. Louis and New Orleans that received media attention for a similar trend.

La Nouvelle-Calédonie est une collectivité d’outre-mer française sui generis. Selon les indicateurs internationaux, elle est développée mais marquée par de fortes inégalités de ressources au sein de sa population. Derrière ce constat, se dessinent les modalités de deux systèmes économiques (domestique et marchand) qui cohabitent mais n’attribuent pas le même sens au salariat, aux inégalités de ressources et à la solidarité. En réponse à ces inégalités, une politique de développement est instaurée depuis 1989. Son objet est de créer les conditions sociales et politiques propices au déploiement d’une économie stable par le « rééquilibrage » des inégalités provinciales (Iles Loyauté, Nord et Sud) et en faveur de la population autochtone notamment, les Kanak. A partir des recensements de la population et de l’enquête Budget Consommation des Ménages nous proposons une évaluation de cette politique provinciale sur vingt ans. Après un état des lieux de l’évolution des inégalités de diplôme, d’accès à l’emploi et de niveau de vie, notre attention se porte sur les plus vulnérables, c’est-à-dire les ménages vivant sous le seuil de pauvreté relatif. Leur structure de consommation caractérise un système hybride entre les rouages de l’économie marchande et non marchande traduisant une logique d’intégration sociale qui repose sur un mécanisme de compensation des solidarités privées et publiques. Ce mécanisme est questionné par le renforcement de la solidarité publique depuis les années 2000. / New Caledonia is a French overseas collectivity with a sui generis status. According to international indicators New Caledonia is a developed territory, however significant resource inequalities exist. Research findings show that two economical systems (domestic and market economies) coexist with differences in wage earning, resource inequalities and solidarity. In 1989 a development policy was introduced to "adjust" the inequalities that exist among the three Provinces (Loyalty Islands, North Province and South Province). The objective of the policy has been to create a social and political environment favourable for a stable economy that would especially benefit the indigenous population, the Kanak. Based on population censuses and a household budget survey, a 20-year assessment of this provincial policy is offered. After providing an overview of the evolution of inequalities in academic degrees, employment opportunities and standards of living, I will focus on the most vulnerable groups, i.e. households below the relative poverty line. Their consumption structure is characterised by a hybrid system between the market economy and the non-market economy, which means that their social inclusion depends on both public and private solidarities. This mechanism is questioned by the strengthening of the welfare system since the 2000s.

No description available.

Community Land Trusts (CLTs) are an affordable housing model based in the principles of community control of land and housing, as well as the permanent affordability of home ownership. Because of their membership-based governance structure and limited-equity formula, they are uniquely positioned to target reinvestment in communities of color and low-income communities without perpetuating cycles of displacement. Though focused on home ownership, many CLTs have adapted the model to include rental housing. This addition has the potential to expand affordability and opportunities for community governance to lower-income renters; however, it also challenges CLTs as organizations with little experience developing or managing rental housing. CLTs interested in providing rental units also find limited sources of research guidance on the topic. This thesis intends to evaluate the reasons CLTs do or do not provide rental housing, the obstacles to providing rental housing, the strategies they use to overcome those obstacles, and the resources available to them. To achieve these objectives it assesses interviews with staff at 22 CLTs around the U.S. The research finds that CLTs begin providing rental units to meet the housing needs of low-income people who do not qualify for mortgages, and when the resources available to them supports this strategy. It also reveals that CLTs face significant challenges taking on large rental projects early in their rental careers, but may succeed with smaller-scale rental development and management. The findings suggest that CLTs require much more technical assistance in developing and managing rental properties. The modification of the CLT model to include renters also necessitates some re-thinking of how to provide the full benefits of the model to these new tenants, as well as how to best market the organizations to municipal officials. Lastly, this research aims to encourage planners to reevaluate housing policies biased toward home ownership, especially given the instability of the housing market and the increased demand for rental units. CLTs’ success with rental housing should also prompt these public officials to challenge the typical stereotypes of renters and understand the stability, flexibility, and sustainability that CLTs can bring to affordable rental housing.

No description available.