Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:55:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Joao Carlos Jarochinski Silva.pdf: 1549804 bytes, checksum: 24f6ac20dedabda61d4c14a00bbc31fe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Portugal is a country marked by emigration flows. However, with the end of the Colonial Empire, the re-democratization and its entry into the European Community, Portugal has started to receive immigrants, mainly from its former colonies, in search of better opportunities in a country that showed favorable circumstances for said immigrants to settle and improve their lives. In the 1990s, besides the immigrants from former colonies, groups from other locations started to arrive, especially people from Eastern Europe and Asia. In light of this, the topic of migration started to definitively receive attention in the political scene, and Portugal produced a great quantity of norms for regulation of this issue in the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century. Portugal´s belonging to the European Union, however, brought as a consequence the need of the incorporation of community rules to deal with immigration, be it by people from other Member-states of the EU, be it by people from third states, which started to be called third-country nationals. The latter are, notably, when in irregular situation, victims of a migration logic mainly focused on repulsion, which generates either barriers or the criminalization of the act of migrating. Steaming from this, the present work develops an analysis of the legislative production in the issue of migration in Portugal, highlighting the connection of said legislative production with the history of the migratory flows that marked the country, up to the moment in which state´s regulation begins to be replaced by community rules. The construction of integration in Europe, the incorporation of the migration issue into other topics of the European Union and the most relevant legislative production in this area are also analyzed, especially in terms of their content and production which will be debated. Furthermore, the work posits the specificity of the migratory framework of Portugal in the midst of a comparison with the scenarios of other countries in Southern Europe, which were branded as the Southern European Model of Immigration. The work also discusses striking aspects for migration, as the use of culture for exclusion, the view that immigration is a factor of insecurity, and the media s discourse on immigration and migrants. Thus, by means of the comparative methodology between the Portuguese and European realities, the work assesses the change brought about the Europeization of migratory norms in Portugal, aiming to demonstrate that this shift did not mean an improvement in regulation, given that it does not considered either the specific national context or the interests and external ties of the country, does not offer more efficient means of control, and is based in a standardization that thinks migration with a focus on security and exclusion / Portugal é um país marcado pelo predomínio de levas emigratórias. Entretanto, com o fim do Império Colonial, com a redemocratização e com a entrada na Comunidade Europeia, passou a receber levas de imigrantes, notadamente das ex-colônias, em busca de melhores oportunidades nesse país que demonstrava oportunidades para que esses migrantes se estabelecessem e melhorassem de vida. Nos anos 1990, além dos imigrantes das ex-colônias, começaram a chegar grupos de outras localidades, com destaque para pessoas vindas do Leste Europeu e da Ásia. A partir dessa nova realidade, a temática da migração destaca-se em definitivo no cenário político, fazendo com que no final do século XX e começo do XXI, aquele país produzisse uma grande quantidade de normas para a regulação da matéria. Mas, o fato de pertencer à União Europeia trouxe como consequência a necessidade de incorporação das regras comunitárias para tratar as imigrações, seja das pessoas advindas dos países-membros da União, seja de terceiros, que passaram a receber a denominação extracomunitários. Estes últimos são, notadamente, quando irregulares, vítimas de uma lógica migratória dominante de repulsa, o que gera barreiras ou criminalização do ato de migrar. A partir desse contexto, o trabalho desenvolve uma análise da produção de Portugal em matéria migratória, salientando a conexão desta com a história dos fluxos que marcaram o país, chegando até o momento em que a regulação estatal começa a ser substituída pela produção comunitária. Também se analisa a construção da integração na Europa, a incorporação da temática migratória aos temas da União e as suas produções mais destacadas, as quais serão debatidas em termos de conteúdo e produção. Além disso, verifica a especificidade do quadro migratório por meio de uma comparação com o cenário dos países do sul europeu, os quais foram designados como Modelo Sul da Europa. Além disso, discute aspectos impactantes para as migrações, como o uso da cultura para fins de exclusão, a visão da imigração como um fator de insegurança e o discurso midiático sobre as imigrações e os migrantes. Portanto, por meio da metodologia comparativa entre a realidade portuguesa e a europeia, o trabalho avalia a mudança provocada pela europeização das normas migratórias, em Portugal, a fim de demonstrar que tal guinada não significou a melhoria na regulação, pois não atenta para o contexto específico nacional, nem para os interesses e vinculações externas do país, não oferece meios mais eficientes de controle e se baseia numa generalização que pensa a migração focada sobre o aspecto de segurança e exclusão

La politique commune d'immigration et d'asile de l'UE possède comme objectif l'harmonisation des politiques nationales des Etats membres. Toutefois, suite aux nombreux aménagements imposés par ces derniers, elle bute toujours sur les diverses modalités d'application de la gestion commune des frontières et les différents droits attribués aux ressortissants de pays tiers. Un tel contexte de diversité a un impact sur le statut de ces derniers en ce que la protection de leurs droits fondamentaux apparaît secondaire au regard des inquiétudes des Etats membres de conserver leur maîtrise dans le domaine de l'entrée, du séjour et de la sortie des étrangers sur leur territoire. Pou1tant, il est à souligner qu'il ne s'agit que des premiers jalons de la politique migratoire commune de l'UE. Malgré leur manque d'efficacité dû aux clauses optionnelles et dérogatoires, les premières normes européennes adoptées forment indéniablement une base à approfondir en la matière pour les Etats membres. Aujourd'hui, en prenant davantage en compte de la situation vulnérable des ressortissants de pays tiers dans l'Union européenne, les nouveaux textes législatifs, adoptés conformément à la procédure de codécision, ainsi que les décisions prises par la Cour de justice qui, voyant sa compétence étendue en matière migratoire, vient interpréter des clauses ambiguës, procurent un brin d'optimisme aux ressortissants de pays tiers. Finalement, il reste certes certains points à approfondir et certains aspects à améliorer, mais ces nouveaux changements constituent une preuve importante de la volonté de l'UE de trouver un équilibre entre les intérêts étatiques et ceux des ressortissants de pays tiers. / The EU's common policy on immigration and asylum aims to harmonise the national policies of its Member States. Nonetheless, following numerous adjustments imposed by the Member States, this common policy still stumbles on the diverse modalities of application in the joint borders management and the different rights attributed to the third country nationals. Such context of diversity bas an impact on the status of the third country nationals in the way that the protection of theirs fundamental rights appears secondary to the Member States concerns to maintain their control in the area of the entry, stay and exit of the strangers on their territory. However, it should be pointed that this is only the first milestone of the EU's common migratory policy. Despite their lack of efficacy due to optional and derogatory clauses, the first adopted European norms form undeniably a basis for the Member States to further deepen in this field. Nowadays, taking more into account the vulnerable situation of the third-country nationals in the EU, the new legislative texts, adopted according to the codecision procedure, as well as the decisions taken by the Court of justice which, seeing its jurisdiction extended in the migratory field, has interpreted some ambiguous clauses, give a strand of optimism to third-country nationals. Finally, there are certainly still some issues to deepen and some aspects to improve but these new changes constitute an important proof of the willingness of the EU to establish a balance between State interests and those of third-country nationals.

The thwart of the execution of decision of administrative expulsion The aim of this paper is to elucidate some problems of foreign law, specifically the duplication of the regulation of the thwart of the administrative decision, i.e. whether to proceed in accordance with the Act on the Residence of Foreign Nationals in the Czech Republic or the Criminal Code and thus determine which of these adjustments takes precedence. In this paper, therefore, the two institutions are thoroughly analyzed, including the genesis of their origins and possible changes in the amendments, as well as their impact on foreigners. In addition, related institutions were analyzed, such as decisions on the obligation to leave the territory, or the retention and detention of an foreigner, which may influence decision making on the use of such legislation. In this paper the valid and effective legislation of the Czech Republic, as well as the case law, not only of the Czech courts, but also of the international courts, such as the Court of Justice of the European Union or the European Court of Human Rights, have been analyzed. Using a detailed search, using statistics from authorized state authorities as well as a collection of cases, we have found that the variability in the use of both institutes, or institutes of others or...

This thesis deals with the safe country concept; within which we can further distingiush two concepts - the one of a safe country of origin and that of a safe third country. When applying the safe country concept, states are limited by their obligations which stem from international law, in particular by the principle of non-refoulement. Furthermore, the concept of safe countries cannot be analyzed nor applied without taking the non-refoulement principle into consideration. The non-refoulement principle is therfore one of the main topics of this thesis. It is viewed primarily trough the lens of the definition given by the Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees of 1951 and the New York Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees of 1967. The goal of this thesis is to determine, whether the concept of safe countries is indeed in accordance with the non-refoulement principle. We will subsequently try to answer the question of how influential the principle is (and should be) in terms of states that follow the concept of safe countries. The main concern of this thesis is the application of the safe country concept in Europe, or more precisely in the European Union. The european safe country legislation belongs to the so-called Common European Asyulm System. The centrepiece of this legal...

in English. Eddy Bruno Esien, Dissertation Thesis The purpose of this dissertation seeks to find out how young third country immigrants` transition from welfare to all types of work take place in Austria, Finland, and the Czech Republic and how is the role of their employment services in work-related activation programs implementation to smoothing this process. The thesis consists of an Introduction and sixteen included articles. The dissertation is based on a qualitative cross-national comparative fewer case study approach, in which both primary and secondary data were collected for analysis. The main research question was: How does young third country immigrants` transition from welfare to all types of work take place in Austria, Finland, and the Czech Republic and what is the role of their employment services in work-related activation programmes implementation to smoothing this process? In more detail research questions included: (a) the roles of the governments, public and private employment service agencies in the implementation of work-related activation program to enable young third country immigrant's transition from welfare to all types of work in Austria, Finland and the Czech Republic; (b) the relationships between the public and private employment service agencies and the Governments in...

This study delves into Sweden and Italy's distinctive approaches to third-country solutions for refugees from a social work perspective. It scrutinizes Sweden's involvement in resettlement via state-directed procedures and Italy's engagement in complementary pathways, primarily through community-driven sponsorship initiatives. Employing a qualitative comparative methodology, the study unearths variations and commonalities within these strategies, underscoring their respective strengths and challenges within the realm of social work. While Sweden's resettlement program has been associated with notable achievements in refugee integration, recent reductions in the refugee quota have prompted concerns. Italy's community sponsorship initiatives exhibit promise, yet their long-term viability hinges on increased governmental backing. Overall, these third-country solutions provide secure and lawful avenues for refugees, necessitating robust collaboration between governmental bodies and civil society within the context of social work. This study enhances our comprehension of these pivotal approaches amid the ongoing global refugee crisis.

[pt] O presente estudo tem o objetivo de compreender o desenvolvimento do conceito de safe third country (terceiro país seguro) e suas consequências para a proteção internacional dos refugiados, a partir do princípio do non-refoulement (princípio da não devolução). Busca-se analisar de que forma esta ideia está sendo aplicada pelos Estados, através dos tratados internacionais com a finalidade de transferência de solicitantes de refúgio a terceiros países supostamente seguros. Além disso, a pesquisa analisa a jurisprudência dos Sistemas Interamericano e Europeu de Direitos Humanos sobre as devoluções de refugiados e migrantes, assim como o diálogo entre as cortes internacionais sobre este tema, especialmente à luz das especificidades regionais do continente americano. Portanto, o trabalho demonstra que as políticas dos países com base na noção de safe third country são mecanismos para transferir suas responsabilidades em relação ao refúgio e representam obstáculos para a garantia dos direitos humanos de refugiados. / [en] The present study aims to understand the development of the concept of safe third country and its consequences for the international protection of refugees, based on the principle of non-refoulement. It seeks to analyze how this idea has been applied by States, through international treaties with the purpose of transferring asylum seekers to supposedly safe third countries. Moreover, the research analyzes the jurisprudence of the Inter-American and European Human Rights Systems on the returns of refugees and migrants, as well as the dialogue between international courts on this topic, especially considering the regional specificities of the American continent. Therefore, this research demonstrates that countries policies based on the notion of safe third country are mechanisms to transfer their responsibilities in relation to refuge and represent obstacles to guaranteeing the human rights of refugees. / [es] El presente estudio tiene como objetivo comprender el desarrollo del concepto de safe third country (tercer país seguro) y sus consecuencias para la protección internacional de los refugiados, a partir del principio de non-refoulement (principio de no devolución). Se busca analizar cómo dicha idea está siendo aplicada por los Estados, a través de tratados internacionales con el propósito de trasladar solicitantes de refugio a terceros países supuestamente seguros. Además, la investigación analiza la jurisprudencia de los Sistemas Interamericano y Europeo de Derechos Humanos sobre las devoluciones de refugiados y migrantes, así como el diálogo entre cortes internacionales sobre este tema, especialmente a la luz de las especificidades regionales del continente americano. Por lo tanto, el trabajo demuestra que las políticas de los países basadas en la noción de safe third country son mecanismos para transferir sus responsabilidades con relación al refugio y representan obstáculos para garantizar los derechos humanos de los refugiados.

Depuis sa création, l`Union européenne continue d’être le laboratoire d’une construction économique, sociale, politique et scientifique fondée sur le principe de la libre circulation des personnes, des services et des biens. Comme nous le verrons, le principe de la libre circulation permet aux citoyens européens, à certains ressortissants de pays tiers ainsi qu’aux membres de leurs familles de circuler et de s’établir librement dans les États membres de l’Union européenne. Ce travail portera sur la politique européenne commune de l’immigration et de l’asile. Dans une première partie, nous étudierons les réalisations de la politique de l’immigration et de l’asile de l’Union européenne et les effets de la crise migratoire actuelle sur celle-ci. Dans une deuxième partie, nous aborderons le traitement réservé aux ressortissants de pays tiers au sein de l’Union européenne, tout cela à la lumière des traités européens, de la jurisprudence européenne ainsi que des directives et règlements européens portant sur la politique commune de l’immigration et de l’asile. Enfin, nous traiterons de quelques dispositifs européens visant les travailleurs étrangers et l’impact de la crise économique sur leur situation. Mots-clés : Politique d’immigration commune, crise migratoire, Union européenne, ressortissants de pays tiers, migrants, droit européen, travailleurs étrangers, résidents de longue durée, demandeur d’asile, citoyen européen. / Since its creation, the European Union continues to be the laboratory of an economic, social, political and scientific construction based on the principle of the free movement of persons, services and goods. As we shall see, the principle of freedom of movement enables European citizens, certain third country nationals as well as the members of their families to move and settle freely in the Member States of the European Union. This work will focus on the common European immigration and asylum policy. In the first part, we will examine the achievements of the policy of immigration and asylum of the European Union and the effects of the current migration crisis on it. In a second part, we will discuss the treatment accorded to nationals of third countries within the European Union, all this in the light of the European treaties, European directives and regulations. Finally, we will deal with some European features aimed at foreign workers and the impact of the economic crisis on their situation Keywords: Common immigration policy, migration crisis, European Union, nationals of third countries, migrant, European law, foreign workers, long-term residents, asylum seeker, European citizen.

La tesi propone una ricognizione dei principali contributi sulla riflessione sviluppatasi attorno al nesso tra cittadinanza attiva, partecipazione e volontariato delle persone di origine straniera.  Il quadro teorico di riferimento integra il paradigma della sociologia relazionale e quello dell’approccio delle capabilities - i quali sono stati usati in un’ottica di complementarietà - nell’idea di unire la dimensione sociale, partecipativa e relazionale della cittadinanza alla richiesta di quest’ultima di essere continuamente sostenuta affinché possa configurarsi in termini di cittadinanza competente. L’analisi è stata condotta con metodologia qualitativa e, nello specifico, attraverso la realizzazione due studi di caso afferenti a esperienze di attivazione di persone di origine straniera all’interno di realtà di volontariato organizzato, nell’intento di identificare gli elementi facilitanti e ostacolanti la messa in atto di pratiche di cittadinanza attiva. I risultati più significativi riguardano: a) l’esigenza di approfondire la presenza di impliciti culturali stanti la diversa semantizzazione della pratica del volontariato delle persone di origine straniera, affinché la promozione di azioni di cittadinanza attiva trovi senso e spazio all’interno di una cornice di riferimento condivisa, b) l’importanza di policy integrate e condivise che riconoscano il ruolo chiave della società di accoglienza nel processo di integrazione. / The present study focuses on the nexus between active citizenship, social participation and Third Country Nationals volunteering in non-ethnic organizations. The theoretical framework integrates the paradigm of relational sociology and the capability approach with the specific aim to integrate the social, participatory and relational dimension of citizenship with its request to be continuously supported by the different actors of the civil society, so that it can configure itself as a competent citizenship. The analysis is done by conducting two case studies focusing on the experience of engagement of Third Country Nationals in non-ethnic voluntary organization, in order to identify factors and conditions promoting or hindering the implementation of active citizenship practices. Main results concern: a) the importance to take into consideration the diverse concepts of and attitude towards volunteering and the implicit cultural understandings of volunteering which affect the way in which volunteering is practiced and understood within society and b) the key role of the receiving society into the integration process of migrant.

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