I arbetet analyseras en samling barnbrev som skrevs till tidningen Jultomten under några år vid sekelskiftet 1900. Dessa brev har undersökts med avseende på barnens tex- och bildreception. Studien har en kvalitativ ansats och syftar till att förstå vilka identifikationsytor som uppstår vid läsningen och i själva responsen, samt, vidare, hur dessa handlingar stimulerar barnens läsupplevelse och literacyutveckling. Resultatet visar bland annat att barnens reception av text och bild berör de sammanhang och företeelser som är förknippade med barnens egen erfarenhetsvärld. Engagemang, inlevelse och social kontext byggs upp av barnets erfarenheter, personliga associationer och konkreta upplevelser. Slutligen hävdas det också att det är rimligt att anta att dessa rön kan överföras och vara giltiga även i en samtidskontext.Nyckelord: barnbrev, bild, engagemang, fritidens läsning, inlevelse, literacyutveckling, perspektivering, social kontext / AbstractThis paper is a qualitative study of children´s letters to the editor of Jultomten, during a period of three years at the turn of the century 1900. The letters are analyzed with the aim of increasing the understanding of how children identify with the characters in texts and illustrations, and how their appreciation and involvement enhances their literacy development. The result indicates that children´s reception of the illustrated journal concerns the areas and subjects that are connected to their own experiences. Involvement, empathy and the social context are constructed through the children´s own experiences and living conditions. Finally, it is argued that the findings can be transferred and be valid in expanding children´s literacy development today.Keywords: children´s letters, involvement, illustrations, literacy development, the social context

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間健康科学) / 甲第20813号 / 人健博第50号 / 新制||人健||4(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科人間健康科学系専攻 / (主査)教授 三谷 章, 教授 二木 淑子, 教授 村井 俊哉 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human Health Sciences / Kyoto University / DGAM

Identity creation in friendship circles. A qualitative study on young adults' identity  creation in friendship circles.  All social contexts consist of norms and expectations, which presupposes a structure that highlights desirable behavior. This also happens among friendship circles, and a central challenge for young adults thus becomes reading the situation and adapting to confirm that expectations are met. Previous research informs how social media and the influence of friends influence the individual's identity creation. The purpose of the studies is to investigate young adults' identity creation with a focus on friendship circles. In order to answer this in the best way, the essay is based on a qualitative research method with inspiration from the phenomenological orientation. This is realized through semi-structured interviews with eight respondents from the local environment. Self-identity, Habitus and impression control are the theories used to analyze the results. Overall, the results show that the individual's behavior patterns change in different social contexts and that friends have an influence on identity creation. There is a clear adaptation, which is perceived as natural. / Alla sociala sammanhang består av normer och förväntningar, vilket förutsätter en struktur som belyser önskvärt beteende. Detta sker även bland vänskapskretsar och en central utmaning för unga vuxna blir därmed att läsa av situationen och anpassa sig för att bekräfta att förväntningarna möts. Tidigare forskning upplyser hur sociala medier och vänners betydande påverkar individens identitetsskapande. Syftet med studien är att undersöka unga vuxnas identitetsskapande med fokus på vänskapskretsar. För att på bästa sätt besvara detta utgår uppsatsen från en kvalitativ forskningsmetod med inspiration från den fenomenologiska inriktningen. Detta realiseras genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med åtta respondenter från närmiljön. Självidentitet, Habitus och intrycksstyrning är teorierna som används för att analysera resultatet. Sammantaget visar resultatet att individens beteendemönster förändras i olika sociala sammanhang och att vänner har ett inflytande på identitetsskapandet. Det sker en tydlig anpassning som upplevs naturlig.

Playful teasing is an ancient form of interaction that now occurs through computer-mediated communication. Teasing through short message service texting is examined conceptually and empirically in this dissertation. Teasing and computer-mediated communication are framed in the theoretical lens of social information processing in Chapter 1. The development of study materials and stimuli to examine teasing through texting, using iterative focus groups and online pilot data collection, are detailed in Chapter 2. The two studies that examined message features, social context, and rejection sensitivity in the context of playful teasing via texting are presented in Chapter 3. The influence of two commonly used message features (the “winking face with tongue” emoji and the “lol” initialism) on teasing text message interpretation, compared to unadorned texts, were investigated in Study 1. Rejection sensitivity was also examined in relation to interpretation. Texts with the emoji contributed to more positive interpretations compared to texts with the “lol” initialism or unadorned texts, providing the first evidence that emoji and initialism function differently in the context of teasing. The influence of social context (the sender-receiver relationship) on the interpretation of teasing texts, and the relationship between message interpretation and rejection sensitivity were examined in Study 2. Teasing texts sent by close friends were rated more positively than those from acquaintances. In both studies, higher rejection sensitivity was related to more negative interpretations of teasing texts, however, teasing texts with the emoji did not show this pattern. The studies’ findings are discussed in Chapter 4 in the context of social information processing theory and in practice, examining implications for individuals with rejection sensitivity and practices for text message composition.

Though research has shown that social context influences behavior, research on product placement is yet to incorporate such effects. This is a very significant research gap since product placements are often consumed as part of a shared viewing experience. To address this gap, this dissertation examines social contextual influences on consumer behavior associated with the coviewing of product placements. Two aspects of social context were examined in a 2 (group composition: friends versus strangers) x 2 (coviewing context: interactive versus passive) experimental design. Data were collected during a laboratory experiment in which participants in dyads first viewed a 22-minute Seinfeld sitcom episode and then completed an online survey, designed to collect data on the variables in this study. Since the data were hierarchical in nature, i.e., individuals nested in groups, multilevel modeling was used to analyze the data. Results showed that friends recalled significantly more placed brands than did strangers. Friends also held significantly stronger, more positive attitudes toward the audiovisual, very prominently placed brand, Gore-Tex. However, there was no significant difference between interactive and passive coviewers on recall of and attitudes toward placed brands. Results suggest that the impact of individual-level variables on brand recall and on attitude toward placed brands did not significantly depend on social context. The exceptions were for the effects of: (1) brand familiarity on attitude toward Gore-Tex, which was stronger for strangers than friends, and (2) parasocial attachment on attitude toward the visual only, very subtly placed brand, Coca-Cola, which was stronger for interactive than passive coviewers. The results hold implications for marketing theory, methodology, and practice. Results suggest that to the extent marketers can create, encourage, and maintain social contexts that favor friendship effects, they stand to benefit with desired outcomes. Results also suggest that interaction during coviewing may not cause a significant enhancement in or decrement to recall of and attitude toward placed brands. This study is the stepping stone for research on social contextual influences in product placement research. There is still much to be done on research in this area, particularly since social contextual influences are expected to play a major role in the future of marketing.

The purpose of this study was to investigate some motivational factors that enhancepupils’ written homework performance as well as the obstacles that make writtenhomework a difficult task. The method applied in this thesis is qualitative. Theinvestigation was carried out with the help of semi-structured interviews. The results ofthis study indicate that the pupils have different attitudes to their written homework. Themost interesting result is that not all successful pupils are highly externally motivated.The research shows that external motivational factors can enhance the pupils’ writtenperformance well enough but they can also lead to stress and anxiety and complicate thewriting process for less successful pupils. Another finding of this dissertation is thatdeadlines related to assessment can be treated as a negative form of external motivation.

This dissertation traces debates about youth crime and justice in Canada. On a substantive level, I ask how the social problem of youth crime and justice is constructed, focusing specifically on debates over the culpability of young offenders. I also examine debates over the degree and severity of youth crime and connect the divergent positions on this question to how young offenders are conceptualized. Related to these debates, I examine the search for solutions to youth crime. I argue that positions regarding how to address youth crime are rendered ambiguous given the creation of a hybridized youth justice context which combines various competing goals. On a theoretical level, I explore the relationship between how formulations of "deviant identities" (in this case "young offenders") are related to other areas of advocacy over a social problem. I explore the dynamics of a social problem debate which persists without resolution over an extended period of time. I also address the ways in which social context impacts upon claims made over a social problem. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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<p>Variations in the rate of use of health care services (a.k.a. medical practice variations) have been described in the literature for over eighty years. The literature suggests three general sources of variation: patients, physicians, and environment. The relative influence of these sources and the specific mechanisms that produce observed variations are not well understood. This thesis presents four studies that identify and examine methodological issues that preclude our ability to understand the variation phenomenon.</p> <p>It is commonly believed that the physician is in part responsible for observed variation in health care services use. However, determining the influence of the physician in this regard is problematic, as it is difficult to isolate the effect of the physician from that of the patient and environment (including available resources). The first study presented in this thesis suggests there is meaningful variation in treatment recommendations between physicians working in a common environment, even after controlling for important patient clinical characteristics. Next, I present an experiment that suggests that factors related to the patient’s unique social context might influence how the physician intends to manage a patient’s care. As variations studies do not measure or adjust for social context, this might indicate an important methodological limitation of those studies if indeed context is an important (and justifiable) determinant of what care the patient will receive.</p> <p>Not all variation is necessarily bad. The third study I present explores how previous researchers discriminate between warranted and unwarranted variation. This study indicates that few researchers explicitly do so, and that a clear, consistent, and functional definition of unwarranted variation is lacking – a feature that potentially limits the interpretation of study results. The final study argues that traditional methods for examining regional variations are inadequate for informing health care managers because they examine variation in health care service use rather than needs.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)