Essa tese tem como problema de pesquisa verificar se as estratégias de fortalecimento do relacionamento bilateral aumentariam o apoio dos países beneficiados ao país beneficiário nos foros multilaterais. Acredita-se, portanto, que uma das motivações para que os países fortaleçam as suas relações bilaterais seria a conquista de apoio no plano multilateral para com isso aumentar o seu peso e prestígio no sistema internacional. A literatura disponível responde a essa pergunta por meio de pesquisas sobre a ligação entre a ajuda internacional fornecida pelos países desenvolvidos, principalmente os Estados Unidos, e a convergência de votos em organismos multilaterais, não investigando se pode existir relação semelhante no caso de países emergentes. Dessa maneira, essa tese, por meio do estudo das relações Brasil-África entre os anos 1995 e 2010 - período em que o Brasil perseguiu um maior protagonismo no sistema internacional - busca tratar essa lacuna, objetivando verificar se o incremento das relações bilaterais gera a convergência de votos entre os envolvidos na Assembleia Geral das Nações Unidas. Para atingir esse objetivo, essa pesquisa foi dividida em quatro capítulos. No primeiro, são apresentados os principais estudos relativos à \"troca\" de benesses bilaterais por apoio nos foros multilaterais. No segundo capítulo, será feita uma análise das linhas gerais política externa africana nos governos FHC e Lula, por meio da análise da bibliografia nacional, de discursos e dados oficiais como o número de viagens presidenciais à região e a abertura de embaixadas variáveis. Na segunda parte, são apresentados os dados relativos às variáveis escolhidas como indicativos da estratégia de conquista de aliados no continente africano para as demandas brasileiras no plano multilateral - o fluxo comercial bilateral e o número de projetos de cooperação técnica entre o Brasil e continente africano. O último capítulo, quantitativo, está dividido em quatro partes. Na primeira, justifica-se a escolha da Assembleia Geral das Nações (AGNU) como parâmetro para o alinhamento no plano internacional. Na segunda é apresentada a metodologia a ser utilizada para revelar as possíveis relações entre as variáveis escolhidas, bem como o modelo a ser utilizado para a verificação da hipótese central de pesquisa. Na terceira, serão apresentados os dados recolhidos e a estatística descritiva dos mesmos bem como os possíveis resultados a serem encontrados por meio da análise quantitativa. Na última parte, serão apresentados os resultados encontrados na análise quantitativa dos dados e se a hipótese de pesquisa teria sido comprovada ou não. / This research aim to examine whether the strengthening of bilateral relations increases the support of recipient countries to the beneficiary country in multilateral forums. We believe, therefore, that one of the motivations for countries to strengthen their bilateral relations would be the support at the multilateral level in order to increase their weight and prestige international system. The literature answers this question through research on the link between foreign aid provided by developed countries, especially United States, and voting convergence in multilateral organizations, not exploring whether exists a similar relationship in case of emerging countries. Thus, this thesis, by studying the Brazil-Africa relations between 1995 and 2010 - a period in which Brazil has pursued a major role in the international system - seeks to address this gap, to check whether the increase in bilateral relations generates voting convergence in the UN General Assembly. To achieve this goal, this research is divided into four chapters. In the first, the main studies on the \"exchange\" of bilateral handouts for support in multilateral forumsare presented. In the second, we analysis the brazilian African foreign policy in FHC and Lula governments, through the analysis of national literature, speeches and official data as the number of presidential trips to the region and the opening of embassies. In the second part, the data on the variables chosen as indicative of the strategy to gain support to the Brazilian demands on multilateral foruns - the bilateral trade flow and the number of technical cooperation projects between Brazil and Africa - are presented. The last chapter, quantitative, is divided into four parts. At first, we justify the choice of United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) as a parameter for international alignment. The second presents the methodology used to reveal the possible relationships between the selected variables and the model used for checking the hypothesis. In the third, the collected data and descriptive statistics of the variavles and the possible results to be found by quantitative analysis will be presented. In the last part, the results in quantitative data analysis and research hypothesis are presented to prove or not our hypothesis.

Esta dissertação trata da inteligência na Missão das Nações Unidas na República Democrática do Congo (MONUSCO). Está dividida em três partes. Na primeira, contextualiza-se a pesquisa de inteligência em operações de paz nos Estudos Estratégicos Internacionais, abordando sua relevância, principais conceitos e teorias, bibliografia acadêmica e documental. Na segunda parte, apresenta-se o artigo científico, focado no caso da MONUSCO. Para avaliar se e como a inteligência contribuiu para aprimorar a efetividade da cadeia de comando e controle (C2) na missão, procedeu-se a análise do ponto de vista organizacional e funcional das estruturas de inteligência (G2, JMAC e JOC). As evidências foram colhidas por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas com o staff da MONUSCO, de visitas técnicas à sede da missão em Goma e às localizações de Kanybayonga, Kiwanja e Rutshuru, da análise de relatórios e documentos da ONU contendo dados não estruturados, bem como por meio de revisão da literatura especializada. As conclusões da pesquisa indicaram que a inteligência contribuiu para aprimorar as estruturas de C2 na medida em que teve um papel crítico nos níveis tático (neutralização de grupos armados) e operacional (compartilhamento de informações e fornecimento de consciência situacional para a missão). Todavia, ela teve um impacto menor no nível estratégico, devido a uma lacuna persistente entre a missão em campo e a sede da ONU em Nova Iorque. Na terceira parte da dissertação, propõe-se uma agenda para pesquisas futuras, destacando o estudo do papel da ONU (e das operações de paz) no provimento de segurança na ordem internacional em transformação. / This thesis deals with intelligence in the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO). It is divided in three parts. The first one contextualizes the research on intelligence peacekeeping in the scope of the International Strategic Studies by presenting its relevance, its main concepts and theories, and its specialized literature and documents. The second (and main) part of the document is comprised by the article itself, a case study of intelligence in MONUSCO. The organization of the mission-related intelligence structures (G2, JMAC, and JOC) and their practices were analyzed in order to assess if and how intelligence may have effectively contributed to MONUSCO. Evidence was collected through interviews with MONUSCO staff, technical visits to the mission’s headquarters in Goma, to the locations of Kanybayonga, Kiwanja, and Rutshuru, UN reports and documents containing unstructured data, and specialized literature review. The findings indicated that intelligence contributed to improve C2 at MONUSCO by playing a critical role at the tactical (neutralizing armed groups) and operational (sharing information and providing mission-wide situational awareness) levels. Nonetheless, it had a lesser impact at the strategic level, due to a persistent gap between the field mission and the UN structures in New York. The final part suggests an agenda for future research projects, highlighting the study of the UN role (and peacekeeping) in providing international security in the changing international order.

Dans les années qui ont suivi l’apparition de l’infection par le VIH, la priorité était donnée à la recherche thérapeutique. Depuis l’introduction des trithérapies antirétrovirales en 1996, la mortalité et la morbidité liées du VIH ont fortement chuté. Cependant, l’épidémie reste très active, notamment chez les hommes ayant des relations sexuelles avec d’autres hommes (HSH), signifiant la nécessité d’un changement de paradigmes en termes de dépistage et de prévention. Cette thèse suit l’évolution d’une partie de la recherche en épidémiologie du VIH dans les pays du Nord, en s’intéressant d’abord à l’efficacité des traitements pour ensuite s’orienter vers les limites et les nouvelles stratégies de dépistage du VIH et enfin aborder le thème de la prévention. Elle regroupe cinq études épidémiologiques conduites en France.La première étude, conduite chez 175 patients infectés par le VIH-1 et naïfs de traitement antirétroviral, a montré que le lopinavir/ritonavir était efficace quelques soient les polymorphismes portés par la protéase virale. La seconde étude, basée sur un modèle économique prenant en compte l’évolution des pratiques médicales et l’impact des nouveaux traitements a montré que le coût des soins relatifs au VIH est 535000€ par patient (coût actualisé : 320700€) pour une espérance de vie de 26,5 ans dans les conditions actuelles de prise en charge. Elle met en évidence que le coût annuel d’un patient est d’autant plus élevé qu’il débute la prise en charge à un stade avancé de la maladie (21600€/an s’il accède aux soins en stade sida ou avec un taux de CD4<200/mm3 vs. 19400€ avec un taux de CD4>500/mm3, coûts non actualisés). La troisième étude portant sur 1008 patients VIH nouvellement diagnostiqués, a montré que 93% des patients avaient consulté un médecin généraliste dans les trois années qui précèdent le diagnostic de VIH et que 82% des patients inclus qui consultaient pour des symptômes associés au VIH durant cette période avaient une opportunité manquée de proposition de dépistage du VIH. De même, 55% des HSH qui mentionnaient à une structure de soins leur appartenance à ce groupe à risque, avaient une opportunité manquée de dépistage. La quatrième étude a évalué un dépistage communautaire du VIH auprès des HSH (532 HSH ont été testés dans le cadre de l’étude). Ce dépistage a atteint des personnes à risque d’acquisition du VIH dont un tiers se dépistait peu dans les autres structures de dépistage. Parmi les 15 hommes testés positif (2,8%), 12 (80%) ont reçu la confirmation de leur séropositivité pour le VIH et ont été liés aux soins (médiane des CD4 =550/mm3). La cinquième étude, basée sur un design cas-témoins et menée chez les HSH dans le Nord (53 cas de syphilis précoce et 90 témoins) a mis en évidence la fellation réceptive sans préservatif et l’utilisation de jouets sexuels anaux comme principaux facteurs de risque de la syphilis. Nos résultats montrent les limites des stratégies actuelles de dépistage et sont en faveur d’un dépistage systématique du VIH en routine dans les structures de soins primaires, d’une extension de l’offre de dépistage pour les populations à risque spécifique et d’une prévention renforcée axée sur les mesures de réduction des risques du VIH mais aussi des IST. A l’ère des traitements antirétroviraux efficaces, bien tolérés, mais coûteux, le dépistage et la prévention sont des enjeux de poids dans la maitrise de l’épidémie. / In years following the onset of HIV infection, priority was given to therapeutic research. Since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy in 1996, mortality and morbidity related to HIV have decreased dramatically. However, the epidemic remains active, especially among men who have sex with men (MSM), highlighting the need for changes in testing and prevention policies. This thesis presents the evolution of a part of research in epidemiology of HIV in Northern countries, focusing first on HIV treatments effectiveness then moving toward to limitations of current HIV testing strategies, new strategies of HIV testing, and finally addressing prevention. This Ph.D thesis contains five epidemiological studies conducted in France.The first study, conducted in 175 HIV-1 infected antiretroviral-naive patients, showed that lopinavir/ritonavir was efficient regardless to polymorphisms carried by the viral protease.The second study, based on an economic model accounting changes in medical practices and the impact of new drugs, showed that lifetime cost associated with HIV care is €535,000/patient (€320,700 discounted) for a life expectancy of 26.5 years under current conditions. Moreover, it highlighted that annual cost of care increases with late access to care (€21,600/year if AIDS or CD4 count <200 cells/mm3 at HIV care initiation, vs. €19,400 if CD4 count >500 cells/mm3, undiscounted costs).The third study conducted in 1,008 HIV-infected patients newly diagnosed, showed that 93% of patients had seen a general practitioner within 3-year period prior to HIV diagnosis. Of patients enrolled, 82 who sought care for HIV-related symptoms within this period had a missed opportunity for HIV testing proposition. Similarly, 55% of MSM who notified to a healthcare setting that they belonged to this risk group had a missed opportunity for HIV testing proposition. The fourth study assessed a community-based HIV testing strategy targeting MSM (532 MSM tested into the program studied). This HIV testing reached people at high risk of HIV, on third of these was little or not tested in other testing facilities. Among the 15 patients who tested positive (2.8%), 12 (80%) received confirmation and linked to care (median CD4 count =550 cells/mm3). The fifth study, a case-control study conducted in MSM in northern France (53 cases of early syphilis and 90 controls) showed receptive oral sex without a condom and anal sex toy use as the main risk factors for syphilis acquisition. Our results highlight limitations of current HIV testing strategies. They show the importance of promoting routine HIV testing in primary care settings, and extension of testing facilities that target populations with specific risk. In addition, they enhanced prevention for risk reduction measures for HIV and STIs. In the era of effective and well tolerated but expensive antiretroviral therapy, testing and prevention are significant issues in the control of the HIV epidemic.

Master's diploma thesis Cyprus dispute -- current challenges deals with the current political situation in Cyprus and bi-communal talks between divided Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot entity living on the island. Negotiations are conducted under the auspices of external actors, and under the influence of the parties interested in the conflict, and the primary responsibility has been assumed by the political representation of the Republic of Cyprus and TRNC. Thesis introduces alternatives of the conflict settlement, perspectives of the potential development of events in the unification process and their possible impacts on the Cypriot environment. It presents the most signifiant plans of the international community on the political settlement of the island and reaching the agreement in the chronological order from the end of the World War Two up to the current solutions based on the actual tendencies of development. These suggestions have been conceived on the basis of the international political context and intra-political situation in Cyprus in the time period of anti-colonial struggle leading to the establishment of the Republic of Cyprus, Constitution collapse, outbreak of violence, Turkish invasion, declaration of independence of the Turkish Republic of the Northern Cyprus, accession of the Republic of Cyprus to the EU up to the presence.

Submitted by Elesbão Santiago Neto (neto10uepb@cche.uepb.edu.br) on 2016-09-01T19:31:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Daniel Castanheira do Amaral Gonçalves.pdf: 2102409 bytes, checksum: 9f633fb3db4954105bbd0f091a35df9c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-01T19:31:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Daniel Castanheira do Amaral Gonçalves.pdf: 2102409 bytes, checksum: 9f633fb3db4954105bbd0f091a35df9c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-17 / Capes / This study aims to analyze the impacts of the UN’s integration policies over the humanitarian space, based on the High Commissioner of the United Nations for Refugees (UNHCR). It presents the development of such policies, exposing it as a direct result of a process of reform that sought to bring more coherence to the UN system’s action in favor of peace-building, intending to avoid the repetition of failures such as Rwanda and Srebrenica, which occurred during the 1990s peace operations. It analyzes, furthermore, the relation between the UNHCR’s mandate and the humanitarian space, exposing that the concept of the later, as used by the agency and by other humanitarian actors, favors a space destined to humanitarian action promoted by humanitarian actors in a neutral, impartial and absent form and with political influence. Nevertheless, questioning the possibility of completely divorcing the humanitarian action from politics, it is proposed that the humanitarian space be understood as an arena in which several actors negotiate its interests, world perspectives and operational objectives. This concept would allow to conciliate the heterogeneous nature of the humanitarian system and better understand not only the operational reality of humanitarian action, but also the threats to the humanitarian space represented by the integration policy. To explain and analyze these threats, it is used the five areas of humanitarian space - as identified by the United Nations Integration Steering Group - to assess how integration affects the humanitarian space: humanitarian security; humanitarian access; engagement with non-state armed actors; perceptions of humanitarian actors; and humanitarian advocacy. At the end, an analyses is made of the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL), a mission that since its genesis was structured under the precepts of integration, with the purpose of assess the impacts of integration on the humanitarian space in the Liberian using the five areas aforementioned. It attempts, therefore, to analyze if the UN integrated missions can expand the humanitarian space for UNHCR. It is, therefore, a documentary analysis - from UNHCR authored files - and a field study, in which data was collected through semi-structured interviews conducted with six UNHCR officers who served in Liberia and were interviewed at March 2015. It was used, moreover, scientific articles, books and academic dissertations obtained through electronic and bibliographic sources. It was concluded that in Liberia the integrated mission had a positive impact on the humanitarian space and that it facilitated the humanitarian action. It is proposed, by the end, that the use of the concept of the humanitarian space as an arena and the strategic engagement promoted by the humanitarian actors with political and military actors would allow humanitarian agencies to offer a stronger protection for those who benefit from their actions. Additionally, it would also better protect humanitarian interests in face of perceived threats that integration may represent to the humanitarian space / Sistema ONU em benefício da consolidação da paz, com o intuito de evitar-se a repetição de falhas como as de Ruanda e Srebrenica, ocorridas nas operações de paz dos 1990. Analisa-se, ademais, a relação do mandato do ACNUR com o espaço humanitário, expondo que o conceito deste espaço utilizado pela agência, bem como por outros atores humanitários, privilegia um espaço destinado à ação humanitária prestada por atores humanitários de forma neutra, imparcial e sem influências políticas. No entanto, questionando-se a possibilidade de se divorciar integralmente a ação humanitária da política, propõe-se que o espaço humanitário seja entendido como uma arena, na qual diversos atores negociam interesses, perspectivas de mundo e objetivos operacionais. Este conceito permitiria conciliar a realidade heterogênea do sistema humanitário e compreender melhor não apenas a realidade operacional da ação humanitária, mas também as ameaças ao espaço humanitário representadas pela política de integração. Para a explicação e análise destas ameaças, utilizam-se as cinco áreas do espaço humanitário - conforme identificadas pelo Grupo das Nações Unidas de Direção da Integração - para avaliar como a integração ameaçaria o espaço humanitário: a segurança dos atores humanitários; o acesso humanitário; a interação com atores armados não-estatais; as percepções dos atores humanitários por atores locais; e a advocacia humanitária. Faz-se, ao fim, um estudo da Missão das Nações Unidas na Libéria (UNMIL), operação de paz estruturada desde sua gênese sob os preceitos da integração, com o propósito de analisar o impacto da integração no espaço humanitário dentro do contexto liberiano, utilizando as cinco áreas anteriormente identificadas. Intenta-se, deste modo, analisar se as missões integradas da ONU permitem expandir o espaço humanitário para o ACNUR. Trata-se, portanto, de um estudo de análise documental - em arquivos de autoria do ACNUR - e de um estudo de campo, no qual se colheram dados por meio de entrevistas semi-dirigidas feitas com funcionários do ACNUR que atuaram na Libéria e que foram entrevistados em março de 2015. Utilizaram-se, ainda, artigos científicos, livros e dissertações acadêmicas obtidas por meio de fontes eletrônicas e bibliográficas. Conclui-se que, na Libéria, a missão integrada teve um impacto positivo no espaço humanitário e facilitou a ação humanitária. Propõem-se, ao final, que o uso do conceito de espaço humanitário como arena e o engajamento estratégico por parte dos atores humanitários com atores políticos e militares permitiriam às agências humanitárias oferecer maior proteção aos beneficiários de suas ações, bem como melhor defender os interesses humanitários em face das ameaças percebidas que a integração representaria ao espaço humanitário.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:48:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cesar Rocha Lima.pdf: 3852220 bytes, checksum: e51e97e8b8d6c9cf9eaecc8819d39019 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-16 / The phenomenon of brazilian reversion to Islam has disquieted scientists of religion, sociologists and anthropologists. The search for a religion that causes disruptions with the ethnicity and the majority religiosity of Brazil, brings with it a strangeness caused by the principles of Christianity to Islam. This survey listed the main symbolic deconstructions and reconstructions of the Christian reverted to Islam. For this, it poured a sample group reversed of the Pari s mosque - SP, which was studied to a quantitative and qualitative research. The objective of this research consisted in seeking measure, in the reversed s imaginary, in moments "before" and "after" the reversal, the displacements of symbolic goods of Christianity and Islam. The results were contemplated in eight distinct categories: exclusion, reframing, replacement, incorporation and symbolic belongings (cultural capital). From these results, using theoretical tools created, the symbolic belongings were divided in two categories: muslims and arabs, in order to discuss the impasse between the terms: (un)arabization and islamization. Finally, it was concluded that, in the process of reversion to Islam in Sunni communities, there is an opening for the incorporation of elements from Brazilian culture and great difficulty to break with the Arab elements. / O fenômeno da reversão de brasileiros ao Islã tem inquietado cientistas da religião, sociólogos e antropólogos. A busca de uma religião que causa rupturas com a etnicidade e religiosidade majoritária do Brasil, traz em si, um estranhamento pela mudança dos princípios do cristianismo para o islamismo. Esta pesquisa elencou as principais desconstruções e reconstruções simbólicas do cristão revertido ao Islã. Para tanto ela serviu-se da amostra de um grupo de revertidos da Mesquita do Pari SP, onde foi aplicada a pesquisa quantitativa e qualitativa. O objetivo da pesquisa constituiu-se em procurar mensurar, no imaginário do revertido, nos momentos antes e depois da reversão, o deslocamentos dos bens simbólicos do cristianismo e Islã. Os resultados foram contemplados em oito categorias distintas: a exclusão, ressignificação, incorporação e substituição de bem simbólico (capital cultural). A partir destes resultados, através de instrumental teórico criado, procurou-se dividir os bens simbólicos em duas categorias: islâmicos e árabes, a fim de se discutir o impasse entre os termos: (des)arabização e islamização. Por fim, concluiu-se que, no processo de reversão ao Islã nas comunidades sunitas, há uma abertura para a incorporação de elementos da cultura brasileira e grande dificuldade com a ruptura com os elementos árabes.

O presente trabalho se concentra em um mecanismo da ONU segundo uma temática específica: execuções sumárias, arbitrárias ou extrajudiciais. Inicialmente, aborda questões correlacionadas à execução sumária presentes nos relatórios da missão da ONU no Brasil, tais como, pessoas atingidas por esta prática, opinião pública e legitimação da violência. Embora o objeto central da pesquisa seja as recomendações do relator especial da ONU, Philip Alston faz uma avaliação comparativa com observações de outros organismos internacionais de direitos humanos agrupando características sobre a prática de execuções sumárias no Brasil, para, com base nestas informações, compreender o conteúdo das recomendações ao Estado brasileiro. Esse recorte da pesquisa se justificou em função do número crescente de visitas da ONU no Brasil e a prática de execuções sumárias configurar uma violação de direitos humanos que continua a ocorrer mesmo após a abertura democrática, e assim também ser alegação comum no sistema interamericano de direitos humanos e debates sobre Segurança Pública no Brasil. Por último analisa a recepção das recomendações pelo governo brasileiro, indagando seus efeitos, implementação e pressupostos para ampliar sua efetividade contribuindo, com efeito, na promoção dos direitos humanos. A avaliação da efetividade das recomendações é possível somente com estabelecimento de critérios e pressupostos de implementação, análise concreta das ações governamentais e de seu impacto no âmbito interno. / The present work focuses on a UN mechanism, on a specific issue: on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions. Firstly, It observes summary execution issues that present in the UN report about Mission to Brazil, such as people affected by this practice, public opinion, legitimacy of violence. Although the central object of research is the UN Special Rapporteur recommendations, Philip Alston, it makes a comparative evaluation on other international human rights bodies observations, to collect characteristics on summary executions practices in Brazil, so, based on this information, understand the content of the recommendations to Brazil state. This angle of research is justified due to the increasing number of visits of the UN in Brazil and the practice of summary executions like a violation of human rights that continues to occur even after the democratic opening, and thus also be common claim in the Inter-American Human Rights System and debates in public security in Brazil. Finally, it analyzes the reception of recommendations by the Brazilian government, impact, implementation and assumptions to expand their effectiveness by contributing, in effect, the promotion of human rights. The evaluation of the recommendations effectiveness is possible under criteria and conditions for implementation, concrete analysis of government actions and their impact on the domestic level.

No description available.

Les systèmes quantiques ouverts décrivent l'évolution d'un système de référence S en interaction avec un ou plusieurs autres systèmes appelés environnements. Pour les étudier on rencontre deux approches dans la littérature: l'approche hamiltonienne, où on décrit complètement les systèmes et leurs interactions, et l'approche markovienne, où on abandonne l'idée de décrire l'environnement et on considère une dynamique, dite effective, du système S seul mais prenant en compte les effets de l'interaction avec l'environnement.Nous nous intéresserons dans cette thèse à une classe particulière de tels systèmes: les système quantiques avec interactions répétées. Le système S interagit successivement avec une suite de sous-systèmes indépendants. L'approche de ces systèmes est à la fois hamiltonienne et markovienne. Leur étude joue un rôle fondamental dans la compréhension pratique et théorique des processus d'interaction matière-lumière ainsi qu'en optique quantique (expérience du maser à un atome).Cette thèse porte sur l'étude d'un système de type maser à un atome. Le modèle considéré décrit un champ électromagnétique dans une cavité et traversé par un faisceau d'atomes mais auquel on ajoute un réservoir supplémentaire interagissant de façon continue avec le champ électromagnétique. L'idée est que la cavité n'est pas parfaitement isolée et le réservoir permet de modéliser les fuites dans la cavité. Ainsi l'interaction entre le champ électromagnétique et les atomes est décrit par un système quantique avec interactions répétées et l'interaction entre le champ électromagnétique et le réservoir est décrit par une approche hamiltonienne des systèmes quantiques ouverts.Le système "cavité+réservoir" à été étudié par Könenberg en se basant sur des travaux de Arai. Via une diagonalisation du Hamiltonien du système couplé il montre des propriétés de retour à l'équilibre. Dans une première partie nous donnerons une nouvelle approche de ces travaux en utilisant des résultats récents de Nam, Napiórkowki et Solovej sur la diagonalisation des hamiltoniens bosoniques quadratiques.Dans un premier temps, nous étudierons l'auto-adjonction des Hamiltoniens du système et on s'intéressera notamment à la diagonalisation de l'un d'eux. Dans un second temps, nous étudierons le comportement en temps long du système, nous obtenons entre-autres des formules explicites pour l'évolution à un temps donné des observables de Weyl. Ces résultats nous permettent d'étudier la variation d'énergie totale ainsi que les échanges d'énergies dans le système. Enfin on terminera en étudiant la production d'entropie dans le système que l'on reliera aux formules de variation d'énergie. Pour cela on généralisera au préalable la formule dite de production d'entropie de Jaksic et Pillet. / Open quantum systems describe the evolution of a system S in interaction with one or more other systems called environments. Two approaches in the literature to study such systems: the hamiltonian approach in which the entire system is considered, and the markovian approach in which one gives up the idea of describing the environment and only considers a so called effective dynamics of the system S which takes into account the effect of the environment.A particular class of such systems will interest us: the quantum systems with repeated interactions. The system S interacts successively with a series of independent subsystems. The approach of these systems is both Hamiltonian and Markovian. Their study plays a fundamental role in the understanding of light-matter interactions as well as in quantum optics (like one-atom maser experiment).In this thesis we study a repeated interaction system of the one-atom maser type. The model describes an electromagnetic field trapped in a cavity and a beam of atoms passing through it but with an additional reservoir interacting continuously with the electromagnetic field. The idea is that the cavity is not perfectly isolated and we describe the leaks in the cavity via the interaction with this reservoir. Thus the interaction between the electromagnetic field and the atoms is described by a quantum system with repeated interactions and the interaction between the electromagnetic field and the reservoir is described by a Hamiltonian approach of open quantum systems.The system "cavity+reservoir" has been studied by Konenberg, based on previous works by Arai. Usingan explicit diagonalization of the hamiltonian he proved some properties of return to equilibrium. In a first part we will give a new approach to it using recent results by Nam, Napiorkowski and Solovej about the diagonalization of quadratic bosonic hamiltonians.First we study the self-adjointness of some Hamiltonians which will play an important role in this thesis and we consider the diagonalization of one of them. In a second time, we study the long time behavior of the system, we obtain an explicit formula for the evolution at a given time of Weyl observables. These results will also allow us to study the total energy variation as well as the energy exchanges in the system. Finally we study the entropy production in the system and relate it to the energy variation. To do so we will need to slightly generalize the Jaksic-Pillet entropy production formula.

Dans cette thèse on obtient des conditions suffisantes pour la terminalité des variétés toriques de dimension arbitraire, généralisant des résultats connus en dimension 3 et 4. On classifie les variétés toriques Q-factorielles, terminales, Gorenstein de dimension 4 qui admettent un G-désingularisation. Une variété torique X obtenue par l'éclatement a poids d'un point régulier invariant d'une variété de Fano torique avec nombre de Picard égal à 1 est décrit par deux vecteurs en Z^n. En termes de ces vecteurs on décrit le cône nef et on classifie les contractions élémentaires de X au sens de Mori. Dans le cas où la variété de Fano est un espace projectif, on donne quelques familles d'exemples où les variétés éclatées sont terminales.