A 3 (crisis response strategy) x 3 (medium) factorial design experiment was conducted to determine if information graphics conveyed through online news sources may be more beneficial for organizational reputations during some crisis situations than the use of news videos and text-based news stories. Variables examined include cognitive and affective appraisal, third-person effect, behavioral response and crisis response strategy. Recent research in organizational crisis communications has pointed to the fact that more information is needed regarding how individuals react cognitively and affectively to crisis communications. Current crisis communications literature is also sparse concerning the behavioral aspects of crisis message reception and social media usage. This study addressed these concerns and built on the established framework of Situational Crisis Communication Theory (SCCT).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-02-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:08:02Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 rubio_cf_me_sjrp.pdf: 2059842 bytes, checksum: 34bd56df41a2ce21c0ea549d897cce36 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Considerando que inúmeras pesquisas sociolingüísticas realizadas sobre a concordância verbal (CV, daqui em diante) de terceira pessoa do plural (3PP, daqui em diante) evidenciaram a variabilidade do fenômeno, e, considerando ainda que esse fenômeno é constituído por uma variável binária, presença versus ausência de marcas de plural nos verbos, buscamos neste trabalho investigar, por meio do controle de fatores sociais e lingüísticos, a CV na fala da Região Noroeste do Estado de São Paulo, mais precisamente na Região de São José do Rio Preto, usando, como subsídio principal, a Teoria da Variação Lingüística (WEINREICH, LABOV & HERZOG, 1968; LABOV, 1972). O córpus utilizado para a realização de nossa pesquisa provém do Banco de Dados Iboruna, que, constituído pelo Projeto ALIP (Amostra Lingüística do Interior Paulista), compõe-se de amostras de fala de 152 informantes da região. Para a realização desta pesquisa, foi constituída uma subamostra, composta de 76 entrevistas, estratificadas uniformemente mediante os fatores sociais escolaridade, faixa etária e gênero. Do total de 3.308 ocorrências de 3PP analisadas, 2.314 (70%) apresentaram marcas de plural explícitas nos verbos, evidenciando tratar-se de um caso de variação estável na comunidade investigada, instanciada pela interação entre os seguintes fatores sociais e lingüísticos estatisticamente relevantes: paralelismo formal de nível oracional, escolaridade, paralelismo formal de nível discursivo, saliência fônica, posição do núcleo do SN-sujeito em relação ao verbo, traço semântico do sujeito, idade, gênero e tipo morfológico do sujeito. Palavras-chave: concordância verbal, terceira pessoa do plural, Português brasileiro, variação lingüística. / Whereas many sociolinguistics searches conducted on the verbal agreement (VA hereinafter) from the third person plural (3PP, hereinafter) demonstrated the variability of the phenomenon, and, considering that such phenomenon consists of a binary variable, presence versus absence of marks of the plural in the verbs, we sought in this study investigating, through the control of linguistic and social factors, the VA from speech in the Northwest Region of the Sao Paulo State, more precisely in the Region of São Jose do Rio Preto, using as main tool, of the Theory of Linguistics Variation (WEINREICH, LABOV & HERZOG, 1968; LABOV, 1972). The corpus used in the research comes from the Database Iboruna, which was constituted by the Project ALIP - Amostra Lingüística do Interior Paulista (Sample Linguistics of the Interior Paulista), composed of samples of speech of 152 informants from region. To conduct this research, a sub-sample was formed, consisting of 76 interviews, stratified evenly through the social factors: education level, age and gender. A total of 3,308 occurrences of 3PP analyzed, 2,314 (70%) presented marks of plural explicit in the verbs, showing it is a case of variation stable in the community investigated, instantiated by the interaction between the social and linguistic following factors statistically relevant: formal parallelism of a clause level, education level, formal parallelism of a discourse level, phonic salience, position of the head of the subject-NP in relation to the verb, semantic feature of the subject, age, gender and morphologic type of the subject. Keywords: verbal agreement, third person plural, Brazilian Portuguese, language variation.

No description available.

Studiens syfte var att undersöka relationen mellan självupplevd kunskap av gamification och tredjepersonseffekten (TPE) (En effekt som innefattar att jaget “första person” tror att propaganda eller kommunikation påverkar andra “tredje person” mer än sig själv) samt hur denna påverkar motivationsnivån som gamification försöker höja. Studien omfattade sex deltagare. Tre spelstudenter som har kunskap av gamification och tre konststudenter som inte har kunskap av gamification. Detta är för att se hur den självupplevda kunskapen påverkar TPE och därmed motivationen till att använda applikationen Duolingo som valdes som ett instrument i denna studie för att svara på forskningsfrågan. Där den huvudsakliga forskningsfrågan lyder, hur påverkar den självupplevda kunskapen av gamification motivationsnivån? Som har ytterligare två underfrågor för att besvara den huvudsakliga, hur påverkar den självupplevda kunskapen av gamification tredjepersoneffekten? samt hur påverkar tredjepersoneffekten motivationsnivån? Studien innefattade både en kvalitativ och en kvantitativ del i datainsamlingen där både semistrukturerade intervjuer och enkäter användes. Tematisk analys och ett induktivt sätt användes som dataanalysmetod i denna studie. Denna studie har funnit att den självupplevda kunskapen inte påverkar motivationen. Däremot kunde det inte finnas en TPE i spelstudenternas syn gentemot konststudenterna, där det var evident att spelstudenterna ansåg att alla påverkas av gamification och spelelement. Vidare hittades ingen relation mellan TPE och motivationsnivån även fast studenterna insåg en social distans mellan grupperna. Däremot ansågs inte gamification som något negativt, vilket medför att TPE inte uppkom mellan de två grupperna. Å andra sidan uppkom det en TPE gentemot barn och unga eftersom respondenterna ansåg dessa grupper som mer erfarna av spel, vilket resulterar i att de påverkas mer av de negativa effekterna med applikationens utformning såsom spelberoende, ekonomisk press och otillräcklig information för språkinlärning, samt spelelementen som används i applikationen. Vidare existerade även TPE gentemot personer som är tävlingsinriktade och skulle ha ett stort fokus i tävlingsaspekten av applikationen. / This study aimed to explore the interplay between self-perceived knowledge, gamification, and the thirdperson effect (TPE) (An effect which includes the "first person" believes that propaganda or communication affects other "third person" more than itself) in relation to motivation levels facilitated by gamification elements. Data was collected from six participants, divided into two groups: computer science students specializing in game design at Stockholm University (with knowledge of gamification) and art students at Luleå University (without knowledge of gamification), serving as a comparison group. This division allowed for an analysis of how self-perceived knowledge impacts the third-person effect and subsequent motivation to use the Duolingo phone app. This study aims to explore the relationship between self-perceived knowledge of gamification, motivation levels, and the third-person effect. The main research question guiding this investigation is: "How does self-perceived knowledge of gamification influence user motivation?" Two supporting sub-questions are posed to shed light on this main question: "How does self-perceived knowledge of gamification impact the third-person effect?" and "How does the third-person effect influence user motivation?" By investigating these interrelated factors, this study seeks to provide insights into the complex dynamics between self-perceived knowledge, gamification, motivation, and the third-person effect. The study incorporates a comprehensive qualitative section, employing semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis to collect and analyse data. Additionally, a smaller quantitative section employs a survey to assess participants' self-perceived knowledge. The findings indicate no significant evidence of a third-person effect between the computer science and art students. The computer science students believed that gamification affects everyone, regardless of student group. Moreover, the study reveals no correlation between the third-person effect and motivation, despite evident social distance between the groups. Notably, gamification was not perceived as a negative phenomenon or strategy, leading to a diminished occurrence of the third-person effect. However, there was a recognised TPE towards children and young adults due to the respondents considering these groups as more experienced with video games, which results in them being more affected by the negative effects of the applications design. These effects were notably game addiction, financial pressure, and insufficient information for language learning, as well as the game elements used in the application. Furthermore, TPE also existed towards people who are competitive and would have a big focus in the competition aspect of the application.

No description available.

Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Die term deiksis is afgelei van die Griekse woord deiktikos wat 'wys na' betaken, en verwys na daardie uitdrukkings wat in 'n taal gebruik word om die belangrikste orientasiepunte in 'n gespreksituasie te verwoord. Aile deiktiese interpretasies kan net relatief tot 'n spesifieke verwysingspunt (deiktiese sentrum) gemaak word. Vyf deiktiese kategoriee word onderskei. Persoonsdeiksis hou verband met die deiktiese persona, m.a.w. die spreker en aangesprokeneen moontlik 'n derde persoon indian hy/sy/dit in die gespreksituasie teenwoordig is. Persoonsdeiksis word hoofsaaklik in Noord-Sotho se kongruensie-en pronominale sisteem gereflekteer. Sosiale deiksis verwys na daardie uitdrukkings wat die spreker se houding teenoor die aangesprokene of die derde persoon weergee. In Noord-Sotho word leksikale items met 'n sosiaal--deiktiese funksie aangetrefwat die spreker se bewondering, afkeer of respek teenoor die aangesprokene reflekteer, asook verwantskapstenne en aanspreekvonne. Alhoewel Noord-Sotho se pro nominate stelsel neutraal is ten opsigte van geslag, is daar ander maniere om taalkundig 'n onderskeid tussen die geslagte te maak. Plekdeiktiese uitdrukkings word gebruik om die Jigging van 'n objek relatief tot die deiktiese sentrum te beskryf. Die posisie van die gespreksgenote of hulle fisiese gestaltes kan hierdie deiktiese sentrum uitmaak. In Noord-Sothoword demonstratiewe, demonstratief-kopulatiewe, lokatiewe kopulatiewe,lokatiewe bywoorde en sekere werkwoorde vir hierdie doe I aangewend. Tyddeiksis word in Noord-Sotho hoofsaaklik deur middel van temporale bywoorde geleksikaliseer en deur middel van tydsvonne in die werkwoord gegrammatikaliseer. Die interpretasie van hierdie uitdrukkings is van die deiktiese sentrum (tyd wanneer die uiting gemaak is) afhanklik. Temporale bywoorde sowel as die tydsvonn van die werkwoord beskryf die tyd wanneer die handeling plaasvind. Hierdie vonne sal aandui of die handeling v66r koderingstyd plaasgevind het (verlede tyd), of dit na koderingstyd sal plaasvind (toe~omende tyd), en of die handeling met koderingstyd saamval (teenwoordige tyd). Diskoersdeiksis verwys na daardie uitdrukkings wat gebruik word om na dele van die diskoers, of na naamwoordelike antesedente waarvoor daar nie 'n referent in die buitetaalse werklikheid bestaan nie, te verwys. In Noord-Sothoword demonstratiewe, pronomina van die derde persoon, demonstratief-kopulatiewe, sekere bywoorde, identifiserende kopulatiewe, sekere kwalifikatiewe en sekere voegwoorde vir hierdie doel aangewend. / The term deixis is derived from a Greek word deiktikos which means 'point at' and it is used in grammar to refer to those expressions which describe the essential points of orientation in a speech situation. The interpretation of deictic expressions can only be made in relation to a specific reference point (the deictic centre). Five deictic categories are distinguished. Person deixis concerns the deictic persons, that is the speaker, the addressee and possibly a third person if he/she/it is present in the speech situation. Person deixis is mainly reflected in the concordia! and the pronominal system of Northern Sotho. Social deixis refers to those expressions which reflect the speaker's attitude towards the addressee or the third person. Such expressions include lexical items which reflect the speaker's admiration, dislike or respect towards the addressee, as well as kinship terms and vocatives. Although the pronominal system of Northern Sotho is neutral with regard to sex, there are other linguistic ways in which gender distinctions can be drawn. Place deictic expressions are used to identify the location of an object relative to the deictic centre. The location of the speech participants or their bodies may constitute this deictic centre. Demonstratives, demonstrative-copulatives, locational copulatives, locative adverbs and certain verbs are used for this purpose in Northern Sotho. Time deixis is mainly lexicalised by means of temporal adverbs and grammaticalised by means of tense morphemes in the Northern Sotho verb. The interpretation of these expressions depends on the deictic centre (time when the utterance is made). Time adverbs as well as the tenses describe the time of an event. These structures will indicate whether the action took place before coding time (past tense), whether it will take place after coding time (future tense), or whether it coincides with coding time (present tense). Discourse deixis pertains to those expressions which are used to refer to parts of the discourse, or to nominal antecedents of which the referent is not present in the extra-linguistic context of the utterance. Demonstratives, demonstrative copulatives, third person pronouns, certain adverbs, identifying copulatives, certain qualificatives and certain conjunctions are used for this purpose in Northern Sotho. / African Languages / D Litt. et Phil. (Afrikatale)

(in English): In many studies there was demonstrated that word's imageability - the ability of a word to produce a mental image of it's referent - affects the processing of its inflection (e.g. Prado - Ullman, 2009), its acquisition (e.g. McDonough et al., 2011) and the acquisition of grammatical morphemes (Smolík, in press). This thesis builds on the Smolík's paper, and its goal is to test whether the imageability of a word's stem influences the acquisition of its inflections in Czech children. Word imageability ratings and ratings of other variables that were assumed to affect the process of the acquisition of word inflections, were collected, then questionnaires were distributed to parents to examine how the forms of chosen words are acquired by children. The focus was on the acquisition of nominative plural of nouns, present tense in second person and past tense of verbs. The results show that the imageability significantly predicts the age of acquisition of the nominative in singular and all observed forms of verbs. The absence of the imegability effect on the acquisition of nominative in plural may be due to the overall high imageability and thus reduced variability of ratings in nouns in our dataset. Two possible explanations of the imageability effect on the acqusition of morphological...

This thesis concentrates on the depiction of family in two contemporary British novels. These are: Hanif Kureishiʼs In macy (1998), wri en in the first person narra ve, and Elizabeth Day's Scissors Paper Stone (2011), written in the third person narrative. This thesis analyses the novels from various perspectives with the main emphasis put on the theme of family. It also takes into consideration the different narrative modes used in the novels. In the theoretical part this thesis concentrates on the development of family with the main stress placed on the changes that took place in the second half of the twentieth century in Britain. The topics that it deals with are the breakdown of a relationship, fatherhood, dysfunctional communication and other themes concerning the family and interpersonal relationships.

Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Die term deiksis is afgelei van die Griekse woord deiktikos wat 'wys na' betaken, en verwys na daardie uitdrukkings wat in 'n taal gebruik word om die belangrikste orientasiepunte in 'n gespreksituasie te verwoord. Aile deiktiese interpretasies kan net relatief tot 'n spesifieke verwysingspunt (deiktiese sentrum) gemaak word. Vyf deiktiese kategoriee word onderskei. Persoonsdeiksis hou verband met die deiktiese persona, m.a.w. die spreker en aangesprokeneen moontlik 'n derde persoon indian hy/sy/dit in die gespreksituasie teenwoordig is. Persoonsdeiksis word hoofsaaklik in Noord-Sotho se kongruensie-en pronominale sisteem gereflekteer. Sosiale deiksis verwys na daardie uitdrukkings wat die spreker se houding teenoor die aangesprokene of die derde persoon weergee. In Noord-Sotho word leksikale items met 'n sosiaal--deiktiese funksie aangetrefwat die spreker se bewondering, afkeer of respek teenoor die aangesprokene reflekteer, asook verwantskapstenne en aanspreekvonne. Alhoewel Noord-Sotho se pro nominate stelsel neutraal is ten opsigte van geslag, is daar ander maniere om taalkundig 'n onderskeid tussen die geslagte te maak. Plekdeiktiese uitdrukkings word gebruik om die Jigging van 'n objek relatief tot die deiktiese sentrum te beskryf. Die posisie van die gespreksgenote of hulle fisiese gestaltes kan hierdie deiktiese sentrum uitmaak. In Noord-Sothoword demonstratiewe, demonstratief-kopulatiewe, lokatiewe kopulatiewe,lokatiewe bywoorde en sekere werkwoorde vir hierdie doe I aangewend. Tyddeiksis word in Noord-Sotho hoofsaaklik deur middel van temporale bywoorde geleksikaliseer en deur middel van tydsvonne in die werkwoord gegrammatikaliseer. Die interpretasie van hierdie uitdrukkings is van die deiktiese sentrum (tyd wanneer die uiting gemaak is) afhanklik. Temporale bywoorde sowel as die tydsvonn van die werkwoord beskryf die tyd wanneer die handeling plaasvind. Hierdie vonne sal aandui of die handeling v66r koderingstyd plaasgevind het (verlede tyd), of dit na koderingstyd sal plaasvind (toe~omende tyd), en of die handeling met koderingstyd saamval (teenwoordige tyd). Diskoersdeiksis verwys na daardie uitdrukkings wat gebruik word om na dele van die diskoers, of na naamwoordelike antesedente waarvoor daar nie 'n referent in die buitetaalse werklikheid bestaan nie, te verwys. In Noord-Sothoword demonstratiewe, pronomina van die derde persoon, demonstratief-kopulatiewe, sekere bywoorde, identifiserende kopulatiewe, sekere kwalifikatiewe en sekere voegwoorde vir hierdie doel aangewend. / The term deixis is derived from a Greek word deiktikos which means 'point at' and it is used in grammar to refer to those expressions which describe the essential points of orientation in a speech situation. The interpretation of deictic expressions can only be made in relation to a specific reference point (the deictic centre). Five deictic categories are distinguished. Person deixis concerns the deictic persons, that is the speaker, the addressee and possibly a third person if he/she/it is present in the speech situation. Person deixis is mainly reflected in the concordia! and the pronominal system of Northern Sotho. Social deixis refers to those expressions which reflect the speaker's attitude towards the addressee or the third person. Such expressions include lexical items which reflect the speaker's admiration, dislike or respect towards the addressee, as well as kinship terms and vocatives. Although the pronominal system of Northern Sotho is neutral with regard to sex, there are other linguistic ways in which gender distinctions can be drawn. Place deictic expressions are used to identify the location of an object relative to the deictic centre. The location of the speech participants or their bodies may constitute this deictic centre. Demonstratives, demonstrative-copulatives, locational copulatives, locative adverbs and certain verbs are used for this purpose in Northern Sotho. Time deixis is mainly lexicalised by means of temporal adverbs and grammaticalised by means of tense morphemes in the Northern Sotho verb. The interpretation of these expressions depends on the deictic centre (time when the utterance is made). Time adverbs as well as the tenses describe the time of an event. These structures will indicate whether the action took place before coding time (past tense), whether it will take place after coding time (future tense), or whether it coincides with coding time (present tense). Discourse deixis pertains to those expressions which are used to refer to parts of the discourse, or to nominal antecedents of which the referent is not present in the extra-linguistic context of the utterance. Demonstratives, demonstrative copulatives, third person pronouns, certain adverbs, identifying copulatives, certain qualificatives and certain conjunctions are used for this purpose in Northern Sotho. / African Languages / D Litt. et Phil. (Afrikatale)

Swedish students’ morpheme acquisition order in English, including the acquisition of -s morphemes, is a relatively unstudied topic. Given the morphological differences between the English and Swedish languages, students learning English in Sweden may encounter difficulties in the use of the third person singular present tense -s morpheme. Research also shows that Swedish students use the plural -s morpheme rather accurately at 9-10 years old. Mapping out the usage of the -s morphemes may pave the way for understanding the difficulties learners encounter in the use of such morphemes. Furthermore, looking into the usage of morphemes that have the same form but different grammatical functions (e.g.,-s morphemes) may help us understand the relationship between different proficiency levels and the accuracy rate of morpheme usage in L2 English. To this end, this study investigates a corpus of texts produced by students learning English in Sweden in grades 6, 9 and 12. The focus is particularly on the frequency and accuracy of the use of -s morphemes, aiming at revealing which type of -s morphemes has a higher accuracy rate. The results show that the accuracy rate with the plural -s morpheme is relatively higher, whereas the possessive -‘s morpheme is the most problematic one across all levels. Additionally, the largest issue with the contracted verb form of be -‘s was that the students did not add an apostrophe between the word and the -s, rather than not using the form at all. Lastly, the third person singular present tense-s accuracy was very low in grade 6 but increased a lot through grade 9 and 12 where more complex subjects were the largest issue. However, the results indicate that further research with a larger corpus size is required to be able to generalize the findings.