Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-02-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:55:14Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pinheiro_cbf_me_mar.pdf: 696036 bytes, checksum: 79fa46f5ff08bc2d1492ea8ee9f00c86 (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / A Sociologia da Ciência ou os Estudos Sociais da Ciência têm procurado analisar a estrutura das disciplinas científicas em relação às suas práticas sociais, procurando oferecer novas perspectivas sobre a construção do saber e o desenvolvimento científico e tecnológico. Um conceito importante para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho é o de comunidade científica caracterizada pela prática de uma especialidade, por uma formação teórica comum, pela circulação abundante de informação no interior do grupo. Este estudo tem por objetivo caracterizar a pesquisa brasileira em Web Semântica, considerado um tema na fronteira de pesquisa de duas matrizes disciplinares: a Ciência da Computação e a Ciência da Informação. Optou-se por um estudo cienciométrico, tendo como fonte para coleta dos dados o Curriculum Lattes de pesquisadores doutores e nas dissertações e teses defendidas sobre Web Semântica e suas tecnologias. A integração entre comunidades científicas formadas em matrizes disciplinares diferentes encontra um ambiente favorável nos espaços de fronteira que demarcam as matrizes disciplinares. Comprova-se isso ao observar-se a comunidade pesquisadora sobre Web Semântica no Brasil, composta por pesquisadores de diversas matrizes como a Lingüística, a Ciência da Informação e a Ciência da Computação. / Science is a critical and dynamic social activity whose objective is the knowledge production on different aspects of the nature. An important concept for the development of this work is of scholarly community characterized by the practical one of a specialty, for a common theoretical formation, the abundant circulation of information in the interior of the group. This study it has for objective to characterize the Brazilian research in Semantic Web, considered a subject in the border of research of two matrices discipline matrices the Computer Science and the Information Science. It was opted to a scientometrics study, having as source of the data the Curriculum Lattes of doctors. The integration between scholarly communities formed in matrices of different disciplines finds a favorable environment in the scientific boundaries that demarcate the discipline matrices Observing that researching community on Semantic Web in Brazil, composed for researchers of diverse matrices as Linguistics, Information Science and Computer Science.

Mesmo inicialmente desenvolvida com base num Fazer, documentado e difundido por meio de manuais na Europa do final do século XIX, a Arquivologia não se restringe a uma área eminentemente prática e requer princípios que orientem os procedimentos deste Fazer e o fundamentem em termos teóricos. Por tratar-se de uma área de Saber \"nova\" e, por assim dizer, ainda em processo de elaboração e desenvolvimento, necessita permanentemente revisitar seus pressupostos e estabelecer seu estatuto de ciência. Neste trabalho pretende-se apresentar reflexões em torno do Objeto científico da Arquivologia, com vistas à proposição de que há diferentes definições no âmbito de sua comunidade científica, ou ainda, de seu campo científico, além de investigar a configuração e consequências destas diferenças no campo científico brasileiro. Para fundamentar a pesquisa realizou-se revisão de literatura sobre o Objeto científico na bibliografia da área, discutindo e contextualizando seu delineamento frente à construção histórico-epistemológica da Arquivologia. Considerou-se necessária pesquisa empírica visando identificar as acepções do Objeto no campo científico brasileiro através de entrevistas junto a pesquisadores da área. / At first developed and based on a Fazer (to make) which was documented and diffused by manuals in the end of the XIX century in Europe, the archival science is not restricted only to a practical eminent area and requires principles that guides the procedures of this Fazer; fundamental in theoretical terms. Since it is an area of new knowledge and still under a process of elaboration and development, it requires a permanent review of its assumptions aiming to establish its statute as science. The aim of this work is to present reflections about the scientific object of archival science with views to the proposition that there are different definitions within its scientific community or even its scientific field; and to investigate the configuration and consequences of these differences in the Brazilian scientific field. In order to support the research process a literature review about the scientific object was conducted to discuss and contextualize its design towards the construction of historical-epistemological aspects of the archival science. An empirical research outline was necessary to identify the meanings of the object in the Brazilian scientific field thorough interviews with researches of the area.

In einer Liste von Regeln, die nach Tim O’Reilly das Web 2.0 definieren, hebt der Autor eine Regel besonders hervor: „Chief among those rules is this: Build applications that harness network effects to get better the more people use them. (This is what I’ve elsewhere called ,harnessing collective intelligence.‘).“1 Es ist demnach offensichtlich. dass solche Netzwerkeffekte in den bestehenden geschlossenen E-Learning- Systemen sich nicht entfalten können. Es bedarf hochschulübergreifender Strukturen, um die kollektive Information, die tatsächlich als kollektive Intelligenz von Wissensgemeinschaften verstanden werden kann, mit der sozialen Dynamik des Netzes zu verbinden.

Neue Technologien und Praktiken – wie z.B. die Kommunikation über soziale Netzwerke wie Facebook – können die Entstehung und Erhaltung sich selbst organisierender Wissensgemeinschaften fördern. Diese Gemeinschaften gehören häufig unterschiedlicher Kulturen an und unterscheiden sich daher in den ihnen zugrunde liegenden Werten, Einstellungen und Vorgehensweisen, welche wiederum die Akzeptanz von Bildungstechnologien beeinflussen können. Inwieweit neue Technologien in einem gegebenen kulturellen oder interkulturellen Kontext akzeptiert werden und sich so tatsächlich dazu eignen, Wissensgemeinschaften zu unterstützen, wird erst seit wenigen Jahren untersucht.

Der Workshop gibt einen Überblick aus pädagogisch-psychologischer Perspektive über die Grundbegriffe und die empirische Befundlage der medienbasierten Wissensgemeinschaften. Als Einstieg in die Thematik wird die soziokonstruktivistische Perspektive des situierten Lernens erläutert und die Definition des Konzepts Wissensgemeinschaft anhand von medienbasierten Beispielen diskutiert. Weiterhin wird deutlich gemacht, wie die Quelle der Wissenskommunikation in Wissensgemeinschaften in deren sozialen Heterogenität liegt, die vor allem unterschiedliche Expertise und die entsprechend unterschiedliche Partizipation der Mitglieder umfasst. Eine weitere Grundlage der Aktivität in Wissensgemeinschaften ist die Motivation der Wissenskommunikation, die auf erwartete Gegenseitigkeit, Anerkennung und Selbstwirksamkeit basiert.

Die Herausgeber, die zugleich Ausrichter der 16. Europäischen Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Medien in der Wissenschaft „GMW 2011“ sind, freuen sich, den E-Learning-Akteuren aus dem deutschsprachigen Raum und den Nachbarländern im 20. Jahr des Bestehens der GMW als Fortsetzung eines bisher sehr fruchtbaren Dialoges diesen Sammelband, der in der Reihe „Medien in der Wissenschaft“ beim Waxmann Verlag erscheint, vorzulegen. Unter dem Motto „WissensGemeinschaften in Forschung und Lehre“ liegt ein besonderer Schwerpunkt auf der Verzahnung von E-Learning-Angeboten in der Ausbildung an der Universität mit solchen für allgemein- und berufsbildende Schulen. Dabei soll auch der didaktische Aspekt Beachtung finden.

The theoretical conflict between democracy and technocracy (rule by those with knowledge or skill) is an issue of ever-present interest in political science and democratic theory. In recent decades, much scholarship has shown that the influence of science and scientists over politics has grown more and more significant, in different ways. However, what seems to be an overlooked and understudied aspect of this relationship is how the scientific community, theoretically integral to technocratic forms of power due to their role as producers and first-hand disseminators of knowledge, themselves think and feel about their role in society and in relation to politics. This thesis seeks to remedy this perceived gap in the literature using a qualitative interview study with a number of professors from different fields at one Swedish university. It finds that the respondents are clearly sceptical about the feasibility of advancing scientists to positions of authority (i.e., technocracy), while at the same time emphasising scientific knowledge as an important or the pre-eminent basis for policy-making. In an attempt to remedy a priori theoretical insufficiencies and capture respondents’ expressed attitudes, the analysis culminated in two propositional theoretic models of decision making.

In this thesis I will offer an extended discussion and critique of an important social constructivist book, Steven Shapin and Simon Schaffer's Leviathan and the Air-Pump (1985), focusing on its reception and its standing in science and technology studies in the fifteen years since its publication. This work claims to be an "origins" story for the modern form of life that we now call the scientific community, and this claim has not itself been contested strongly by other scholars. Central to Shapin and Schaffer's argument for the socially constructed nature of scientific knowledge, is the contrast they find between the community orientation of Robert Boyle and the anti-community stance of Thomas Hobbes. In the course of this thesis, I question the validity not only of this contrast, but of the origins story itself. I suggest that while experimental, communally-practiced science and modernity did emerge together around the end of the seventeenth-century, the qualities of science that Shapin and Schaffer suggest are distinctive of modern science might more accurately be represented as distinctive of modern science. In other words, I suggest that the story of Leviathan and the Air-Pump is not so much an origins story for science as it is emblematic of the early influence of widespread European modernist culture on scientific practices. Leviathan and the Air-Pump is an important case to study in order to unravel the strands of science and modernity because it occupies simultaneously both the early and late margins of the modern period: first, by taking the contested but emergent modernism represented by Robert Boyle as its subject and, second, as a work of scholarship that sits on the far margins of the modern period. My method is to treat Shapin and Schaffer's work as a central primary source for understanding how contemporary science and technology studies scholarship deals with early modern science. A side product of this analysis is to suggest strongly that Shapin and Schaffer's account of the social construction of scientific knowledge is itself socially constructed: that is, it is highly selective in its presentation and interpretation of historical evidence. I also consider what the implications may be for separating modernity from science, and for thinking about how science might be practiced in the age that will follow -- perhaps is already following -- the modern period. / Master of Science

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T14:18:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CECILIA ARLENE MORAES.pdf: 2129477 bytes, checksum: 2abf757a77f99cc7ac504584b8a37e40 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-12 / The contemporary globalized world emphasizes socioeconomic disparities and paradoxes, backed by technological advances in information and communication, the evidence of high level of social inequality and ecological disasters that plague the world. To seek alternatives that can mitigate or eliminate the misery and poverty in the world, this thesis proposes in this direction, to try to understand the conceptual meaning of social technology. The aim of the study was to identify and analyze the social representations of subjects that reflect the relationship plural and historical homogeneity of social technology with the group, and in everyday communicative practices. Is based on social representations theory, conceived by Moscovici (1961/1978/2012), the Central Nucleus Theory proposed by Abric (1987, 1994, 2003a, 2003b), assisted by the models in this discussion Marxist theorists, pragmatists and constructivists, and, in view of the size psicossociotécnica. The work set up in two phases: descriptive documentary research and qualitative empirical research. The first refers to the identification of possible subjects related to programs of post-graduate studies in higher education institutions in Brazil, the portal of the Coordination of Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) and the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq). The second investigated the social representations of 83 subjects, teachers, researchers selected programs from post-graduate studies in all fields of knowledge on social technology. Treatment of multiple data was based on lexical analysis software (ALCESTE) Reinert (1990), analysis evocations (EVOC) Verger (1992), the centrality index of representational elements (INCEV) Verger (1992), and analysis of similarity (SIMI) Flament (1986). Social representations of Brazilian scientific community about the social technology reveal a web of relationships in the process of collective construction, carried out by the social actor in strategic decisions and production. The core features elements: social inclusion through solidarity network and ethics, knowledge appropriation by the social actor, quality of life, involvement and respect for the community and the environment, low cost and simplicity. The system is characterized by peripheral elements: social innovation, reaplicabilidade, sustainable human, social, economic (jobs and income), policy, and environmental, for effective social change. In the structural approach, the social representations, as set organized, hosting different transverse dimensions, among them psicossociotécnica dimension, as it refers to the awareness of the actors involved, innovative entrepreneurs aware of the universe sociotechnical, which corroborates the uniqueness of social technology. / O mundo contemporâneo globalizado ressalta assimetrias e paradoxos socioeconômicos, lastreados por avanços tecnológicos de informação e de comunicação, pelas evidências de elevado nível de desigualdades sociais e de desastres ecológicos que assolam o mundo. Buscam-se alternativas que possam mitigar ou eliminar a situação de miséria e de pobreza no mundo, esta tese propõe caminhar nessa direção, ao buscar compreender o significado conceitual da tecnologia social. O objetivo do estudo consistiu em identificar e analisar as representações sociais dos sujeitos que refletem a relação plural e histórica de homogeneidade da tecnologia social com o grupo, no cotidiano e nas práticas comunicativas. Funda-se na Teoria das Representações Sociais, concebida por Moscovici (1961/1978/2012), pela Teoria do Núcleo Central proposta por Abric (1987, 1994, 2003a, 2003b), coadjuvados nessa discussão pelos modelos teóricos marxistas, pragmatistas e construtivistas, e, na perspectiva da dimensão psicossociotécnica. O trabalho configurou-se em duas fases: pesquisa documental descritiva qualitativa e pesquisa empírica. A primeira refere-se à identificação de possíveis sujeitos vinculados a programas de pós-graduação stricto sensu de instituições de ensino superior no Brasil, no portal da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) e do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq). A segunda investigou-se as representações sociais de 83 sujeitos, professores pesquisadores selecionados, oriundos de programas de pós-graduação stricto sensu, em todas as áreas do conhecimento, sobre tecnologia social. O tratamento múltiplo dos dados baseou-se nos softwares de análise lexical (ALCESTE) Reinert (1990), de análise de evocações (EVOC) Vèrger (1992), de índice de centralidade dos elementos representacionais (INCEV) Vèrger (1992), e de análise de similitude (SIMI) Flament (1986). As representações sociais da comunidade científica brasileira acerca da tecnologia social evidenciam uma teia de relações no processo da construção coletiva, protagonizada pelo ator social nas decisões estratégicas e de produção. O núcleo central apresenta os elementos: inclusão social por meio de rede solidária e ética, apropriação do conhecimento pelo ator social, qualidade de vida, envolvimento e respeito à comunidade e ao ambiente, baixo custo e simplicidade. O sistema periférico é marcado pelos elementos: inovação social, reaplicabilidade, sustentabilidade humana, social, econômica (trabalho e renda), política, e ambiental, para eficaz transformação social. Na abordagem estrutural, as representações sociais, como conjunto organizado, acolhem diferentes dimensões transversais, dentre elas a dimensão psicossociotécnica, pois se refere à consciência dos atores envolvidos, empreendedores inovadores conscientes, no universo sociotécnico, o que corrobora na singularidade da tecnologia social.