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Tänker du på det första intryck du får av någon du möter i vardagen? Kanske du funderar på hur dem är som person? Efter att ha sett någon för första gången bildas omedelbart ett första intryck och en uppfattning om dennes personlighet. Syftet med vår kvasiexperimentella studie är att undersöka hur bedömningen baserad på första intrycket av en individs personlighets stämmer överens med hur individen uppfattar sig själv. Urvalet bestod av 10 deltagare, sex kvinnor och fyra män. Åldersspannet låg mellan 23 till 55 år (M= 31,6; SD= 12,0). Deltagare har genomfört personlighetstest, fått se bilder av andra deltagare och sedan bedömt hur de uppfattat deras personlighet. Differensmåtten belyste att deltagare tenderade att självskatta högre poäng än vad de blev bedömda inom personlighetsdragen. Bedömningarna och självskattningarna inom några av personlighetsdragen visade en måttlig till stor effektstyrka (d.v.s. samvetsgrannhet, öppenhet, neuroticism). Men i studien förekom ingen signifikant korrelation mellan bedömd och självskattad personlighet. / Do you think about the impression you make of someone you meet in everyday life? Maybe you are thinking about what they are like as a person? Upon meeting someone, an impression of their personality swiftly develops. Our quasi- experimental study aimed to explore if assessment based on the first impression of an individual's personality is consistent with how the individual perceives themself. The sample consisted of 10 participants, six women and four men. Participants' age range was between 23 to 55 years old (M= 31,6; SD= 12,0). Participants underwent personality tests, viewed images of other participants, and then assessed how they perceived their personality. Differential measure showed that participants tended to self-assess higher scores than they were rated within the personality traits. The ratings and self-assessments in some of the personality traits showed a moderate to large effect size (i.e. conscientiousness, openness, neuroticism). However, there was no significant correlation between rated and self-assessed personality in the study.

L'objectif de cette thèse était de montrer que les autodescriptions dans les inventaires de personnalité expriment la connaissance que les individus ont de valeur sociale qu'il convient d'exprimer selon les contextes de passation. Nous nous sommes principalement appuyés sur la littérature relative au jugement social, qui définit la valeur sociale à partir de deux dimensions fondamentales : la désirabilité sociale et l'utilité sociale. La première, la désirabilité sociale, exprime la réputation des personnes à susciter des affects positifs dans les relations sociales. La seconde, l'utilité sociale, exprime la réputation à performer dans un système social. Dans ce cadre, nous avons examiné l'hypothèse générale selon laquelle les réponses données à un inventaire de personnalité reposent davantage sur la valeur d'utilité et/ou de désirabilité des items (information évaluative) que sur les facteurs de personnalité qu'ils sont censés mesurer (information descriptive). Nous avons d'abord montré que les individus attribuent plus ou moins de désirabilité et d'utilité sociale aux différents items des inventaires de personnalité. Nous avons ensuite mis en évidence que la prise en compte de cette information évaluative permet aux répondants de mieux faire correspondre leurs réponses aux prescriptions sociales (explicites ou implicites). Dans un troisième ensemble d'études, nous avons étudié le rôle des informations descriptives et des informations évaluatives dans les inférences de performance professionnelle. Les données ont mis en évidence que les individus utilisent davantage l'information évaluative lorsqu'ils doivent pronostiquer la performance professionnelle. Enfin, les deux dernières études montrent que les facteurs de personnalité prédisent la performance essentiellement à travers les items dont la valeur sociale est congruente avec la valeur mobilisée par le critère de performance (sélection, relations sociales). Pris ensemble, nos résultats soutiennent notre hypothèse générale et indiquent que les individus expriment une connaissance intuitive de leur valeur sociale dans les inventaires. / Our aim was to show that self-description in personality inventories communicate individuals' self-knowledge about their social value. Following social judgment framework, social value is defined around two fundamental dimensions: social desirability and social utility. The former refers to the individuals' reputation to elicit positive affects in interpersonal relations. The latter refers to the individuals' reputation to perform in social systems. We postulated that self-description in personality inventories rely more on the social utility and social desirability of the items (evaluative information) than on the personality factors they are supposed to measure (descriptive information). We first showed that personality items could cover more or less social desirability or social utility. Then, we showed that these two components serve the malleability of self-descriptions according to explicit or implicit social exigencies. In a third set of studies, we studied the role of descriptive and evaluative information on performance inferences. Results showed the primacy of evaluative over descriptive information for professional performance inferences. Finally, the last two studies show that personality factors predict performance primarily through the items whose social value is congruent with the value mobilized by the performance criterion (selection, social relations). Taken together, the results support our hypothesis and indicate that individuals express an intuitive knowledge of their social value in personality inventories.

Studier på personlighetsområdet har genomförts i många år där resultat vittnar om att personlighet spelar roll för olika livsutfall. Däremot har få studier på området undersökt sambanden mellan personlighet och organisationslojalitet. Tidigare forskning visar att organisationer kan undkomma onödiga kostnader genom att anställa individer som tenderar att bidra med hög organisationslojalitet. Vår studie avsåg därmed att fortsätta undersöka sambanden mellan personlighet och organisationslojalitet. En kvantitativ metod användes och datainsamling skedde genom ett webbaserat frågeformulär bestående av 48 påståenden. Frågeformuläret bestod av två etablerade instrument, IPIP-30 och Organizational Commitment Questionnaire (OCQ), som avsåg mäta personlighetsdimensionerna och organisationslojalitet. Totalt deltog 155 personer i studien (M = 34 år, SD = 12, range18-64 år, 75% kvinnor) med genomsnittlig anställningstid i sin organisation på 6.5år (SD = 8.5, range 0.7-44 år). Resultaten var delvis i linje med tidigare forskning där personlighetsdimensionerna neuroticism, samvetsgrannhet och vänlighet har visat sig predicera organisationslojalitet. Ett oväntat resultat i föreliggande studie var att extroversion inte påvisade samband med organisationslojalitet. En regressionsanalys vittnade om att personlighet kunde förklara ≈ 20% av variansen inom organisationslojalitet. Resultaten bidrar till ökad kunskap kring att personlighet kan användas som prediktor för organisationslojalitet. Vår slutsats är att personlighet kan användas som prediktor för att finna lojala individer, som är en investering för organisationer då man kan undkomma hög personalomsättning och onödiga kostnader, samt erhålla individer som tenderar att bidra med det lilla extra. / Previous studies in the field of personality have been carried out for many years where the results show that personality are important for different life outcomes. However, few studies have investigated relationships between personality and organizational commitment. Previous research shows that organizations can avoid unnecessary costs by hiring people who tend to contribute with high levels of 3 organizational commitment. Thus, our study sought to preserve investigating relationships between personality and organizational commitment. A quantitative method was used, and data collection was done through a web-based questionnaire consisting of 48 statements. The questionnaire consisted of two established instruments, the IPIP-30 and the Organizational Commitment Questionnaire (OCQ), which intend to measure personality dimensions and organizational commitment. A total of 155 people participated in the study (M =34 years, SD = 12, Range 18-64years, 75% women) with average period of employment in their organization of 6.5years (SD = 8.5, range 0.7-44 years). The results were partly in line with previous research where the personality dimensions of neuroticism, conscientiousness and agreeableness have been shown to predict organizational commitment. An unexpected result in the present study was that extraversion did not show any relationship with organizational commitment. A regression analysis testified that personality could explain ≈ 20% of the variance in organizational commitment. The results contribute to increased knowledge that personality can be used as a predictor of organizational commitment. Our conclusion is that personality can be used as a predictor for finding individuals who tend to be loyal, which is an investment for organizations in order to avoid high turnover and unnecessary costs, as well as obtain individuals who tend to contribute the little extra.

This study examined the construct validity of the RiTE as a multidimensional measure of spirituality in relation to the five-factor model of personality in a sample of 325 college students. Results of correlational and regression analyses provided support for the notion that the dimensions of ritualistic, theistic, and existential spirituality tapped by the RiTE, are empirically distinguishable. Overall, our findings provide further evidence for the construct validity of the RiTE and for the potential value of measuring spirituality as a multidimensional phenomenon in the study of religious processes.

Thesis (M.Ed.) (Clinical Psychology) --University of Limpopo, 2008. / There is a considerable literature linking aspects of personality, parenting, and risk behaviors such as alcohol abuse. Three hundred African university students participated in a study of the relationship between personality, assessed with the NEO PI-R (Costa & McCrae, 1992), and alcohol use. Personality traits did not predict alcohol use among the students. It was also predicted that the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI; Parker, Tupling, & Brown, 1979) would mediate the relationship between personality and alcohol use. Results of the current study revealed no significant relationship between parenting and alcohol use. The results are discussed with regards the use of the NEO PI-R’s validity in the population used. Keyword: Five Factor Model; Parental bonding; Abstainers; Moderate drinkers; Heavy drinkers. / N/A

The fast development of the tourism industry has created both positive and negative impacts on host communities. Reacting to these impacts, host residents hold various attitudes towards tourism and tourists. It has come to common agreement that a supportive host community plays a vital role in the successful and long-term development of community tourism. In order to explain the antecedents of community attitudes towards tourism, researchers have investigated the topic from both the extrinsic perspective (such as stage-based models) and the intrinsic perspective (such as the Social Exchange Theory). Nevertheless, there are still several important research gaps and deficiencies within the existing literature. First, the influence of psychological factors (personality) on attitudes towards tourism is somewhat neglected. Second, when examining the relationship between community attitudes towards tourism and the influential factors, the majority of previous studies do not distinguish the orthogonal dimensions of attitudes (such as positive dimension and negative dimension). Third, the existing literature has not addressed the issue of whether specific attitudes towards tourism will lead to a corresponding behaviour when interacting with tourists, and what other factors are determinant in host-guest interactive behaviour. Aiming to address such research gaps and deficiencies, this study has a major objective of developing a theoretical model (encompassing attitude element) to understand the antecedents of host-guest interaction. A quantitative approach was employed for the entire project. A self-administrated questionnaire survey was used to collect primary data. A total of 878 useful questionnaires were returned for analyses. Stratification sampling methods were utilized in communities where population database was accessible, while random sampling methods were used in other communities. The findings from this study confirmed the two major hypotheses in terms of community attitudes towards tourism. First, there was a significant relationship between an individual's personality and his/her attitudes towards tourism. Residents being high on Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion and Agreeableness traits and low on the Neuroticism trait tended to be more positive towards tourism than their counterparts. Second, while some factors were found to be influential on both positive and negative dimensions of attitudes towards tourism, others only demonstrated influences on one dimension. The Resident-Tourist Interaction Model developed in this study provided a comprehensive theoretical framework in modelling and predicting host residents' interactive behaviour towards tourists. Drawing on the evaluation results of three leading behavioural theories belonging to the school of cognition, the Model identified attitudinal, volitional, social, motivating and habitual factors for the prediction of resident-tourist interactive behaviour. Motivating factor (intention) was the critical and immediate element for action, which, in turn, was best predicted by subjective norms. External factors (gender, age and personality traits) only moderated the predictive power of the Model by less than two percent. The Model was valid and reliable for the current data. The present study advanced resident-tourist interactive behavioural study by establishing a sound theoretical framework. It also consolidated the body of knowledge in understanding community attitudes towards tourism. Findings from this study have significant practical implications for community tourism planning and management.

The focal objective of this thesis was to examine the potential advantage of introducing the self-schema concept, indexed by response time, into personality assessment. The basic rationale for the use of response time is that a self-schema facilitates response time for self-referent information as it permits people to make assessments easier and automatic. A self-schema is a cognitive structure containing the generic knowledge that people have about themselves, influencing all aspects of the processing of self-relevant information in order to organize, summarize and explain their behavior. Paper I examined the self-schema proposition that the relation between personality score and response time for the Big Five personality factors is curvilinear in accordance with the inverted-U effect. Using more appropriate statistical methods than in previous studies, Study 1 and Study 2 confirmed the existence of the inverted-U effect for all Big Five factors. Thus the results provided support for the self-schema perspective as people scoring low or high on the Big Five traits responded faster than those scoring in the middle. Previous research has shown that the Big Five personality factors Openness to Experience and Agreeableness are powerful predictors of prejudice. The main question in Paper II was whether this prediction could be improved by including a measure of self-schema (schematicity). The results of Study 3 demonstrated that response time significantly improved the prediction of generalized prejudice from the mentioned personality factors and disclosed both an additive and a moderating effect. Thus, the relation between personality trait score and generalized prejudice is moderated by how schematic a person is. Paper III examined the potential linkage between heritability and self-schema. In Study 4, 5, and 6, the relation between heritability and response time for the Big Five personality facets (subfactors) was examined. The results revealed that personality response time is related to personality heritability so that shorter response times are associated with higher heritabilities. Putting the present results into the context of self-schemas, this means that Big Five personality facets with a large heritability on the average would have higher schematicity than those with small heritability estimates. The results of the present thesis extend previous work in the area of self-schema. The findings suggest that self-schema, measured by response time, may be a useful additional tool to fine-tune personality assessment. Also, the findings put emphasis on the importance of considering possible curvilinear relationships and interaction effects in order to better comprehend the rationale underlying self-schemata processing.  Finally, the results imply that the heritability of personality traits should be taken into account when we construct theories and models in personality psychology. The implications of these results are discussed and directions for future research are highlighted.