<p><p>This study searches for hidden nationalism in two Swedish news papers’ environmental journalism. How it contributes to a national identity and creates “we” against “them”.</p><p>The purpose of this study is to show how important it is to be aware of what picture Swedish media gives of Sweden concerning environmental journalism to the readers.</p><p>The theories are based on nationalism, banal nationalism, medias and identities and “we” and “them”. The method used is critical discourse analysis where language and power is in focus.</p><p>We analysed 56 texts in two of the largest Swedish news papers.</p><p>We searched for signs proving that Swedish media glorifies Sweden within environmental journalism.</p><p>The most important result was that we so obviously could see signs of “we” and “them”. That contributed to signs of nationalism and Swedish identities.</p><p>We found that if you keep writing about Sweden when it is good and not write when it is bad you will give the readers a glorified picture. This picture can in turn cause the people to feel that the environmental issues are distant. Through constant writing about other countries failure, Sweden’s good performance and our Swedish children’s future the Swedish identity is strengthened.</p></p>

<p>The purpose of this paper is to examine the Kenyan school and how they describe the western world in their textbooks. To answer this I have asked two questions. How do the Kenyan textbooks describe the west? and How do the textbooks describe Kenyan and African relations with the west? I have used a method of qualitative analysis with a tool based on theories about “us and them” for my study. The textbooks are the four most commonly used in Kenyan High Schools.</p><p>The west is described in an extensive way in all the books. They describe relations that have influenced Kenya or Africa in one way or another. A lot of the descriptions are about the colonisation. Something that is not only described as negatively, it is instead used positively in the image of the African man. A general phenomenon for the most of the descriptions of the texts.</p> / <p>Mitt syfte med uppsatsen är att undersöka hur den kenyanska skolan skildrar väst genom sina läroböcker. För att svara på detta har jag formulerat två frågeställningar. Hur skildras väst i de kenyanska läroböckerna? och Hur beskrivs och skildras Kenyas och Afrikas relationer med väst i läroböckerna? Jag har använt mig av en kvalitativ analysmetod och utifrån ett analysverktyg, som jag formar utifrån teorier om ”vi och dom”, har jag sedan studerat böckerna. Mina valda böcker är de fyra vanligast använda i kenyanska High Schools.</p><p>Väst skildras relativt omfattande i alla de fyra böckerna och beskriver saker och relationer som på något sätt har anknytning med Kenya och Afrika, mycket av skildringarna berör då kolonialismen på något sätt. Något som inte beskrivs på ett allt för omfattande negativt sätt utan nyanseras och används till något positivt i den Afrikanska självbilden. Ett fenomen som är genomgående för de flesta beskrivningarna av texterna.</p>

The purpose of this paper is to examine the Kenyan school and how they describe the western world in their textbooks. To answer this I have asked two questions. How do the Kenyan textbooks describe the west? and How do the textbooks describe Kenyan and African relations with the west? I have used a method of qualitative analysis with a tool based on theories about “us and them” for my study. The textbooks are the four most commonly used in Kenyan High Schools. The west is described in an extensive way in all the books. They describe relations that have influenced Kenya or Africa in one way or another. A lot of the descriptions are about the colonisation. Something that is not only described as negatively, it is instead used positively in the image of the African man. A general phenomenon for the most of the descriptions of the texts. / Mitt syfte med uppsatsen är att undersöka hur den kenyanska skolan skildrar väst genom sina läroböcker. För att svara på detta har jag formulerat två frågeställningar. Hur skildras väst i de kenyanska läroböckerna? och Hur beskrivs och skildras Kenyas och Afrikas relationer med väst i läroböckerna? Jag har använt mig av en kvalitativ analysmetod och utifrån ett analysverktyg, som jag formar utifrån teorier om ”vi och dom”, har jag sedan studerat böckerna. Mina valda böcker är de fyra vanligast använda i kenyanska High Schools. Väst skildras relativt omfattande i alla de fyra böckerna och beskriver saker och relationer som på något sätt har anknytning med Kenya och Afrika, mycket av skildringarna berör då kolonialismen på något sätt. Något som inte beskrivs på ett allt för omfattande negativt sätt utan nyanseras och används till något positivt i den Afrikanska självbilden. Ett fenomen som är genomgående för de flesta beskrivningarna av texterna.

This study searches for hidden nationalism in two Swedish news papers’ environmental journalism. How it contributes to a national identity and creates “we” against “them”. The purpose of this study is to show how important it is to be aware of what picture Swedish media gives of Sweden concerning environmental journalism to the readers. The theories are based on nationalism, banal nationalism, medias and identities and “we” and “them”. The method used is critical discourse analysis where language and power is in focus. We analysed 56 texts in two of the largest Swedish news papers. We searched for signs proving that Swedish media glorifies Sweden within environmental journalism. The most important result was that we so obviously could see signs of “we” and “them”. That contributed to signs of nationalism and Swedish identities. We found that if you keep writing about Sweden when it is good and not write when it is bad you will give the readers a glorified picture. This picture can in turn cause the people to feel that the environmental issues are distant. Through constant writing about other countries failure, Sweden’s good performance and our Swedish children’s future the Swedish identity is strengthened.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the behavior trouble of elementary & junior navy officers, help them turn to and arrange for counseling requirements, while inquiring into differences in junior navy officers¡¦ behavior troubles, attitudes and requirements for counseling. This research adopted a method of questionnaire surveys and targeted all the ensign and lieutenant junior grade naval officers of the Republic of China as the subjects. A sample of 1363 was selected through stratified random sampling and 1363 valid questionnaires was collected by the survey tool of ¡§Questionnaires on Behavior Troubles of Elementary & Junior Navy Officers, Help Them Turn to, and Arrange for Counseling Requirements¡¨ written by author himself. The data collected was analyzed through statistics processing package software for mean, average, standard variation, t-test, etc. the reached conclusion contains the following: For junior officers, there is no significant difference in physical & psychological health, adaptation to and liking to military environment. But there exist considerable differences compared with the counterparts in different ranks, services, education level & degrees and units. There are no significant differences in attitudes towards counseling for genders among junior officers. But there exist considerable differences compared with the counterparts in different ranks, services, education level & degrees and units. Among the behavior troubles for junior officers, ¡§work overload ¡¨ troubles most, next comes the ¡§career planning¡¨, and ¡§emotional imbalance & disorder¡¨. As for personal-related counseling preference for elementary navy officers, families will be their first option; while turning to military colleagues for consultations if faced with service-related troubles. Encountered with either situation, the subjects prefer the way of ¡§one on one ¡§. The most urgent need in counseling for junior officers stands as the ¡§curriculum on emotional quotients and stress arrangement¡§, and second to that is ¡§curriculum arrangement of career planning¡§. Based on the conclusion, this research has proposed the following suggestions: I. Practice of Psychological Counseling: (1). Help junior officers adapt themselves to military environment, while enhancing their physiological & psychological health. (2). Help junior officers take recognizance of psychological health, attitudes towards counseling and turn to required consultation. (3). Comprehend junior officers¡¦ behavior troubles and enthusiastically bring about satisfactory solution for them. (4). Provide appropriate and efficient counseling service in response to different subjects. II. Policy regarding psychological counseling: (1). Provide well staffed establishment with sufficient numbers of professional psychological counselors for the expected purposes. (2). Cultivate professional, qualified personnel and attach much importance to psychological development. (3). Integrate overall resources and strengthen the conception of preventive measures. (4). Combine with technological development and make the best use of website. III. Future Research: (1). Increase the subjects of research. (2). Increase the variables of research. (3). Adopt qualitative research method.

Immigration is one of the effects, one of the symptoms of the ill-functioning and outdated machine that is the elite. Immigration and asylum-seeking have been frequent topics in public debates for years. The number of refugees making their way from war-torn regions of the world to Sweden makes the citizen versus asylum-seeker dichotomy highly relevant for social psychology research about discursively constituted identities. That is to say: how social-categorizations, emotions and attitudes are created in text and talk. Today, public opinion is largely produced online, this makes it possible to explore the motivations, strategies and goals of “the nonracist racist” on Facebook. This study utilizes a dual-edged approach in that coding is done both from an inductive- and a deductive direction. It adheres to a discursive psychology approach and follows Potter and Edward’s (2001) situated, action-oriented and constructed features of discourse. These theoretical features inform the deductive coding and are contextualized using Sakki and Pettersson’s (2016) three representation of otherness with subsequent six discourses produced by the populist radical right. Findings indicate that cultural comparison constructing cultural incompatibility is the main rhetorical resource for constructing the citizen versus asylum-seeker dichotomy. However, this dichotomy is not the most dominant “us and them” construction by the “nonracist racist”. “The elite versus the people” is the most common “us and them” construction. It carries significant weight that the seemingly unfiltered expressions of hatred on anti-immigration pages on Facebook are more concerned with what “we” are doing wrong rather than what is wrong with any “deviant others”. It is more about an internal clash of moral compasses than it is about a supposed clash of civilizations. Along with the occasioned feature of discourse, this partly explains why anti-immigration advocates for example position themselves as victims or defenders.

This study uses a longitudinal case study approach to observe change in ‘US and THEM-thinking’. Its purpose is to increase awareness of identity processes among participants and to test if the Attitude-Behaviour-Context-Triangle (the ABC-triangle) may be a way to achieve that. The ABC-triangle is modified as an ‘identity-analysis tool’ rather than a ‘conflict-analysis tool’.               Aspects relating to recognition of multiple identity affiliations compared to singular-identity categorisation is of interest. The traditional identity theories suggest that high identity salience increase singular-identity categorisation and thereby increase positive emotions for ingroup and negative emotions for outgroup. This study is partly based on the social identity perspective but complements it with Thoits’ identity-accumulation hypothesis and Hogg’s uncertainty-identity theory. Hogg’s theory locates uncertainty reduction as a main contributor to singular-identity categorisation together with its’ implied negative consequences. Hogg’s solutions are located both in multiple identity affiliations, as do Thoits, and in perceived cognitive ability to deal with uncertainty. This study emphasises awareness of identity processes to be the single most important factor for decreasing negative views of ‘THEM’. Overlooked in the more dominant theories of this area, it finds that recognition of multiple identity affiliations influences the perceived singular-identity terms imposed by an ‘US and THEM-situation’. Thereby, challenging imposed identity-restrictions and perceived intergroup competition. Furthermore, it questions the theoretical importance given to identity salience in previous research and theories since high identity salience, in this case, does not equal a singular-identity categorisation or increase negative views of ‘others’.

Football is the biggest sport in Sweden with the most spectators and the biggest amount of generated money. Sweden though has the longest and most violent history of footballviolence compared to its Scandinavian neighbours, however not many studies exist about this topic in Sweden. This study focuses on the regular footballsupporters who use violence connected to football. The six persons in this study are not hooligans, they do not seek violence as a footballhooligan, still they admit that they have used violence in connection to footballseveral times. The purpose of this study is to get a broader understanding for the culture of violence within the Swedish footballsupporters. How come that individuals step inside a violent culture and what can we learn from their own stories in how they got in to participating violence and sustaining it. The study has together with three theoretical frameworks and previous studies explained how the culture of violence exist in Swedish supporterculture. It also gives an broader explanation to what it does to the individuals existing in the culture. The three theoretical framworks are Bourdieu’s habitus, Goffman’s dramaturgical theory and Elias’s the established and the outsiders toghether with previous studies focusing on subculture, policing in football and hooliganism in popular culture. The study consist of interviews with six swedish male footballsupporters in the ages between 23 and 28 years old. With their stories about their own experiences four themes were found in analysis, culture of violence, culture of loyalty, us vs. Them and subculture. The results in the study shows that the supporterculture works as a subculture, with its own norms, behavior and expectations on the individuals existing in the culture.

What does the media discourse of the refugee look like and what impact does it have on people's views of refugees? By interviewing five informants from a small village in Ångermanland, I have investigated how they view the media discourse about the refugee and how this media image affects their own contact and view of refugees. During the years 2013-now, the village's population increased by about 55% and they have all interacted a lot with the refugees. How does, the often negative media image affect them and their interaction with the refugees, and what does the media image do to our view of refugees? And, in the end, what my informants think weighs most, what we get conveyed through the media or the real meetings in the village.

This study examined the "Catch Them Young" approach as a game-changer in the fight against religious extremism in Nigeria with the aim of fashioning a Virtue Ethics-based framework for tackling and erasing religious extremism from Nigeria, especially in its violent forms. The study utilized the qualitative methodology, designed with the Almajiri Islamic system of education practiced in Northern Nigeria as case study. In data collection, the study utilized archival research and secondary data collection, using existing datasets from paperback and electronic books, academic journals, other academic works, newspapers, websites, electronic magazines, and other available media sources. The method of analysis was thematic. The study explored the theoretical frameworks through which the question of religious extremism has been studied. The study probed the approaches which the Nigerian goverenment has applied in its response to violent religious extremism and terrorism in Nigeria. The key findings of the study showed that political interest, unemployment, poverty, deprivation, ignorance and inadequate education are the major factors contributing to religious extremism in Nigeria. The existing approaches of military means (hard power) in combating religious extremism have not worked, and a feasible, proactive, non-military (soft power) means is needed. Results equally showed the Almajiri system in it's present state as counterproductive. Based on the success of youth programs with nearly the same goals as the catch them young strategy in other fields and/or in other places, the success of the "Catch Them Young" approach in virtue or character education of the Nigerian child is a feasible game-changing stratey to pursue in fighting religious exteremism in Nigeria. One limitation of the study is the small sample size, the Almajiri of norther Nigeria, which may not be representative of the entire population of Nigeria. This study serves as a reference for creating virtue ethics-based frameworks in the fight against religious extremism in Nigeria. More research is needed to give traction to the formulation and utilization of virtue ethics-based frameworks in the fight against religious extremism, and in every other field of human endeavor in Nigeria. This makes available more material to researchers, professionals and policymakers. / Thesis (STL) — Boston College, 2023. / Submitted to: Boston College. School of Theology and Ministry. / Discipline: Sacred Theology.