Unlike many other international instruments, accession to the WTO does not simply require the commitment of the government to sign and ratify the multilateral agreements. A country needs to make considerable legislative and administrative changes to comply with the standards of the WTO and its members to finalize the negotiation for accession. For governments with impure free market economy policy the challenges amplify. The government of Ethiopia publicly pronounces its adherence to the ideology of the developmental state. On the other hand the nucleus of WTO principles is progressive trade liberalization. Therefore, this dissertation tries to provide some reflection on the paradox created as a result of the divergence in priority between WTO principles and developmental state in the context of Ethiopian desire to join the organization. The research is an interdisciplinary work. The issues that will be discussed are not purely legal in their nature. They have legal, political and economic dimensions. And the main focus of the paper is on trade in services and foreign investment negotiation aspect of the accession. Furthermore the objective of the dissertation is to give some insight for policy makers about the challenges and opportunities that „Developmental State‟ ideology will pose in the accession process of Ethiopia to the WTO. The research is divided into five chapters. Chapter one gives introductory remarks about the concept of the developmental state and accession to the WTO. The limitations of the WTO accession process and an overview of the features of developmental state in the world and particularly in Ethiopia are also briefly discussed in the chapter. The origin and concept of developmental state in the world, in Africa and Ethiopia is discussed in some detail under chapter two. The chapter also tries to show the impact of developmental state policies in the laws of the country that are going to be deliberated in the process of accession. Chapter three is about accession to the WTO. In this chapter the requirements, benefits, challenges and procedures of accession are dealt in depth. The writer debates and tries to show the fact that the system is slowly shifting from rule based negotiation to power and precedent based negotiation. By analyzing the laws of Ethiopia that are inspired by the principles of developmental state against the legal and precedent requirements to join the WTO, I tried to correlate the findings of chapter two and three in chapter four. Specific strategies and advises on how to move the negotiation forward on certain areas are also outlined in this chapter. Finally, conclusion and my summarized recommendations are placed under chapter five. / Economics / LL. M. (with specialization in International Economic Law)

Univ., Diss. 2004--Bern, 2004. / Literaturverz. S. [375] - 388.

Univ., Diss.--Hamburg, 2001. / Text im Anhang in engl. Spr.- Literaturverz. S. 233 - 245.

Diss. Univ. Bern, 2006. / Im Buchh.: London : C. May. Bibliogr.

This thesis examines the role of mediators in WTO trade negotiations and the impact of individual mediation strategies on the outcome of these negotiations. It seeks to answer the question how mediators can help negotiators to overcome the bargaining problem and reach an agreement. The thesis first presumes that mediators who frequently apply more interventionist and inclusive tactics can increase the likelihood of a successful outcome of negotiations. Secondly, it presupposes that particular mediation tactics enable negotiators to save their face not only in front of their opponents, but more importantly also in front of domestic constituencies. Using the case of Geneva-based negotiations and the Bali Ministerial Conference, the thesis tracks individual mediation strategies which were employed by WTO chairs or the Director-General to determine their impact on the final adoption of the Bali package, representing the first multilateral trade agreement concluded under the auspices of the WTO. The analysis indicates that mediators who actively intervene in the bargaining process and assist negotiators in decreasing their audience costs may positively influence the chances of reaching an agreement. Contrarily, it shows at the same time that the effects of inclusive mediation are varied and...

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2000年，民主進步黨籍的陳水扁以39.3％得票率當選中華民國第十任總統，完成中華民國歷史上第一次政黨輪替。陳水扁就任後，台海兩岸的政治關係雖然沒有顯著的進展，但是兩岸在經貿方面卻是屢創紀錄，兩岸貿易金額超越台灣－美國、台灣－日本之間的雙邊貿易額，中國成為台灣最大且最重要貿易夥伴。 任何國家的經濟政策，皆必須因不同時空背景、內外環境及政策目標而適時修訂與調整。特別是在2000~2004年，兩岸先後加入世界貿易組織，彼此的經貿關係從此進入國際經貿框架中。本文希望探討台灣政府如何因應加入世貿組織後的新局面，構思並提出適宜的兩岸貿易與投資政策，並嘗試分析直接通航對台灣的利弊與衝擊。因此，本文選定「小三通」政策、「8吋晶圓廠赴大陸投資」政策以及「春節包機」政策進行個案分析，探究這些政策的成效與影響。 研究結果發現，陳水扁在首次執政期間，對於兩岸經貿的往來相當重視，也提出不少試辦性或開放部分管制措施；然而，這些動作卻是在外在壓力環境下不得不為的動作，缺乏主動性與積極性。此外，扁政府主導的大陸經貿政策受限於多方角力的制約，導致政策開放幅度與內容不盡理想，不能滿足企業的佈局和民眾之需求。本文建議，台灣政府應以積極、開放且主動的策略與中國大陸就經濟層面的議題進行合作與協商，未來亦可朝向「兩岸自由貿易區」的層次邁進，方能有效維持台灣整體競爭力與國家最高利益。

世界貿易組織（World Trade Organization, WTO，簡稱世貿組織），是現今最重要的經貿組織之一，在經濟全球化背景下，WTO對推動轉型國家的經濟發展，加速它們金融全球化和貿易自由化，促進其資金、技術、人員等更加自由流動，發揮著不可替代的重要作用。俄羅斯雖已是許多國際經貿組織的成員國，但至今卻尚未加入WTO。為研究加入WTO對俄羅斯整體經濟的影響，本文採用文獻探討、歷史研究方法與SWOT分析。首先，簡介WTO及其入世規程，歸納整理世界各主要先進工業國家與俄羅斯加入WTO之協商談判進程，以及俄羅斯為期早日入世所作之努力；其次，以SWOT分析俄羅斯入世對其農、工、服務等產業及對其整體經濟的正負面效益，最後，剖析俄羅斯入世對其他WTO會員國及全球之影響，評估俄羅斯入世之利弊。 　　本論文研究發現，俄國之入世進程雖因農業補貼、能源價格、開放服務業市場等議題爭辯，導致其入世延宕。然根據SWOT策略綜合分析，俄羅斯各產業優缺點及入世後所帶來的機遇與挑戰，入世之長期總體經濟效益仍將高過於其短期經濟衝擊。 / The World Trade Organization (WTO) is one of the most important economic and trade organizations. Under economic globalization, the WTO pushes funds, technologies, and persons to interflow freely in the whole world, which acts an important role. Although Russia was a member of many international economic and trade organizations, it didn’t join the WTO yet till now. 　　This study had used the literature survey, historical approach and SWOT analysis to research the process and effects of Russia’s accession to the WTO. Firstly, make a brief introduction and regulation of the WTO, generalize and compress the accession negotiations and issues among Russia and the main industrial countries, and the efforts of Russia will make it accelerated join to the WTO. Secondly, estimate the positive and negative effects of Russia’s agriculture, industry, service industry, and whole economy with the SWOT analysis if Russia is going to be a member of the WTO. Finally, analyze the influence on WTO members and the whole world, and estimate the advantages and disadvantages of Russia’s joining of the WTO. 　　The author found that the negotiations on issues as agriculture subsidies, energy price, and opening services market had resulted in Russia delayed to the WTO. Furthermore, realize the strengths and weaknesses of Russia’s industries, the opportunities and threats after Russia’s joining of the WTO according to the SWOT analysis, and it will get much more economic benefit in the long-term than the economic impact in the short-term.

越南自從2007 年正式成為WTO 會員國之後，全球各地外資銀行競相進入越南金融 市場，截至2007 年底已有31 家外國銀行分行設立，其中包括台灣的慶豐、國泰世華、 中國信託、第一銀行、兆豐、永豐、聯邦、台新、土銀、華南、上海、玉山以及2008 年甫核准設分行的富邦銀行胡志明分行等台灣銀行業紛紛皆以分行或辦事處方式進入 越南金融業。 根據越南國家銀行制定的外資金融機構設立辦法中明文規定外資銀行進入越南金 融市場共可分為四種類型：分別是外資銀行分行、合資銀行、百分之百外資銀行（子 行）以及辦事處等四種。本論文以慶豐銀行、永豐銀行為外資銀行分行為代表；以國 泰世華與越南當地越南工商銀行合資的世越銀行作為合資銀行的代表；以上海商業儲 蓄銀行為辦事處代表；分析其經營模式及績效，進一步提供未來欲進入越南設立分支 機構之金融業參考之建議。 本研究發現：如以投入資金風險來看：設立外資銀行分行是目前台灣金融業進入 越南金融市場最可行也最經濟的經營模式；若從經營績效而言：合資銀行與百分之百 外資銀行（子行）的績效是比較令人滿意的。但台灣目前尚無百分之百外資銀行（子 行）的模式進入越南。本論文建議就短期而言台灣銀行業若要進入越南金融業最佳途 徑仍是目前大多數台灣銀行業採行的模式：先設辦事處再等待設立分行。至於就長遠 及業務完整性而言，直接進入當地設立子行模式，對於市場的開拓則有較強的功效。 因此，本研究建議國內銀行業不論設立分行或子行勢必在資本結構的健全與強度 以及內部監理與控制管理上必須要有更堅強的陣容與表現。提供金融電腦技術上的協 助，進而取得設立分行或子行的優勢。在經營策略方面，從越南台商著手，逐步拓展 當地潛力市場，以「跟隨台商的腳步」作為初期的市場發展策略；另外依照越南對外 國金融業的開放程度（目前外資入股不得超過30﹪），選擇具有經營優勢及利基的策略 或夥伴，國內銀行業亦可考量成為與越南銀行合資的外資銀行的一員，以加速使銀行 業務在地化。 關鍵字：越南WTO、越南銀行業、我國銀行業、經營模式。

The aim of the work was to describe transparently the development of GATT and first of all WTO. The comlexity and topicality was stressed as well as the influence on Czechoslovakia or the Czech republic now. The work is organized chronologically exept for the last part which is dedicated directly to the position of the domestic economy in the purview of international business. There was the highest effort to bring balanced information and to picture consenqunces they cause for international business GATT and WTO.