This study aims to investigate how the U.S. military presence has become possible and why the U.S. military bases have concentrated in Okinawa. Since 1945, the U.S. military and the Japanese government have maintained U.S. military bases in Okinawa. U.S. military accidents and soldiers’ crimes have been serious problems in Okinawa. Moreover, Okinawans have not been protected from military violence by adequate judicial measures for over a half century. I employ the analytical insights of Michel Foucault and Giorgio Agamben to analyze archival and secondary documents and investigate historical and current U.S. military problems in Okinawa. Foucault’s insight allows me to analyze American rationalizing discourses and power relations that have contributed to the U.S. military presence and concentration on the Okinawa islands. The analytical insight of Giorgio Agamben is a useful reference to investigate juridical contradictions of U.S. military presence in Okinawa. I argue that the U.S. military and the Japanese government have attempted to make the American military presence in Okinawa legitimate through multiple tactics of governance. Given Okinawans’ persistent resistance against the U.S. military and the Japanese government, the U.S. military base presence does not seem wholly accepted in Okinawa. Nevertheless, the military burden has been imposed on Okinawans who are represented and treated by the U.S. military and the Japanese government as the insignificant “Other.” I argue that the analytical approaches that I develop in this study can be applicable to grasp patterns of modern domination in other cases of governance wherein political elites realize their interests by suspending the juridical rights of minority groups.

In the 1980s, in support of the Sanctuary Movement for Central American refugees, cities across the United States began to withdraw information and resources from the boundary making processes of the federal state. Inspired in part by a 1971 initiative in Berkeley, California to provide sanctuary to soldiers refusing to fight in Vietnam, “Cities of Refuge” issued statements of non-cooperation with the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS). They passed policies that prevented police and service providers from asking the immigration status of the people they came into contact with in the course of their daily duties, and limited information sharing with the federal authorities. Drawing on archival research and interviews, this dissertation maps the shifting meaning of Sanctuary as a constellation of practices and logics which has troubled the boundaries of national citizenship. Struggles to establish Cities of Refuge reveal the complex interplay between two different political trajectories in the United States: one deeply implicated with the state’s authority over migration controls and what Agamben has understood as the sovereign exception, and the other with city sanctuary, as a form of urban citizenship. The genealogy of city sanctuary reveals the multiple and sometimes contradictory threads or genealogies that have been woven into American citizenship over time, raising questions about the ostensibly hardened relationship between sovereignty, membership, and the nation state. Exploring the interactions between the daily practices of state institutions and Sanctuary reveals the performative aspects of exception: it is produced and maintained only through the constant repetition of discourses and practices that maintain the boundaries of citizenship and reproduce the state’s authority to control the movement of people across its border. Bringing the study of sovereignty into the city, and exploring alternative assertions of sovereignty reveals the exception not as an underlying logic, but a geographically specific, ongoing struggle.

In the 1980s, in support of the Sanctuary Movement for Central American refugees, cities across the United States began to withdraw information and resources from the boundary making processes of the federal state. Inspired in part by a 1971 initiative in Berkeley, California to provide sanctuary to soldiers refusing to fight in Vietnam, “Cities of Refuge” issued statements of non-cooperation with the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS). They passed policies that prevented police and service providers from asking the immigration status of the people they came into contact with in the course of their daily duties, and limited information sharing with the federal authorities. Drawing on archival research and interviews, this dissertation maps the shifting meaning of Sanctuary as a constellation of practices and logics which has troubled the boundaries of national citizenship. Struggles to establish Cities of Refuge reveal the complex interplay between two different political trajectories in the United States: one deeply implicated with the state’s authority over migration controls and what Agamben has understood as the sovereign exception, and the other with city sanctuary, as a form of urban citizenship. The genealogy of city sanctuary reveals the multiple and sometimes contradictory threads or genealogies that have been woven into American citizenship over time, raising questions about the ostensibly hardened relationship between sovereignty, membership, and the nation state. Exploring the interactions between the daily practices of state institutions and Sanctuary reveals the performative aspects of exception: it is produced and maintained only through the constant repetition of discourses and practices that maintain the boundaries of citizenship and reproduce the state’s authority to control the movement of people across its border. Bringing the study of sovereignty into the city, and exploring alternative assertions of sovereignty reveals the exception not as an underlying logic, but a geographically specific, ongoing struggle.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-07-18T13:40:00Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO FINAL.pdf: 860515 bytes, checksum: b4902855fef6c0843356a80a7ddb43d9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T13:40:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO FINAL.pdf: 860515 bytes, checksum: b4902855fef6c0843356a80a7ddb43d9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-16 / Possui como escopo o presente trabalho analisar de que maneira o pensamento do filósofo italiano Giorgio Agamben pode contribuir para as discussões acerca dos direitos humanos, propondo, ao término, uma nova maneira de concebê-los. Isso porque, mesmo sendo uma categoria aceita, se não por todos, mas pela maioria de países e organismos, tanto nacionais quanto internacionais, suas violações continuam a recrudescer, pois o fato de ser humano resta insuficiente para garanti-los, além da circunstância peculiar de que mesmo quem os viola o faz em seu nome. Ao apontar as suas incongruências, pretende-se inquirir o porquê dessa sua flexibilidade. Para indagar a razão desse fato, faz-se necessária uma tentativa de radiografar algumas características formadoras da sociedade atual, a qual para ele é marcada pelos conceitos de biopolítica e de estado de exceção. Assim, verificar-se-á alguns atributos até então negligenciados, descobrindo, ao cabo, uma série de paradoxos que constituem tais direitos. Nesse diapasão, eles precisam urgentemente de uma nova maneira de compreender a vida humana, seu objeto de proteção por excelência, de modo a afastar as exclusões que lhes são adjacentes para, através disso, abrir outra possibilidade de entendimento. / The present work aims to analyze how the Italian philosopher Giorgio Agamben might contribute for the discussions concerning human rights, proposing at its end, a new way of conceiving them. That is because even being a category which is accepted, if not by all, however by most organizations, both national and international, its violations continue to increase, because the fact of being human presents itself insufficient to secure such rights, apart from the peculiar circumstance that even the ones who perpetrate violations of human rights, do it on their behalf. By pointing out these inconsistencies, it is intended to investigate the reason of such flexibility. In order to question the main reason of such fact, it is necessary an attempt to examine some characteristics of the formation of the present society, which in his view, it is marked by the concepts of Biopolitics and state of exception. By doing this, it will be possible to verify some attributes which, so far, have been neglected, and at the end, finding out a series of paradoxes, which constitute such rights. In this scenario, human rights are in urgent need of a new way of understanding human life, par excellence, the object of its protection, in order to remove its related exclusions, and by doing so, open another possibility of understanding.

Orientador: Vera Maria Chalmers / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T03:03:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RibeiroNeto_Joao_M.pdf: 644441 bytes, checksum: ba9534f069d1229de1ee5e1b24d7467b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Este trabalho faz uma investigação da construção da identidade narrativa, como formulada por Paul Ricoeur (1988), nas Memórias do Cárcere de Graciliano Ramos. Reflete sobre as condições históricas dos fatos narrados, especialmente sobre as condições de seu encarceramento na constituição da sua identidade. Analisa as características do texto de memórias e da sua relação com a autobiografia, a confissão e a ficção. Verifica a relação entre a obra de ficção de Graciliano e a obra memorialística pela forte presença daquela no texto desta, e analisa o processo de criação da identidade na elaboração do texto das memórias. Palavras-chave: memórias, identidade narrativa, estado de exceção, ipseidade, cárcere / Abstract: This paper explores the construction of the narrative identity developed by Paul Ricoeur (1988) in Memories of Prision by Graciliano Ramos. It aims to reflect on the historical conditions of the reported facts, especially about his imprisonment in his identity formation. An analysis was carried out to verify the characteristics of the memoirs text and to identify its relation to the autobiography, the confession and the fiction. It establishes the relationship between Graciliano Ramos¿s work of fiction and the literary production of memoirs. Key-words: memories, narrative identity, state of exception, ipséité, prision / Mestrado / Teoria e Critica Literaria / Mestre em Teoria e História Literária

With the ascendency of neoliberal ideology, mega-events have been increasingly used by ruling elites as part of a narrative of competitive progress in order to attract investment capital. Unfortunately, the dark side of mega-events has not received enough attention in existing literature, especially the critically important question of displacement and forced eviction because of such events. This thesis contributes to the literature by debunking the myths of mega-events and examining the domicide effects through an in-depth case study of the Shanghai World Expo. Theoretically, the thesis develops the notion of domicide by incorporating the literature on domination and subordination. It attempts to negotiate the tension between the subjective experience of victimhood and the objective process of victimisation in domcide. In analysing the domicide experiences, this thesis proposes to look into both the temporalities and spatialities of domicide, and to examine the variegated ways the displaced appropriate them. It questions how the morally, legally and politically problematic act of domicide is committed without effective forms of resistance. Empirically, this thesis offers a post hoc impact assessment of the ‘best ever’ World Expo and voices the suppressed outcries from those on the receiving end. It supplies a detailed account of the social production of domicide with a case from the Global South, and in doing so; it explores ‘actually existing neoliberalism’ in the Chinese context, expanding the geographical horizon in existing literature and enhancing our understanding of the articulation of neoliberalism in different localities. Although contextualised through the lens of mega-events, the conditions, mechanisms, process and tactics that provide the fertile soil for domicide as identified in this thesis can teach us a great deal about urban spatial practices elsewhere. The thesis draws upon the data collected through site-intensive ethnographic fieldwork, mixing the use of interviews, (non-)participatory observation, survey, unorthodox focus groups and media content. It argues that the exceptionality of the World Expo revokes political, moral and legal boundaries in causing pain to affected citizens in order to facilitate the accumulation of capital. Such exceptionality is constructed through various normative discourses. Those discourses and values naturalise and legitimatise the process of domicide, produce symbolic violence, and undermine the solidarity of the powerlessness. The submission of the displaced to the dominant power enables the production and reproduction of a repressive social and spatial structure. These are vitally important questions given the international focus on China’s economic growth and urbanisation.

Emergency regimes as a legacy of French colonialism in Cameroon remain a key instrument to legalising strategies of control and subjugation of people. Officials in the country have been relying on these regimes not to save the state from a potential threat of war or invasion but to deny a fair democratic game, eliminate political opponents and keep control of power, people and resources. The core arguments of the present study devoted to emergency regimes in contemporary democracies with strong emphasis on Cameroon lies in its conceptual framing which is a clear contextualisation of the problem of the exception in the colonial period. In elucidating the situation in Cameroon, the study hilights how the permanent recourse to emergency regimes within the colony was central to Europeans’ tactics in their strategies of control and domination of colonised people. Starting with detailed historical analysis grounded on colonial and postcolonial experiences in Cameroon (and even Algeria), the study attempts to shift the understanding of the theories on the exception and sovereign violence by placing contemporary legal and philosophical debates on the exception in the context in which they originally emerged, a means of legitimating the subjugation of colonised peoples. More specifically, the thesis shows how the country’s colonial past strongly influences the current state’s structures through a basic reliance on emergency measures which became normalised to a point where law’s force has been reduced to the zero point of its own content. The draconian measures have been routinised and have successfully moved from the exceptional sphere to that of the normality. Additionally, patterns of rule by ordinance and decree were put in place in the early ‘post-independence’ period, and have now become the norm in Cameroon. As consequences, the process matters of justice are reduced to bare legal force, and in that process the legitimacy of both state and law are compromised, rendering subjects politically jaundiced and demoralised. The net effect of such developments appears to be detrimental to the very foundation of the state which is then subject to a process of disintegration. / Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / tm2015 / Jurisprudence / LLD / Unrestricted

A presente tese tem por objeto o conflito na Palestina/Israel, mais especificamente as políticas da ocupação israelense na Faixa de Gaza e Cisjordânia e a vulnerabilidade palestina, desde 1967 até os dias de hoje. A situação é analisada a partir da contextualização do conflito no mundo contemporâneo e na região e da contraposição entre bibliografia específica e geral com relatórios de direitos humanos e humanitários. Averígua-se em que medida essa documentação referenda ou fragiliza diferentes interpretações do conflito e da ocupação, bem como quais outras leituras são sugeridas por sua análise. É a permanência do impasse que mantém o tema sempre atual, justificando seu estudo. Constata-se a manutenção de um padrão peculiar de violações sistemáticas dos direitos humanos e humanitários dos palestinos pelo Estado e parte da população israelense, que os mantêm expostos à violência soberana, sendo adequados também para a compreensão dessa situação o conceito de terrorismo estatal e as categorias agambeanas de homo sacer e campo. / This thesis deals with the conflict in Palestine/Israel, more specifically the policies of the Israeli occupation in the Gaza Strip and West Bank and the Palestinian vulnerability, from 1967 to the present day. To analyze the conflict and the occupation they are contextualized in the contemporary world and in the region and the specific and general bibliography are compared to human and humanitarian rights reports. One checks to what extent this documentation endorses or undermines different interpretations of the conflict and Israeli occupation, as well as what other readings are suggested by their analysis. It is the permanence of the impasse that keeps the theme always current, justifying its study. Is verified the maintenance of a peculiar pattern of systematic violations of the human and humanitarian rights of the Palestinians by the State and part of the Israeli population, which keeps them exposed to sovereign violence, and the pertinence of the concept of state terrorism and of the agambean categories of homo sacer and camp to understand this situation.

Poderíamos afirmar que o projeto Homo Sacer, que marcará o pensamento de Giorgio Agamben em sua fase mais recente, busca colocar em operação uma crítica do aparato político ocidental, sustentada por uma leitura da modernidade que aponta a persistência em seu núcleo de dispositivos ligados a uma metafísica negativa de origem jurídicoteológica. Tal crítica será construída fundamentalmente a partir da leitura dos estudos elaborados por Michel Foucault em torno do tema da biopolítica, aliado a um segundo debate, realizado entre Carl Schmitt e Walter Benjamin em torno da relação entre soberania e estado de exceção. Para o filósofo italiano, a modernidade estaria marcada pela coincidência progressiva entre espaço político, gestão da vida e a generalização de dispositivos próprios ao Estado de Exceção, afirmando não a polis, mas o campo de concentração, como o paradigma político fundamental do Ocidente. / The Homo Sacer project, the pillar of Giorgio Agambens later thought, seeks to operate a critique of the Western political apparatus, supported by a reading of modernity that points to the persistence, at its very core, of a negative metaphysics of juridicotheological origin. This critique derives primarily from a reading of Michel Foucaults studies on biopolitics, allied with a second debate, held between Carl Schmitt and Walter Benjamin, on the relationship between sovereignty and the state of exception. For the Italian thinker, the modern state is marked by the progressive coincidence between the political space, life-management and the state of exception. Based on this thesis, Agamben elects the concentration camp rather than the polis as the fundamental political paradigm of the West.

Esta pesquisa parte da observação de algumas poéticas artísticas contemporâneas que têm experiências e/ou memórias a respeito de Estados de exceção como objeto central de seus trabalhos. A investigação baseia-se na hipótese de que esses trabalhos de arte podem ser percebidos também como espaços para elaborações de memórias, e que a partir dessas construções mnêmicas as identidades sociais fraturadas durante esses momentos de exceção podem ser reestruturadas. A cada uma dessas poéticas artísticas propõe-se a denominação de \"arte da elaboração\", conceito formulado nesta pesquisa tendo por base dois dos usos que o termo \"elaboração\" recebe na teoria psicanalítica freudiana. / This research has as a starting point the observation of some poetics contemporary art that present experiences and/or memories concerning the States of exception as the main object of their work. This critical study is based on the hypothesis that these works of art can also be interpreted as spaces for the elaboration of memories and that these mnemonics constructions lead to a reconstruction of social identities fractured during the moment of exception. For each of these works of art the name \"elaboration\"s art\" is suggested. This concept is adopted in this research and is based on two different appliances of the term \"elaboration\" that can be found in the Freudian psychoanalytical theory.