Contexto: A influência das características do ambiente social de vizinhança nos transtornos mentais comuns (TMC) ainda é pouco estudada, principalmente em países em desenvolvimento como o Brasil, onde há poucos trabalhos sobre o tema. Objetivos: O objetivo geral foi investigar as relações entre as percepções de coesão social e segurança da vizinhança e transtorno mental comum, considerando-se as relações entre características individuais e de grupo bem como as medidas no nível agregado e no individual. Métodos: Essa pesquisa foi realizada com dados da linha de base (2008-2010) do Estudo Longitudinal da Saúde do Adulto - ELSA-Brasil, que é um estudo multicêntrico com 15.105 servidores civis, ativos e aposentados vinculados a seis instituições públicas de ensino superior e de pesquisa brasileiras. Foi utilizado o instrumento CIS-R, que permite rastrear o TMC e possibilita identificar seis categorias diagnósticas desse transtorno. Coesão social e segurança foram medidas por meio de escalas validadas de características autorreferidas de vizinhança. As covariáveis sexo, idade, estado civil, raça/cor, renda familiar per capita foram autorreferidas na entrevista de linha de base. O modelo de regressão de Poisson com variância robusta foi utilizado para estimar a razão de prevalência das associações entre os desfechos e as variáveis de exposição. Regressão logística multinível foi empregada considerando vizinhanças no nível 2 e os indivíduos no nível 1, para estimar o efeito aleatório de vizinhança e as razões de chance. Resultados: Resultados da percepção individual das características de vizinhanças indicaram associação entre pior percepção de coesão social e de segurança na vizinhança e transtornos mentais comuns, e essa associação permanece após o ajuste para as variáveis individuais, ou seja, participantes que percebiam morar em uma vizinhança com mais baixa coesão social e menos segura tiveram maior chance de apresentar TMC mesmo após ajustes para as covariáveis sociodemográficas. As variações entre as vizinhanças foram estatisticamente significativas no modelo vazio para TMC. Pequena porção da variância (2,3%) no TMC pode ser atribuída às vizinhanças. As estimativas de razão de chance obtidas no modelo mutiltinível mostraram uma variação significativa no TMC relacionada ao nível de coesão social e de segurança da vizinhança, que não pode ser totalmente explicada por fatores individuais, como sexo, idade, raça/cor, estado civil, escolaridade e renda familiar per capita. Conclusão: Esse estudo apresenta evidências da associação entre percepção de coesão social e segurança individual da vizinhança nos TMC, bem como entre as medidas agregadas da percepção de coesão social e segurança e TMC, mesmo após ajustes das variáveis individuais. Aproximadamente 2,3% da variabilidade na prevalência do TMC foram atribuídos ao contexto de vizinhança, e o restante ao nível individual, considerando o modelo “vazio”. / Context: The influence of the characteristics of the neighborhood social environment in common mental disorders (CMD), is poorly studied, mainly in developing countries such as Brazil, where there are few studies on the topic. Purposes: The general purpose was to investigate the relationships between the perceptions of social cohesion and neighborhood safety and common mental disorder, considering the relationships between individual and group characteristics as well as the ones measured in aggregate and individual level. Methods: This research was carried out using baseline data (2008-2010) from the Adult Health Longitudinal Study - ELSA-Brasil, which refers to the multicentric study with 15105 civil servants, active and retired ones linked to six Brazilian public higher education and research institutions. The instrument CIS-R was used which enables tracking the CMD and enables identifying six diagnosis categories of CMD. Social cohesion and safety were measured using validated scales of neighborhood self-referred characteristics. The covariates gender, age, marital status, race/color, per capita income were self-referred in the baseline interview. The Poisson regression model with robust variance was used to estimate the prevalence ratio of the associations between the outcomes and the exposition variables. Multilevel logistic regression was used considering neighborhoods in the level 2 and the individuals in the level 1 to estimate the neighborhood random effect and the chance ratios. Results: Individual perception results of neighborhood characteristics indicated association between worst perception of social cohesion and neighborhood safety perception and common mental disorders, and this association remains after the adjustment for the individual variables, that is, participants who noticed living at a neighborhood with lower social cohesion and less safe had a bigger chance to present common mental disorders even after adjustments for the socio demographic covariates. The variations between the neighborhoods were statistically significant in the empty model for CMD. A small portion of variance (2,3%) in the CMD can be attributed to the neighborhoods. The chances ratio estimates obtained in the multilevel model showed a significant variation in common mental disorders related to the level of social cohesion and neighborhood safety, which cannot be totally explained by individual factors such as gender, age, race/color, marital status, education and per capita income. Approximately 2,3% of variability in the prevalence of CMD was attributed to the neighborhood context and the rest to the individual level individual, considering the model as “empty”. Conclusion: This study presents evidences of the association between social cohesion and neighborhood individual safety perception in the CMD, as well as between the aggregate measures of social cohesion and safety perception and CMD, even after adjustment of the individual variables. About 2,3% of the variation in CMD prevalence was attributed to the context of neighborhood, and the rest to the individual level, considering the “empty” model.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-16T14:48:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1122771 bytes, checksum: 47ef984dcb205fad8b6ea3ef5c2bf8d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The intent of this research was to study how the learning process is for managers who participated in programs trainees SEBRAE / PB from the stories of their context of action professional. O methodological approach of the study complied with the following steps: a) conducting 10 semi-structured interviews with managers who participated in the trainee program in 2002 and 2008, recorded electronically on the desktop of the agencies surveyed in the cities of Campina Grande, Joao Pessoa, Monteiro and Guarabira, the approach used was qualitative type, using the method of oral history and narrative analysis technique to get the results. With major research findings concluded that the model adopted by the trainee program SEBRAE / PB selective in its early stages consists of using selection criteria of professionals with higher education curriculum that address supplemented by graduate students; by application logical and behavioral testing. The program emerged from individual and collective skills such as teamwork, group leadership, conflict management, creativity and communication. The reasons revealed to be a trainee: to know, learn, grow, contribute, merge experience, working with people, believe in the company. The dynamic learning environment and challenging routines and activities included in project execution; service to a diverse audience of artisans, farmers, entrepreneurs of micro and small agricultural businesses, conducting missions in conditions that made travel risky and unsafe ; achievements of local and state events. The meanings of experience as a trainee were the importance of context and social support in the face of difficulty of the exercise activity, to reflect on their practices and the discovery of skills and abilities acquired through professional performance. Learning as a manager is also revealed as surrounded by antagonistic feelings, some received social support in the internal and external environment where others lived and worked the experience of not being legitimized as managers worked in agencies where, colleagues and other senior managers, which led to isolation from peers. The legitimacy of the trainee program was through promotions, autonomy of action, the positive results and the dissemination of the results of their actions in the media nationwide and internationally. The factors that contributed to the practice of the trainees were able to work with people, represent the interests of SEBRAE / PB, build partnerships, strengthen existing relationships have developed through the skills and training, social support within and outside the work are limited and and for the management, structure and format of the trainee program, administrative and functional structure of the company; context of the practice, attitude and perception of colleagues and personal factors to deal with conflict and change. / Este estudo objetivou analisar como ocorre o processo de aprendizagem de gerentes que participaram de programas trainees do SEBRAE/PB a partir das histórias do seu contexto da ação profissional. O caminho metodológico do estudo abrangeu as seguintes etapas: a) realização de 10 entrevistas semi-estruturadas com gerentes que participaram do programa trainee nos anos de 2002 e 2008, gravadas por meio eletrônico no ambiente de trabalho dos pesquisados nas agências das cidades de Campina Grande, João Pessoa, Monteiro e Guarabira; a abordagem utilizada foi do tipo qualitativa, com utilização do método da História Oral e da técnica de análise de narrativa para chegar aos resultados. Os resultados da pesquisa revelaram que o modelo de programa trainee adotado pelo SEBRAE/PB em sua fase seletiva é constituído de etapas que utilizam critérios de escolha de profissionais com currículo que contemplem formação superior complementada por pós-graduação; por meio de aplicação de testes lógicos e comportamentais. Do programa emergiram competências individuais e coletivas como: trabalhar em equipe, liderança de grupos, gestão de conflitos, criatividade e comunicação. Os motivos revelados para ser um trainee são os seguintes: conhecer, aprender, crescer contribuir, mesclar experiências; trabalhar com pessoas, acreditar na empresa. O contexto de aprendizagem é dinâmico e desafiador, com rotinas e atividades que incluíam execução de projetos em; atendimento a um público diversificado de artesãos, agricultores, empresários de micro e pequenos negócios agrícolas; condução de missões com viagens feitas em condições consideradas arriscadas e pouco seguras; realizações de eventos locais e estaduais. Os significados da experiência como um trainee envolvem a importância do contexto e do apoio social diante das dificuldades do exercício da atividade; a reflexão sobre suas práticas e da descoberta de competências e habilidades adquiridas por meio da atuação profissional. O aprendizado como gerente é revelado também como permeado de sentimentos antagônicos, pois alguns receberam apoio social no ambiente interno e externo onde atuavam e outros viveram a experiência de não terem sido legitimados como gerentes nas agências onde atuavam pelos colegas e por outros gerentes mais antigos, o que acarretou isolamento dos pares. A legitimação do programa trainee ocorreu por meio de promoções; autonomia de ações, resultados positivos das avaliações; divulgação dos resultados de suas ações em veículos de comunicação de alcance nacional e internacional. Os fatores que contribuíram para a prática dos trainees foram a possibilidade de trabalhar com pessoas, representar os interesses do SEBRAE/PB, firmar parcerias, estreitar as relações, ter se desenvolvido por meio das capacitações e treinamentos, o apoio social dentro e fora do ambiente de trabalho e os limitaram são relativos à gestão, estrutura e formato do programa trainee; estrutura administrativa e funcional da empresa; contexto da prática, atitude e percepção de colegas e fatores pessoais para lidar com conflitos e mudança.

Contexto: A influência das características do ambiente social de vizinhança nos transtornos mentais comuns (TMC) ainda é pouco estudada, principalmente em países em desenvolvimento como o Brasil, onde há poucos trabalhos sobre o tema. Objetivos: O objetivo geral foi investigar as relações entre as percepções de coesão social e segurança da vizinhança e transtorno mental comum, considerando-se as relações entre características individuais e de grupo bem como as medidas no nível agregado e no individual. Métodos: Essa pesquisa foi realizada com dados da linha de base (2008-2010) do Estudo Longitudinal da Saúde do Adulto - ELSA-Brasil, que é um estudo multicêntrico com 15.105 servidores civis, ativos e aposentados vinculados a seis instituições públicas de ensino superior e de pesquisa brasileiras. Foi utilizado o instrumento CIS-R, que permite rastrear o TMC e possibilita identificar seis categorias diagnósticas desse transtorno. Coesão social e segurança foram medidas por meio de escalas validadas de características autorreferidas de vizinhança. As covariáveis sexo, idade, estado civil, raça/cor, renda familiar per capita foram autorreferidas na entrevista de linha de base. O modelo de regressão de Poisson com variância robusta foi utilizado para estimar a razão de prevalência das associações entre os desfechos e as variáveis de exposição. Regressão logística multinível foi empregada considerando vizinhanças no nível 2 e os indivíduos no nível 1, para estimar o efeito aleatório de vizinhança e as razões de chance. Resultados: Resultados da percepção individual das características de vizinhanças indicaram associação entre pior percepção de coesão social e de segurança na vizinhança e transtornos mentais comuns, e essa associação permanece após o ajuste para as variáveis individuais, ou seja, participantes que percebiam morar em uma vizinhança com mais baixa coesão social e menos segura tiveram maior chance de apresentar TMC mesmo após ajustes para as covariáveis sociodemográficas. As variações entre as vizinhanças foram estatisticamente significativas no modelo vazio para TMC. Pequena porção da variância (2,3%) no TMC pode ser atribuída às vizinhanças. As estimativas de razão de chance obtidas no modelo mutiltinível mostraram uma variação significativa no TMC relacionada ao nível de coesão social e de segurança da vizinhança, que não pode ser totalmente explicada por fatores individuais, como sexo, idade, raça/cor, estado civil, escolaridade e renda familiar per capita. Conclusão: Esse estudo apresenta evidências da associação entre percepção de coesão social e segurança individual da vizinhança nos TMC, bem como entre as medidas agregadas da percepção de coesão social e segurança e TMC, mesmo após ajustes das variáveis individuais. Aproximadamente 2,3% da variabilidade na prevalência do TMC foram atribuídos ao contexto de vizinhança, e o restante ao nível individual, considerando o modelo “vazio”. / Context: The influence of the characteristics of the neighborhood social environment in common mental disorders (CMD), is poorly studied, mainly in developing countries such as Brazil, where there are few studies on the topic. Purposes: The general purpose was to investigate the relationships between the perceptions of social cohesion and neighborhood safety and common mental disorder, considering the relationships between individual and group characteristics as well as the ones measured in aggregate and individual level. Methods: This research was carried out using baseline data (2008-2010) from the Adult Health Longitudinal Study - ELSA-Brasil, which refers to the multicentric study with 15105 civil servants, active and retired ones linked to six Brazilian public higher education and research institutions. The instrument CIS-R was used which enables tracking the CMD and enables identifying six diagnosis categories of CMD. Social cohesion and safety were measured using validated scales of neighborhood self-referred characteristics. The covariates gender, age, marital status, race/color, per capita income were self-referred in the baseline interview. The Poisson regression model with robust variance was used to estimate the prevalence ratio of the associations between the outcomes and the exposition variables. Multilevel logistic regression was used considering neighborhoods in the level 2 and the individuals in the level 1 to estimate the neighborhood random effect and the chance ratios. Results: Individual perception results of neighborhood characteristics indicated association between worst perception of social cohesion and neighborhood safety perception and common mental disorders, and this association remains after the adjustment for the individual variables, that is, participants who noticed living at a neighborhood with lower social cohesion and less safe had a bigger chance to present common mental disorders even after adjustments for the socio demographic covariates. The variations between the neighborhoods were statistically significant in the empty model for CMD. A small portion of variance (2,3%) in the CMD can be attributed to the neighborhoods. The chances ratio estimates obtained in the multilevel model showed a significant variation in common mental disorders related to the level of social cohesion and neighborhood safety, which cannot be totally explained by individual factors such as gender, age, race/color, marital status, education and per capita income. Approximately 2,3% of variability in the prevalence of CMD was attributed to the neighborhood context and the rest to the individual level individual, considering the model as “empty”. Conclusion: This study presents evidences of the association between social cohesion and neighborhood individual safety perception in the CMD, as well as between the aggregate measures of social cohesion and safety perception and CMD, even after adjustment of the individual variables. About 2,3% of the variation in CMD prevalence was attributed to the context of neighborhood, and the rest to the individual level, considering the “empty” model.

Contexto: A influência das características do ambiente social de vizinhança nos transtornos mentais comuns (TMC) ainda é pouco estudada, principalmente em países em desenvolvimento como o Brasil, onde há poucos trabalhos sobre o tema. Objetivos: O objetivo geral foi investigar as relações entre as percepções de coesão social e segurança da vizinhança e transtorno mental comum, considerando-se as relações entre características individuais e de grupo bem como as medidas no nível agregado e no individual. Métodos: Essa pesquisa foi realizada com dados da linha de base (2008-2010) do Estudo Longitudinal da Saúde do Adulto - ELSA-Brasil, que é um estudo multicêntrico com 15.105 servidores civis, ativos e aposentados vinculados a seis instituições públicas de ensino superior e de pesquisa brasileiras. Foi utilizado o instrumento CIS-R, que permite rastrear o TMC e possibilita identificar seis categorias diagnósticas desse transtorno. Coesão social e segurança foram medidas por meio de escalas validadas de características autorreferidas de vizinhança. As covariáveis sexo, idade, estado civil, raça/cor, renda familiar per capita foram autorreferidas na entrevista de linha de base. O modelo de regressão de Poisson com variância robusta foi utilizado para estimar a razão de prevalência das associações entre os desfechos e as variáveis de exposição. Regressão logística multinível foi empregada considerando vizinhanças no nível 2 e os indivíduos no nível 1, para estimar o efeito aleatório de vizinhança e as razões de chance. Resultados: Resultados da percepção individual das características de vizinhanças indicaram associação entre pior percepção de coesão social e de segurança na vizinhança e transtornos mentais comuns, e essa associação permanece após o ajuste para as variáveis individuais, ou seja, participantes que percebiam morar em uma vizinhança com mais baixa coesão social e menos segura tiveram maior chance de apresentar TMC mesmo após ajustes para as covariáveis sociodemográficas. As variações entre as vizinhanças foram estatisticamente significativas no modelo vazio para TMC. Pequena porção da variância (2,3%) no TMC pode ser atribuída às vizinhanças. As estimativas de razão de chance obtidas no modelo mutiltinível mostraram uma variação significativa no TMC relacionada ao nível de coesão social e de segurança da vizinhança, que não pode ser totalmente explicada por fatores individuais, como sexo, idade, raça/cor, estado civil, escolaridade e renda familiar per capita. Conclusão: Esse estudo apresenta evidências da associação entre percepção de coesão social e segurança individual da vizinhança nos TMC, bem como entre as medidas agregadas da percepção de coesão social e segurança e TMC, mesmo após ajustes das variáveis individuais. Aproximadamente 2,3% da variabilidade na prevalência do TMC foram atribuídos ao contexto de vizinhança, e o restante ao nível individual, considerando o modelo “vazio”. / Context: The influence of the characteristics of the neighborhood social environment in common mental disorders (CMD), is poorly studied, mainly in developing countries such as Brazil, where there are few studies on the topic. Purposes: The general purpose was to investigate the relationships between the perceptions of social cohesion and neighborhood safety and common mental disorder, considering the relationships between individual and group characteristics as well as the ones measured in aggregate and individual level. Methods: This research was carried out using baseline data (2008-2010) from the Adult Health Longitudinal Study - ELSA-Brasil, which refers to the multicentric study with 15105 civil servants, active and retired ones linked to six Brazilian public higher education and research institutions. The instrument CIS-R was used which enables tracking the CMD and enables identifying six diagnosis categories of CMD. Social cohesion and safety were measured using validated scales of neighborhood self-referred characteristics. The covariates gender, age, marital status, race/color, per capita income were self-referred in the baseline interview. The Poisson regression model with robust variance was used to estimate the prevalence ratio of the associations between the outcomes and the exposition variables. Multilevel logistic regression was used considering neighborhoods in the level 2 and the individuals in the level 1 to estimate the neighborhood random effect and the chance ratios. Results: Individual perception results of neighborhood characteristics indicated association between worst perception of social cohesion and neighborhood safety perception and common mental disorders, and this association remains after the adjustment for the individual variables, that is, participants who noticed living at a neighborhood with lower social cohesion and less safe had a bigger chance to present common mental disorders even after adjustments for the socio demographic covariates. The variations between the neighborhoods were statistically significant in the empty model for CMD. A small portion of variance (2,3%) in the CMD can be attributed to the neighborhoods. The chances ratio estimates obtained in the multilevel model showed a significant variation in common mental disorders related to the level of social cohesion and neighborhood safety, which cannot be totally explained by individual factors such as gender, age, race/color, marital status, education and per capita income. Approximately 2,3% of variability in the prevalence of CMD was attributed to the neighborhood context and the rest to the individual level individual, considering the model as “empty”. Conclusion: This study presents evidences of the association between social cohesion and neighborhood individual safety perception in the CMD, as well as between the aggregate measures of social cohesion and safety perception and CMD, even after adjustment of the individual variables. About 2,3% of the variation in CMD prevalence was attributed to the context of neighborhood, and the rest to the individual level, considering the “empty” model.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-06-09T14:09:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Roberto Cassio Silva do Nascimento.pdf: 979351 bytes, checksum: 98c7d238ef8ae54933dee49370e8f877 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-09T14:09:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Roberto Cassio Silva do Nascimento.pdf: 979351 bytes, checksum: 98c7d238ef8ae54933dee49370e8f877 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-12 / This research aims to generally review what constitutes strategy, such as content and process, in an association exporter of mango in the Sao Francisco Valley, specifically in the irrigated perimeter Maniçoba/BA. Today in a globalized world, the international market becomes a reality not just for large organizations, but also for any kind of company. In this sense, the international environment affects both large companies and small businesses, and become the object of evaluation. Thus, regardless of type and size of the organization, it is reorganized, constructing and deconstructing it, in relation to their environment, outlined in a deliberate or emergent. This work will then use of an exploratory and descriptive, using a method explanatory case study, which is the intensive research of a current phenomenon in detail. It is expected to promote greater understanding of the development and articulation of organizational structure and goals of building partnerships, for better placement of them in a new highly competitive. / A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo geral, analisar o que se constitui estratégia, como conteúdo e processo, em uma Associação exportadora da manga do Vale do São Francisco, especificamente no perímetro irrigado de Maniçoba/BA. Hoje em um mundo globalizado, o mercado internacional passa a ser uma realidade não apenas para as grandes organizações, mas também para todo tipo de empresa. Neste sentido, o contexto internacional afeta tanto as grandes empresas, como as pequenas empresas, e passam a ser objeto de avaliação das mesmas. Assim, independentemente do tipo e tamanho da organização, a mesma se reorganiza, construindo-se e desconstruindo-se, com relação ao seu ambiente, elaborada de forma deliberada ou emergente. Este trabalho utilizou-se então, de uma pesquisa exploratória e descritiva, usando como método explicativo o estudo de caso e análise de conteúdo, que se constitui a investigação intensiva de um fenômeno atual, detalhadamentea. Tendo sido demonstrado então a influência do contexto social, sobre o conteúdo estratégico, e o processo estratégico. Espera-se contribuir para um maior entendimento dos processos de desenvolvimento e articulação da estruturação organizacional e construção de objetivos das associações, para um melhor posicionamento das mesmas em um novo cenário altamente competitivo.

A presente pesquisa discute a real existência do discurso de resistência nas letras de RAP, a partir dos pressupostos teóricos da Análise do Discurso de linha francesa, e tem como corpus de análise canções dos grupos O RAPPA e Racionais Mcs, comparando-as com outras compostas por alunos do ensino médio de escolas particulares, que não vivem em condições sociais desfavorecidas. O objetivo da pesquisa é propor novas perspectivas na análise de letras desse tipo de música, levando em consideração especificamente o RAP projetado na mídia, e a influência que ele exerce no seu público consumidor, de jovens e adolescentes, uma vez que ele corresponde à ordem do discurso da atualidade. / The present research discuts the real existence of resistence discourse on RAPs compositions. The methodology used is the Francese Discourse Analyse and have like a analises courpus the groups O Rappa and Racionais Mcs s songs, that are compareds with other songs made by students of private higth school, that dont live in bad conditions of life. The objective of this pesquise is to propose one new perspective on analysis of this kind songss compositions, worry about, especially with the RAP present on media and the influence that it have on the public, teen agers, since that it corresponds to atual discourse order.

Tanzania ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child 1991, but still 32 per cent of the Tanzanian children estimate to be involved in child labour. Why children work, the work they most commonly do, and under the conditions which they work differ regionally. This study aims to find the underlying causes behind child labour among boys in Babati Town, both from the researcher’s - and the children’s own perspective. The study was accomplished through a qualitative case study in Babati Town and the data were gathered through semi-structured interviews, primarily with the child labourers’ themselves to get the right child perspective. The data from the interviews was analyzed according to four chosen theories of underlying causes behind child labor with the purpose to see to what extent the findings of the study correlate to the indicators outlined in each theory. The study found that indicators from each theory correlating with the Babati case with poverty as the major underlying cause behind the labouring. From the child labourer’s perspective was poverty the underlying cause for their labouring. Poverty on its own was though, from the researcher’s perspective, found to be insufficient to explain the prevalence of child labour. The problem of child labour is massive due mainly widespread poverty but also due the social context and its traditions, insufficient funding, school policies and inadequate implementing of important regulations as the Convention on the Rights of the Child.

Ce travail se propose de saisir les mécanismes langagiers qui permettent de rendre compte du sens dans les romans de Daniel Biayaoula, Fatou Diome et Léonora Miano. L’analyse du discours est l’approche autour de laquelle s’articule notre recherche. L’oeuvre romanesque repose sur une hétérogénéité d’indices que l’énonciation permet de relever pour mieux examiner son organisation. Dès lors, notre étude se divise en deux parties. Le premier point a pour thème, « La scène d’énonciation : motif révélateur du fonctionnement de la société ». Il analyse les éléments du discours en rapport avec le contexte social, culturel, littéraire et politique de l’Afrique et de la France. Il ressort de là que les personnages sont assujettis par les pratiques coutumières, religieuses et culturelles actualisées dans l’espace romanesque. La deuxième partie s’intitule « Le mode d’inscription énonciatif des personnages dans le tissu textuel » et elle s’intéresse particulièrement aux dispositifs de communication qui déterminent les caractéristiques des personnages. A partir d’éléments langagiers, la présente section se propose de voir à partir de l’organisation des structures textuelles, comment l’énonciation définit les personnages. / This work aims at dispalying the language mechanisms used by Daniel Biyaoula, Fatou Diome and Léonora Miano in their novels in order to convey the meaning. It higens on the discourse analysis. The work of fiction lies a diversity of clues that the enunciation underlines and helps better examine the organization.Therefore, our study is divided into parts. The first theme is, « The scene of enunciation: pattern indicative of the functioning of society ». It analyzes the elements of speech in connection with the social, cultural, literary and political context of Africa and France. It appears from this that the characters are subjected by customary, religious and cultural practrice updated in the space in the novel. The second part is entitled « The enunciative registration method of the characters in the textual frabric » and it is particularly interested in communication devices that determine the characteristics of thecharacters. From language elements, this section proposes to see from the organization of textual structures, how the enunciation defines the characters.

Peer assessment actively engages peers in the formative assessment and evaluation of work produced by a peer. This thesis explores how social processes, such as classroom talk, influence the quality of children’s learning in more interactive contexts of PA. This focus is needed since children often find PA challenging as they may not have the interpersonal skills to collaborate effectively leading them to use talk ineffectively as a tool for learning. This research was interventionist and children in the year three and four classes I taught received Thinking Together lessons as a strategy to enhance the quality of their talk in contexts of peer assessment. Methods used to examine the impact of the talk intervention, and to gain greater insights into the role that the social context plays in peer assessment, included transcribed digital audio recordings, open ended observations, semi-structured interviews, mind maps and children’s work. Qualitative data were analysed using thematic coding analysis whilst data in transcripts were quantitatively analysed to calculate the frequency of words and phrases associated with exploratory talk before and after the intervention. Findings suggest that children’s characteristics influence the way they communicate in contexts of PA and some of the most challenging learners seemed to benefit most from the talk intervention in terms of its influence on their ability to collaborate, hypothesise and reason throughout the peer assessment tasks. The findings also draw attention to previously under-researched PA social processes such as discussion, negotiation and peer questioning that lead to outcomes for learners such as self assessment. The main conclusions drawn are that more interactive kinds of peer assessment might be viewed as a differentiated and discursive practice where teachers consider the various needs of learners, based on their individual characteristics, and provide appropriate support so they are able to collaborate and use language for mediating effective PA practice.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships among undergraduate applied music students' perceptions of autonomy support, competence, and task persistence. One assumption of self-determination theory was that competence would increase when social environment supported self-organization. A motivational-cognitive framework designed to promote sustained motivation in undergraduate applied music students was proposed. Three self-report scales administered in the form of a web survey were completed by undergraduate applied music students (N = 366) at six Florida universities. The scales were designed to measure perceived autonomy support, perceived competence, and perceived persistence in practice in the applied music studio setting. Internal consistency reliability estimates as measured by Cronbach's alpha were high for all three measures: perceived competence (alpha = .89), perceived autonomy support (alpha = 92), and perceived task persistence of musical practice (alpha = .87). All three constructs-perceived competence, perceived autonomy support, and perceived task persistence showed a significant positive correlation with each other. The use of perceived competence as a mediating variable in a hypothesized path model helps to illuminate the nature of the relationships among the three constructs. In the path analysis model, perceived autonomy support was found to have a significant direct effect on perceived task persistence. Thus, students who perceived that they had strong autonomy support in the applied studio setting were more likely to perceive themselves as more highly task persistent than students who perceived that they had less autonomy support. Also, in the path model, student perceived competence was found to moderately mediate the effect of their perceived autonomy support on perceived task persistence. Thus, in the investigation of the relationship between perceived autonomy support and task persistence, the path analysis also revealed that something in addition to perceived autonomy support, namely perceived competence, served to explain the relationship between perceptions of autonomy support and task persistence. It is hoped that this study may promote further understanding of the optimal conditions in higher education for the persistence of practice for applied music study.