Background: The football industry is a giant economic driver in the world with the English Premier League being the one with the largest following worldwide. Recently, the Premier League club Manchester City FC got charged with over 100 breaches of the leagues financial fair play rules invoking discussion and reactions among fans. This provides an opportunity to conduct research of social identity threat situations of a real-time event. Therefore, the study of Manchester City FC fans is a valid case to contribute to the understanding of British football fans´ reactions to social identity threats and coping strategies.  Purpose: This study aims to explore the reaction and coping mechanisms of football fans as their supported club has been accused of potential rule-breaking activities. Method: The study is following an interpretivist approach through a single case study. A qualitative content analysis method is used to analyse the data gathered through a Manchester City online forum. The data is analysed through manual coding, where the sub-categories emerge from the raw codes gathered from the Manchester City online forum. Conclusion: This study suggests that social mobility is not prominent amongst Manchester City FC fans in the occurrence of this Social Identity Threat, while aggressive coping strategies such as Social Competition and Social Creativity are prominent in the analysis of the sample. The study also supports previous research identifying humour as a prominent coping strategy and identifies similarities between British sports fan and sports fans in other cultures.

Secure email systems that use end-to-end encryption are the best method we have for ensuring user privacy and security in email communication. However, the adoption of secure email remains low, with previous studies suggesting mainly that secure email is too complex or inconvenient to use. However, the perspectives of those who have, in fact, chosen to use an encrypted email system are largely overlooked. To understand these perspectives, we conducted a semi-structured interview study that aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the mindsets underlying adoption and use of secure email services. Our participants come from a variety of countries and vary in the amount of time they have been using secure email, how often they use it, and whether they use it as their primary account. Our results uncover that a defining reason for adopting a secure email system is to avoid surveillance from big tech companies. However, regardless of the complexity and accuracy of a person's mental model, our participants rarely send and receive encrypted emails, thus not making full use of the privacy they could obtain. These findings indicate that secure email systems could potentially find greater adoption by appealing to their privacy advantages, but privacy gains will be limited until a critical mass are able to join these systems and easily send encrypted emails to each other.

This thesis investigates the potential relationship between support for radical right-wing parties and the increased employment rates of women in member states of the European Union. While previous research has predominantly focused on immigration, by virtue of grievances, as a driver of radical right-wing support, this study explores whether increases in the employment ratio of women can also be perceived as a threat and contribute to this support. The rationale for examining this assumption is rooted in the understanding of radical right-wing parties as Männerparteien, being primarily supported and led by men. By analyzing time-series cross-sectional data from thirteen EU member states over twenty time periods, this study reveals a positive correlation between the employment rates of women and support for radical right-wing parties. This finding aligns with the concept of group threat theory, suggesting that increases in the employment ratio of women can indeed be perceived as a threat. The finding highlights the complex dynamics and potential resistance that arise when traditional power dynamics are challenged, emphasizing the need for comprehensive approaches to address these barriers and promote gender equality. The study also reveals a positive correlation between support for radical right-wing parties and the attainment of advanced education for men, as well as a negative correlation between radical right-wing support and increased GDP. The findings offer valuable insights to previous research and lay the groundwork for future studies in various research fields by yielding further insights into the group dynamics between men and women and by proposing the use of additional explanatory variables in explaining radical right-wing support.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Stroke is the leading cause of adult disability with over 5 million American adults experiencing physical, psychological, and/or social limitations related to stroke. Although depressive symptoms and poor quality of life (QOL) are key outcomes for stroke survivors, little is understood about how these outcomes are affected by stroke survivors’ evaluation of their experience. The concept of cognitive appraisal, an evaluation of the meaning of a situation for one’s well-being, may explain some of the factors associated with post-stroke depressive symptoms and QOL. The purpose of this study was to determine factors associated with post-stroke depressive symptoms and QOL using a conceptual model derived from the transactional theory of stress originally proposed by Lazarus and Folkman. Three aims guided this study: to determine whether (a) depressive symptoms at 4 months after stroke are predictive of stroke-specific QOL at 10 months; (b) perceived social support, self-esteem, and optimism at 1 month after stroke predict depressive symptoms among stroke survivors at 4 months; and (c) threat appraisal at 1 month after stroke is a mediating variable between perceived social support, self-esteem, and optimism at 1 month after stroke and depressive symptoms at 4 months. A secondary analysis of data from 392 stroke survivors in the Randomized Trial of Treatment for Post-stroke Depression (AIM study) was conducted. Using a descriptive correlational design and multiple regression analyses, longitudinal associations among perceived social support, self-esteem, optimism, threat appraisal, depressive symptoms and stroke-specific QOL were examined. Perceived social support, self-esteem, and optimism were significantly associated with threat appraisal. Threat appraisal was significantly associated with post-stroke depressive symptoms. Stroke-specific QOL was found to be stable between 4 and 10 months. Partial mediation of the relationship between the explanatory variables and depressive symptoms by threat appraisal at one month post-stroke was demonstrated. In conclusion, threat appraisal is an important factor to consider in future research and intervention development in relation to post-stroke depressive symptoms.

Svensk ambulanssjukvård har under de senaste decennierna utvecklats och anses idag bedriva kvalificerad akutsjukvård. Men ambulanssjukvården har en utsatt arbetsmiljö som allt mer utsätts för hot och våld i det vårdande arbetet. Varje patient förtjänar en trygg och säker vård. Syftet var att beskriva hur ambulanspersonal upplever att vårdandet kan påverkas vid hot och våld i ambulanssjukvården. Metoden som användes var en litteraturöversikt. I denna litteraturöversikt har 15 vetenskapliga artiklar inkluderats. Artiklarna hämtades från databaserna Pubmed och Cinahl. Varje artikel är kvalitetsgranskad och bedömd enligt bedömningsmall från Sophiahemmet Högskola. Resultatet visar att ambulanspersonal som drabbas av våld upplevde att våldet stundtals kunde leda till försämrad vårdkvalité då situationen upplevdes som stressande. Ambulanspersonalen kände också oro för våld på arbetsplatsen vilket kunde påverka vårdandet. Dessutom upplevde ambulanspersonalen att korrekt träning och utbildning skulle kunna stärka säkerheten och samtidigt resultera i en bättre vårdkontakt. Ambulanspersonal som har utsatts för hot och våld har förändrat sitt beteende och känner sig alltmer rädd och oroad på arbetsplatsen samt arbetar med en ökad försiktighet och misstänksamhet. Effekterna av detta kan leda till en minskad empati mot patienten. Vid situationer där hot och våld är förekommande är det vanligt att vårdandet hamnar i bakgrunden. Slutsatsen visar att situationer där hot och våld förekommer i ambulanssjukvård ökar risken för konsekvenser för vårdandet. Ambulanspersonalens känslor och bemötande påverkas i negativ riktning vilket i sin tur kan leda till att vården påverkas. Ambulanspersonal behöver mer utbildning i hur de ska agera i en hotfull situation där risken för påverkan på vården finns. Avslutningsvis är det av stor vikt att ambulanspersonalen erhåller önskat stöd och eventuell rehabilitering efter en situation där hot och våld utspelats. / Swedish ambulance care has developed during the last decades and today it is considered to provide qualified emergency care. But the ambulance care has an exposed work environment that more often receives threats and violence in the work of care. Every patient deserves safe and secure care. Furthermore, it is important that ambulance staff gets to work in a safe and healthy environment. The purpose was to describe the ambulance staff´s experiences how the caring may be affected by threats and violence in ambulance care. The used method was a literature review. In this literature review 15 scientific articles were included. The articles were collected from the databases Pubmed and Cinahl. Each article was quality reviewed and assessed according to an assessment template from Sophiahemmet University. The result shows that ambulance staff affected by violence experienced that violence sometimes could lead to impaired quality of care when the situation was perceived as stressful. The ambulance staff were also concerned about violence in the workplace, which could affect the caring. In addition, the ambulance staff felt that proper training and education could strengthen safety and at the same time result in better care. Ambulance staff that have been exposed to threat and violence have changed their behavior and feel more scared and concerned at work, they also work with increased caution and suspicion. The effects of violence may lead to reduced empathy towards the patient. In situations where threats and violence occur it is common that the caring ends up in the background. In conclusion, situations where threat and violence occur in ambulance environments increases the risk of negative consequences for the caring. The ambulance staff's feelings and treatment are affected in a negative direction which may lead to influence in the caring. The ambulance staff need more education in how they are supposed to act in a threatening situation when there is a risk of consequences of the caring. Finally, it is important that ambulance staff receives support and possible rehabilitation after a situation that contains threat and violence.

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Editorial on the Research Topic. Age-Based Stereotype Threat Effects on Performance Outcomes.

As electronic computer technology advances, files and data are kept in computers and exchanged through networks. The computer is a physically closed system for users, making it harder for others to steal data via direct touch. Computer networks, on the other hand, can be used by hackers to gain access to user accounts and steal sensitive data. The academics are concentrating their efforts on preventing network attacks and assuring data security. The Intrusion Detection System (IDS) relies on network traffic and host logs to detect and protect against network threats. They all, however, necessitate a lot of data analysis and quick reaction tactics, which puts a lot of pressure on network managers. The advancement of AI allows computers to take over difficult and time-consuming data processing activities, resulting in more intelligent network attack protection techniques and timely alerts of suspected network attacks. The SCVIC-APT-2021 dataset which is specific to the APT attacks is generated to serve as a benchmark for APT detection. A Virtual Private Network (VPN) connects two network domains to form the basic network environment for creating the dataset. Kali Linux is used as a hacker to launch multiple rounds of APT attacks and compromise two network domains from the external network. The generated dataset contains six APT stages, each of which includes different attack techniques. Following that, a knowledge-based machine learning model is proposed to detect APT attacks on the developed SCVIC-APT-2021 dataset. The macro average F1-score increases by 11.01% and reach up to 81.92% when compared to the supervised baseline model. NSL-KDD and UNSW-NB15 are then utilized as benchmarks to verify the performance of the proposed model. The weighted average F1-score on both datasets can reach 76.42% and 79.20%, respectively. Since some network attacks leave host-based information such as system logs on the network devices, the detection scheme that integrates network-based features and host-based features are used to boost the network attack detection capabilities of IDS. The raw data of CSE-CIC-IDS2018 is utilized to create the SCIVC-CIDS-2021 dataset which includes both network-based features and host-based features. To ensure precise classification results, the SCVIC-CIDS-2021 is labelled with the attacking techniques. Due to the high dimensionalities of the features in the produced dataset, Autoencoder (AE) and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) are employed to reduce the dimensionality of network-based and host-based features, respectively. Finally, classification of the data points is performed using knowledge-based PKI and PKI Difference (PKID) models. Among these, the PKID model performs better with a macro average F1-score of 96.60%, which is 7.62% higher than the results only utilizing network-based features.

The impact that economic crises have on firms is profound. Such events affect the extent to which firms invest in innovation. This exploratory study aims to investigate to what extentfirms emphasize exploratory and exploitative innovation as a result of economic crises. The study further aims to examine the presence of a rigid or risk-seeking response, in terms of innovation, as a result of the crisis. Through analysis of the contents of the CEOs’ letters to theshareholders, I captured the firms’ emphasis on exploratory and exploitative innovation in a sample of 14 large Swedish firms, three years before and after the crisis and examined the presence of a rigid or risk-seeking response, by comparing both periods. The findings indicate a short-term rigid response as well as no indication of a risk-seeking response. The study contributes to the body of knowledge about how economic crises impact the firms’ emphasis on investing in innovation, a field lacking a consensus among authors.