Chaque année, des centaines de milliers de ressortissants de pays tiers en séjour irrégulier ne peuvent être éloignés de l'Union européenne (UE). L'inéloignabilité de certains étrangers n'est pas toujours transitoire, et nombreuses sont les personnes qui y demeurent pendant des années. Et pourtant, l'inéloignabilité de longue durée ne mène pas forcément à la régularisation du séjour. Je suis intéressé par la manière dont l'UE gère l'inéloignabilité, ainsi que par les raisons pour lesquelles autant de personnes inéloignables se retrouvent dans des limbes juridiques d'exclusion du séjour régulier. Dans une première partie, je conceptualise la nature et les conséquences des divers statuts d'étrangers inéloignables, tels que réglementés par le droit de l'UE. Je propose ainsi une typologie des limbes juridiques entre le séjour irrégulier et régulier. Il existe des limbes de tolérance, d'un côté, et des limbes de séjour régulier non-Reconnu, de l'autre. Je me consacre principalement aux limbes de tolérance. Dans une deuxième partie, j'examine la manière dont l'UE a gouverné ces limbes juridiques, notamment son impact sur le lien dans ses États membres entre divers types d'obstacles à l'éloignement, d'un côté, et les statuts de tolérance, de l'autre. Dans une troisième partie, j'analyse les fonctions attribuées aux limbes de tolérance par des acteurs institutionnels de l’UE. Je soutiens que les statuts de tolérance peuvent se voir attribuer des fonctions de rétribution, de dissuasion, d'éloignabilité, de spectacle étatique, de sélection, et de réduction des dépenses publiques. / Hundreds of thousands of illegally staying third country nationals (TCN) cannot be removed from EU Member States despite the issue of return measures against them. Illegally staying TCNs may not be removable as a result of legal, policy, or practical obstacles to removal. Non-Removability is not always temporary and can in many cases last a very long time. And yet protracted non-Removability does not necessarily lead to regularisation of status. I am interested in how the EU has managed non-Removability and why so many non-Removable persons have been left in a limbo of exclusion from legal residence. In Part I, I provide a conceptual framework for understanding the nature and consequences of a variety of positions that non-Removable TCNs may find themselves in. I do so by providing a typology of what I call limbo spaces between illegal and legal stay. There are limbo spaces of toleration, on the one hand, and limbo spaces of unrecognised legal residence, on the other. I mainly focus on toleration. In Part II, I examine how the EU has governed limbo spaces of toleration, namely its important impact on the nexus in Member States between various forms of non-Removability, on the one hand, and limbo spaces of toleration, on the other. In Part III, I analyse the functions of limbo spaces of toleration. I argue that toleration positions can be viewed as sanctions of membership exclusion, and may be perceived by certain EU institutional actors as performing a range of functions akin to administrative detention and imprisonment: retribution, deterrence, enhanced removability, the expressive power of the State, and selection/rehabilitation.

<p>Issue of immigration was for a long time controversial concern throughout the Europe. Because of its demand for labor, Europe needs certain level of qualified immigration. However, in late decades a big amount of refugee immigration flow created serious challenges as well. Perceived ‘threat’ of immigration resulted in restrictive policies at both national and EU level. EU level policies in this respect are very interesting to research on. Because of great sensitivity of immigration issues to state sovereignty, formulation of EU level policy also faces challenges in terms of balancing intergovernmentalist and supranationalist logic of integration. Therefore, we have studied those policy and decision-making processes in immigration policy focusing on two issues: first, the motives behind the cooperation at EU level and the role of supranational institutions in shaping these EU level policies, second, the scope and capabilities of those policies. </p><p>Immigrant integration policy have been chosen as a case to comprehend issue more closely and detailed. Immigrant integration policy is very important for the social cohesion of European societies and is inseparable part of immigration policies. Immigrant integration debate is very new in EU agenda; it is just getting its way to Brussels. Although EU has no competence on this issue, we found out that there are quite real opportunities for EU to have its own way of helping with member states’ policies. The paper identifies and discusses important aspects of immigration and immigrant integration policies at EU level, the reasons why EU level policies are not pro-active and not suprantionalised yet. It further explores the available EU level instruments and sources for constructing strategy of integrating immigrants. All these study is done in the light of theoretical framework which is the combination of several theories, due to the complexity of the immigration matters. Every theory explains either some stage in the development of EU level policies (liberal intergovernmentalism and new institutionalism) or the possible EU level policy-making framework (intensive transgovernmentalism and policy coordination/benchmarking) for the studied issues.</p>

Issue of immigration was for a long time controversial concern throughout the Europe. Because of its demand for labor, Europe needs certain level of qualified immigration. However, in late decades a big amount of refugee immigration flow created serious challenges as well. Perceived ‘threat’ of immigration resulted in restrictive policies at both national and EU level. EU level policies in this respect are very interesting to research on. Because of great sensitivity of immigration issues to state sovereignty, formulation of EU level policy also faces challenges in terms of balancing intergovernmentalist and supranationalist logic of integration. Therefore, we have studied those policy and decision-making processes in immigration policy focusing on two issues: first, the motives behind the cooperation at EU level and the role of supranational institutions in shaping these EU level policies, second, the scope and capabilities of those policies. Immigrant integration policy have been chosen as a case to comprehend issue more closely and detailed. Immigrant integration policy is very important for the social cohesion of European societies and is inseparable part of immigration policies. Immigrant integration debate is very new in EU agenda; it is just getting its way to Brussels. Although EU has no competence on this issue, we found out that there are quite real opportunities for EU to have its own way of helping with member states’ policies. The paper identifies and discusses important aspects of immigration and immigrant integration policies at EU level, the reasons why EU level policies are not pro-active and not suprantionalised yet. It further explores the available EU level instruments and sources for constructing strategy of integrating immigrants. All these study is done in the light of theoretical framework which is the combination of several theories, due to the complexity of the immigration matters. Every theory explains either some stage in the development of EU level policies (liberal intergovernmentalism and new institutionalism) or the possible EU level policy-making framework (intensive transgovernmentalism and policy coordination/benchmarking) for the studied issues.

The Social Democrats in Denmark and Sweden have dominated the socio-politicalspectrum for decades with a discourse based on the principles of solidarity, equality andfreedom. Since the migrant crisis hit the European Union in 2015, these parties havestrengthened their discourse towards migration and migrant incorporation concerningtheir access to the welfare system. The use of identity for theory, together with thevariables of national identity, the rise of far-right parties, the troublesome fitting ofnational identity and the EU and the economic revision will be analysed in this thesis. Byusing an ideal type analysis for a method, this thesis will explore the shift in the discoursefrom the Social Democrats by looking at their political programs before and after themigrant crisis to find out the changes Third Country Nationals have these days whenaccessing the system and try to obtain social benefits.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:55:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Joao Carlos Jarochinski Silva.pdf: 1549804 bytes, checksum: 24f6ac20dedabda61d4c14a00bbc31fe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Portugal is a country marked by emigration flows. However, with the end of the Colonial Empire, the re-democratization and its entry into the European Community, Portugal has started to receive immigrants, mainly from its former colonies, in search of better opportunities in a country that showed favorable circumstances for said immigrants to settle and improve their lives. In the 1990s, besides the immigrants from former colonies, groups from other locations started to arrive, especially people from Eastern Europe and Asia. In light of this, the topic of migration started to definitively receive attention in the political scene, and Portugal produced a great quantity of norms for regulation of this issue in the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century. Portugal´s belonging to the European Union, however, brought as a consequence the need of the incorporation of community rules to deal with immigration, be it by people from other Member-states of the EU, be it by people from third states, which started to be called third-country nationals. The latter are, notably, when in irregular situation, victims of a migration logic mainly focused on repulsion, which generates either barriers or the criminalization of the act of migrating. Steaming from this, the present work develops an analysis of the legislative production in the issue of migration in Portugal, highlighting the connection of said legislative production with the history of the migratory flows that marked the country, up to the moment in which state´s regulation begins to be replaced by community rules. The construction of integration in Europe, the incorporation of the migration issue into other topics of the European Union and the most relevant legislative production in this area are also analyzed, especially in terms of their content and production which will be debated. Furthermore, the work posits the specificity of the migratory framework of Portugal in the midst of a comparison with the scenarios of other countries in Southern Europe, which were branded as the Southern European Model of Immigration. The work also discusses striking aspects for migration, as the use of culture for exclusion, the view that immigration is a factor of insecurity, and the media s discourse on immigration and migrants. Thus, by means of the comparative methodology between the Portuguese and European realities, the work assesses the change brought about the Europeization of migratory norms in Portugal, aiming to demonstrate that this shift did not mean an improvement in regulation, given that it does not considered either the specific national context or the interests and external ties of the country, does not offer more efficient means of control, and is based in a standardization that thinks migration with a focus on security and exclusion / Portugal é um país marcado pelo predomínio de levas emigratórias. Entretanto, com o fim do Império Colonial, com a redemocratização e com a entrada na Comunidade Europeia, passou a receber levas de imigrantes, notadamente das ex-colônias, em busca de melhores oportunidades nesse país que demonstrava oportunidades para que esses migrantes se estabelecessem e melhorassem de vida. Nos anos 1990, além dos imigrantes das ex-colônias, começaram a chegar grupos de outras localidades, com destaque para pessoas vindas do Leste Europeu e da Ásia. A partir dessa nova realidade, a temática da migração destaca-se em definitivo no cenário político, fazendo com que no final do século XX e começo do XXI, aquele país produzisse uma grande quantidade de normas para a regulação da matéria. Mas, o fato de pertencer à União Europeia trouxe como consequência a necessidade de incorporação das regras comunitárias para tratar as imigrações, seja das pessoas advindas dos países-membros da União, seja de terceiros, que passaram a receber a denominação extracomunitários. Estes últimos são, notadamente, quando irregulares, vítimas de uma lógica migratória dominante de repulsa, o que gera barreiras ou criminalização do ato de migrar. A partir desse contexto, o trabalho desenvolve uma análise da produção de Portugal em matéria migratória, salientando a conexão desta com a história dos fluxos que marcaram o país, chegando até o momento em que a regulação estatal começa a ser substituída pela produção comunitária. Também se analisa a construção da integração na Europa, a incorporação da temática migratória aos temas da União e as suas produções mais destacadas, as quais serão debatidas em termos de conteúdo e produção. Além disso, verifica a especificidade do quadro migratório por meio de uma comparação com o cenário dos países do sul europeu, os quais foram designados como Modelo Sul da Europa. Além disso, discute aspectos impactantes para as migrações, como o uso da cultura para fins de exclusão, a visão da imigração como um fator de insegurança e o discurso midiático sobre as imigrações e os migrantes. Portanto, por meio da metodologia comparativa entre a realidade portuguesa e a europeia, o trabalho avalia a mudança provocada pela europeização das normas migratórias, em Portugal, a fim de demonstrar que tal guinada não significou a melhoria na regulação, pois não atenta para o contexto específico nacional, nem para os interesses e vinculações externas do país, não oferece meios mais eficientes de controle e se baseia numa generalização que pensa a migração focada sobre o aspecto de segurança e exclusão

La politique commune d'immigration et d'asile de l'UE possède comme objectif l'harmonisation des politiques nationales des Etats membres. Toutefois, suite aux nombreux aménagements imposés par ces derniers, elle bute toujours sur les diverses modalités d'application de la gestion commune des frontières et les différents droits attribués aux ressortissants de pays tiers. Un tel contexte de diversité a un impact sur le statut de ces derniers en ce que la protection de leurs droits fondamentaux apparaît secondaire au regard des inquiétudes des Etats membres de conserver leur maîtrise dans le domaine de l'entrée, du séjour et de la sortie des étrangers sur leur territoire. Pou1tant, il est à souligner qu'il ne s'agit que des premiers jalons de la politique migratoire commune de l'UE. Malgré leur manque d'efficacité dû aux clauses optionnelles et dérogatoires, les premières normes européennes adoptées forment indéniablement une base à approfondir en la matière pour les Etats membres. Aujourd'hui, en prenant davantage en compte de la situation vulnérable des ressortissants de pays tiers dans l'Union européenne, les nouveaux textes législatifs, adoptés conformément à la procédure de codécision, ainsi que les décisions prises par la Cour de justice qui, voyant sa compétence étendue en matière migratoire, vient interpréter des clauses ambiguës, procurent un brin d'optimisme aux ressortissants de pays tiers. Finalement, il reste certes certains points à approfondir et certains aspects à améliorer, mais ces nouveaux changements constituent une preuve importante de la volonté de l'UE de trouver un équilibre entre les intérêts étatiques et ceux des ressortissants de pays tiers. / The EU's common policy on immigration and asylum aims to harmonise the national policies of its Member States. Nonetheless, following numerous adjustments imposed by the Member States, this common policy still stumbles on the diverse modalities of application in the joint borders management and the different rights attributed to the third country nationals. Such context of diversity bas an impact on the status of the third country nationals in the way that the protection of theirs fundamental rights appears secondary to the Member States concerns to maintain their control in the area of the entry, stay and exit of the strangers on their territory. However, it should be pointed that this is only the first milestone of the EU's common migratory policy. Despite their lack of efficacy due to optional and derogatory clauses, the first adopted European norms form undeniably a basis for the Member States to further deepen in this field. Nowadays, taking more into account the vulnerable situation of the third-country nationals in the EU, the new legislative texts, adopted according to the codecision procedure, as well as the decisions taken by the Court of justice which, seeing its jurisdiction extended in the migratory field, has interpreted some ambiguous clauses, give a strand of optimism to third-country nationals. Finally, there are certainly still some issues to deepen and some aspects to improve but these new changes constitute an important proof of the willingness of the EU to establish a balance between State interests and those of third-country nationals.

in English. Eddy Bruno Esien, Dissertation Thesis The purpose of this dissertation seeks to find out how young third country immigrants` transition from welfare to all types of work take place in Austria, Finland, and the Czech Republic and how is the role of their employment services in work-related activation programs implementation to smoothing this process. The thesis consists of an Introduction and sixteen included articles. The dissertation is based on a qualitative cross-national comparative fewer case study approach, in which both primary and secondary data were collected for analysis. The main research question was: How does young third country immigrants` transition from welfare to all types of work take place in Austria, Finland, and the Czech Republic and what is the role of their employment services in work-related activation programmes implementation to smoothing this process? In more detail research questions included: (a) the roles of the governments, public and private employment service agencies in the implementation of work-related activation program to enable young third country immigrant's transition from welfare to all types of work in Austria, Finland and the Czech Republic; (b) the relationships between the public and private employment service agencies and the Governments in...

La tesi propone una ricognizione dei principali contributi sulla riflessione sviluppatasi attorno al nesso tra cittadinanza attiva, partecipazione e volontariato delle persone di origine straniera.  Il quadro teorico di riferimento integra il paradigma della sociologia relazionale e quello dell’approccio delle capabilities - i quali sono stati usati in un’ottica di complementarietà - nell’idea di unire la dimensione sociale, partecipativa e relazionale della cittadinanza alla richiesta di quest’ultima di essere continuamente sostenuta affinché possa configurarsi in termini di cittadinanza competente. L’analisi è stata condotta con metodologia qualitativa e, nello specifico, attraverso la realizzazione due studi di caso afferenti a esperienze di attivazione di persone di origine straniera all’interno di realtà di volontariato organizzato, nell’intento di identificare gli elementi facilitanti e ostacolanti la messa in atto di pratiche di cittadinanza attiva. I risultati più significativi riguardano: a) l’esigenza di approfondire la presenza di impliciti culturali stanti la diversa semantizzazione della pratica del volontariato delle persone di origine straniera, affinché la promozione di azioni di cittadinanza attiva trovi senso e spazio all’interno di una cornice di riferimento condivisa, b) l’importanza di policy integrate e condivise che riconoscano il ruolo chiave della società di accoglienza nel processo di integrazione. / The present study focuses on the nexus between active citizenship, social participation and Third Country Nationals volunteering in non-ethnic organizations. The theoretical framework integrates the paradigm of relational sociology and the capability approach with the specific aim to integrate the social, participatory and relational dimension of citizenship with its request to be continuously supported by the different actors of the civil society, so that it can configure itself as a competent citizenship. The analysis is done by conducting two case studies focusing on the experience of engagement of Third Country Nationals in non-ethnic voluntary organization, in order to identify factors and conditions promoting or hindering the implementation of active citizenship practices. Main results concern: a) the importance to take into consideration the diverse concepts of and attitude towards volunteering and the implicit cultural understandings of volunteering which affect the way in which volunteering is practiced and understood within society and b) the key role of the receiving society into the integration process of migrant.

This Master Thesis reveals how illegally residing TCN family members of static European Union citizens might get residence rights by relying on EU law; it also distinguishes the existing problems related to residence rights of illegally residing TCNs and proposes theoretical and practical solutions. The first part of the Master Thesis reveals how the EU may protect family rights despite the fact that it has no competence in human rights’ area and discloses what family mebers are being protected in the EU. The second part proves that illegally residing TCNs have possibilities to get residence rights in the EU on the grounds of the protection of their family life by relying on Article 7 of the Charter, the norms of Return directive and the citizenship status of family members – EU citizens. The third part discloses that the case-law of the EUCJ does not ensure for illegally residing TCNs adequate protection of their family life because the practise of the EUCJ in illegally residing TCNs’ cases is too heterogeneous and the Court applies insufficient criteria. Therefore seeking to find out what additional criteria could be applied in illegally residing TCNs’ cases an expert survey has been conducted and a set of criteria, which could be applied in all illegally residing TCNs’ cases related to residence rights, has been suggested. / Magistro baigiamajame darbe išanalizuota, kaip Europos Sąjungos piliečių, nesinaudojančių judėjimo laisve, šeimos nariai – nelegaliai gyvenantys trečiųjų šalių piliečiai – gali gauti teisę gyventi šalyje, remdamiesi Europos Sąjungos teise; darbe išryškintos pagrindinės problemos, susijusios su nelegaliai gyvenančių trečiųjų šalių piliečių teisėmis gyventi šalyje bei pasiūlyti teoriniai bei praktiniai problemų sprendimai. Pirmoje darbo dalyje išaiškinta, kaip Europos Sąjunga gali ginti šeimos teises, nepaisant to, kad ES neturi kompetencijos žmogaus teisių srityje bei atskleista, kokie šeimos nariai yra saugomi Europos Sąjungoje. Antroje dalyje įrodyta, kad, siekant apsaugoti šeimos gyvenimą, nelegaliai gyvenantys trečiųjų šalių piliečiai turi galimybių gauti teisę gyventi šalyje, remdamiesi 7 Chartijos straipsniu, Grąžinimo direktyvos nuostatomis ir Europos Sąjungos piliečių pilietybės statusu. Trečioje dalyje atskleista, kad Europos Sąjungos Teisingumo Teismo praktika neužtikrina nelegaliai gyvenantiems trečiųjų šalių piliečiams tinkamos jų šeimos gyvenimo apsaugos, nes Europos Sąjungos Teisingumo Teismo praktika nelegaliai gyvenančių trečiųjų šalių piliečių bylose yra nevienalytė ir Teismas taiko nepakankamai kriterijų. Todėl, siekant išsiaiškinti, kokie papildomi kriterijai galėtų būti taikomi nelegaliai gyvenančių trečiųjų šalių piliečių bylose, buvo atlikta ekspertų apklausa ir, atsižvelgiant į gautus rezultatus, buvo pasiūlyta kriterijų visuma, kuri galėtų būti taikoma... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

This thesis deals with the ethical standards that should be comply by Czech employers in the context of third country nationals' employment. The theoretical part is focused on labor migration and on the process of third country nationals' employment in the Czech Republic. It also refers to the main points of business ethics within the relationship between employer and employees. The practical part of thesis contains a general summary of current ethical rules that should be respected by employers. In the next section there is, in specific cases described the current state of ethical standards within the relationship between employers and interviewed employees, who belong to the third country nationals group.