Using these books as a springboard, and Coleridge's Aids to Reflection as the most important primary source, this thesis will explore in depth the most pertinent matters of the Christian Faith as discussed by Coleridge, with particular reference to the role of emotion in his religious thought.

Critical thinking is an educational ideal with an accumulating canon of scholarship, but conceptualizing it has nevertheless remained contentious. One important issue concerns how critical thinking involves an interplay between cognitive abilities and associated character traits, dispositions, and motivations. I call these and other aspects of the critical thinker “critical thinking virtues”, taking them to be intellectual excellences of character, cultivated by people who tend to aim towards making reasoned judgments about what to do or believe. The central virtue that motivates any critical thinker to engage her skills in critical thinking I call “willingness to inquire”, connecting the character of the person to the skills she must use consistently to be a critical thinker. Willingness to inquire is the virtue that ranges over the application of all critical thinking skills, a basic motivational drive guiding a person towards the educational ideal. Other critical thinking virtues, such as open-mindedness, fairness, and respect for dialectical partners, also facilitate the appropriate application of critical thinking skills in a process of inquiry. Pedagogues should therefore seek not only to instruct for skills, but also to explicitly mention and instruct for the virtues as well. I conclude by offering curricular recommendations in this regard. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

La pensée athée fait partie intégrante de la société française depuis maintenant plusieurs siècles. Si de nombreux ouvrages se sont essayés à en livrer une approche idéologique ou philosophique, peu d’études se sont pourtant réellement attachées, jusqu’à maintenant, à en analyser les composantes, les subtilités, les ressorts ou les acteurs dans une démarche purement sociologique. C’est là l’objectif qui a guidé cette thèse doctorale pour enfin tenter d’apprécier plus en détails la réalité du fait athée en France. Pour appréhender au mieux cette réalité et afin d’étudier une population méconnue car souvent discrète, le travail de recherche entrepris ici s’est volontairement concentré sur l’une des rares associations à être exclusivement composées d’athées déclarés. Bien que très petite en taille et totalement inconnue du grand public, l’« Union des Athées » est en effet la plus ancienne association de ce type au niveau national et constitue par là un terrain d’étude idéal pour qui souhaite s’approcher au plus près de la "parole" athée. Par l’étude fouillée de son histoire et l’analyse de sa conception idéologique, puis au moyen d’une enquête inédite réalisée auprès de ses membres, cette thèse propose des clés pour une compréhension plus actuelle de la pensée athée et permet d’aborder l’athéisme et la laïcité sous un angle nouveau, contribuant ainsi à poser les bases d’une autre réflexion sur les problématiques de l’actualité. En remettant en perspective les notions mêmes d’"athéisme" et de "Dieu", elle introduit par ailleurs un nouveau postulat : considérer l’athéisme ne peut s’envisager sans prendre en compte le contexte civilisationnel dans lequel il se vit. / The atheist’ thought has been an integral part of French society now since several centuries. Even though many writing works have tried to make an ideological and philosophical approach, very few studies have been set out to analyze its constituents, subtleties, or actors, dealing with purely sociological methodology. It is what this doctoral thesis led as its objective for the purpose of attempting to assess the reality of the atheist fact in France. In order to comprehend better this reality and to study this unrecognized population because of its unassuming nature, the research carried out here has been voluntarily concentrated on one of the rare associations composed exclusively by self-declared atheists. Although very small and totally unknown by the general public, the “Atheists Union” is indeed the oldest association of this kind on the national wide level, and thus forms an ideal field of study for who wishes to close to the nearest way of the atheists’ talks. By studying his detailed history and analyzing his ideological conception, and then, by way of an original survey carried out among his members, this thesis propose the key of comprehension of most actual atheists’ thoughts, and allow to approach the atheism and secularism from a new angle, contributing in thus way to put down the bases of an another reflection on the current issues. Putting in perspective the knowledge itself of “atheism” and “God”, it introduces a new postulate: considering the atheism will not be able to foresee without taking into account the civilizational context in which it lives.

The thesis is focused on the personality of Ukranian thinker Hryhorij S. Skovoroda, renowned philosopher, poet, pedagogue and composer of liturgical music. His life journey and important influences which formed his way of thinking (for exmple historical background, culture, education, travelling and crucial moments of his life). Above all, however, thinker's point of view on Holy scripture is investigated. How relationship he had with Holy scripture, how he treated it and how he wrote about it. The thesis presents contents of four Skovoroda's writings in which he deals with the Bible. Subsequently, statements directly related to Scripture or Scripture commentary are excluded from these writings. These represent the original scale of thinker's perception and interpretation of Scripture. Afrerwards, the found statements are compiled into a system that corresponds to Skovoroda's philosophy. The thesis attempts to outline the viewpoint on the Bible through the eyes of Hryhorij S. Skovoroda.

This research sought to examine the lived experiences and minds of entrepreneurs who had influenced society in ways beyond the domain of the private sector. An entrepreneur was defined as an individual who pursues opportunity or is driven by the perception of opportunity. It was proffered that a divide exists in our understanding of an entrepreneur—as person—and an entrepreneur—as business starter. To a great extent, this divide has limited exploration of the connections and benefits that entrepreneurial thinking might bring to education. This was a qualitative and interpretivist study based on interviews with a purposive sample of entrepreneurs who have had a major influence in private, public, and more generally in the plural sectors in and around Canada. Nine entrepreneurs were invited to tell their life stories, to provide their perceptions of how entrepreneurs think and to relate how they believed they had developed their skills. Using in-depth interviews, the researcher was able to discover, in part, the essence of how these entrepreneurs thought, how they made decisions, and how they viewed themselves and their world. The findings and insights add to the growing body of literature on entrepreneurship. The researcher argued that the dissertation had given light to the lived experience of entrepreneurs. Understanding how these persons had become entrepreneurial and how they had recognized opportunities for their own mentorship were addressed by the research. How these entrepreneurs thought, their motivations, and interests, as well as how they perceived their role in the world provided valuable insights, especially as one seeks to understand how to cultivate or develop, nurture and encourage entrepreneurs, and to foster entrepreneurial behaviour throughout the education sector. The exploratory insights from these rich interviews serve to further foster fruitful conversations on potential alignments between the ways and thinking of entrepreneurs and educational systems.

顧準（1915－1974），被當代中國思想界公認是1950－1970年代最具有時代影響力的思想家之一。本文通過對顧準及其思想的研究，在解讀其人生轉向、思想觀念形成的基礎上，呈現他在中國現代思想史上的位置與意義。 本論文內容由導論、主文與結論三個部分所組成。導論部分主要是介紹論文的研究動機與目的、相關研究概況的介紹、研究方法和論文結構等內容。主文的內容則分為三個部分，第一部分主要是對顧準這個人物的研究，主要在解答兩個問題：為什麼顧準會在職業上升時期走上了革命道路？為什麼在1950年代中期以後，又轉而成為一個以反思、探索為志業的思想者？這兩個問題構成第貳、參章的內容；第二部分是對顧準思想進行的研究，它包括顧準的思想基礎、經濟思想及社會政治思想等內容，並由此構成第肆、伍章的內容；第三部分則是解讀1990年代中期在中國知識界所興起的「顧準熱」現象，主要在第陸章中進行探討。結論部分則是這三個內容：一是論述顧準思想發展脈絡，梳理顧準探索、研究所運用的理論資源；二是討論顧準在中國思想史上的價值與意義；三是對顧準的人生、思想進行一定的闡釋。 / Gu Zhun, as a thinker from 1950s’ to 1970s’, is well acknowledeged in China now. This thesis focuses on his life experiences and thought, especially analyzes his life changes and the formation of his thought. This thesis tries to describe Gu Zhun’s contribution to and role in the history of modern Chinese thought. The thesis is composed of three parts: introduction, analysis and conclusion. The introduction section i.e. chapter 1 mainly includes the motives and purposes of this research, a general view of its related research, its approach and methodology, and the structure of the thesis. The analysis section contains three parts. The first part i.e. chapter 2 and 3 are mainly on his life, which answers the following two questions. Why did he give up his raising career as an accountant and take the way of Chinese communist revolution? Why did he become a critical thinker after the middle of 1950s’? The second part of the thesis i.e. chapter 4 and 5 is the research on Gu Zhun’s thought , including the basis of his thought, his economic ideas and social political ideas. The third part i.e. chapter 6 is to interpret the extensive debate of Gu Zhun’s thought, which occurred in the Chinese intellectual circles in the middle of 1990s’. The conclusion of the thesis i.e. chapter 7 has three components: first to present the development process of his thought, and the applied theory resources; secondly to show the value and significance of his thought in the history of Chinese thought; finally to further elaborate on Gu Zhun’s life and thought.

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Les intellectuels iraniens ont toujours été un groupe social important au sein de la société civile iranienne. Depuis 1990, ce champ d’intellectuels aux vois discordantes, s’élève face à la tentative d’islamisation de la société enclenchée par le pouvoir politique. Constitué en différents groupes, ces penseurs se penchent sur la potentialité d’instaurer Etat-Nation démocratique iranien. Cette recherche rend compte des différentes mouvances qui traversent la sphère intellectuelle iranienne actuelle et prend le parti de réfléchir à quatre groupes importants : les intellectuels "religieux", le cercle des philosophes, les historiens et enfin les sociologues politiques. Tous reconnaissent le risque d’une politisation du religieux et conjointement d’une certaine sacralisation du politique. Leurs réflexions construites autour d’un axe commun questionnant les notions «Etat » et « religion » révèlent un profond souci de changement. A travers cette étude qui met en parallèle les différents discours et les arguments de chacun, ce projet aborde les rapports qu’entretiennent ces intellectuels avec d’autres groupes de la société civile tels les femmes ou les étudiants. L’ambition de cette thèse est d’offrir un panorama théorique des interrogations actuelles en réfléchissant aux stratégies de ces intellectuels. / The Iranian intellectual has been always an important part of civil society. Since 1990, this intellectual field with conflicting voices, rising against islamization of society which has been enforced by political power. This intellectual stream is constituted of different groups bend over study of potentiality of establishment of democratic Iranian Nation-State. This study examines various spheres which crossing the actual Iranian intellectual domain and deliberates over four important categories: religious intellectual, philosophical circle, historians and political sociologists. All these thinkers conjointly consider the risk of politization of religion and the sacralization of politics. Their reflections are constructed around a common axe of two notions “State” and “religion”, which reveal the crucial question of change in political system. Through this approach which puts in a parallel direction different discourses and arguments beside each other, this study looks into the relations between the intellectual field and the other units of civil society. The ambition of this research is offering a theoretical panorama on present problematic of intellectual society with probing their strategies.

L’objet de cette thèse consiste à analyser une expérience pédagogique en maternelle sur deux ans dans le cadre d’une association lyonnaise « Philosoph’art ». Dans cette recherche, nous interrogeons le statut d’innovation de cette expérience et nous étudions, plus précisément, la posture des animateurs pendant les ateliers à visée philosophique et pendant les ateliers artistiques et nous examinons ce qui fait l’originalité d’une telle expérience mise en perspective avec des travaux déjà existants sur la philosophie avec les enfants et les pratiques artistiques. De plus, nous exposerons la mise en place de ce projet et les conditions qui ont assuré la transférabilité d’une telle expérience au Liban. / The subject of this thesis consists in an analysis of an experiment that took place over the course of two years, at the kindergarten level, in association with « Philosoph’art », an organization from Lyon. In this research, we interrogate the status of innovation of this experience and we focus on the posture of the quizmaster during workshops with philosophical content as well as artistic projects. We closely examine what sets apart such experiences from those already in use in philosophy with children and artistic practices. Furthermore, we will explain the set up of this project and the conditions in which it has been made transferable for use in Lebanon.