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Hot och våld mot ambulanspersonal blir allt vanligare i samhället. Frekvensen av hot och våld mot ambulanspersonal är hög. Ambulanspersonal rapporteras ha den största risken att utsättas för våld på arbetsplatsen då de oftast är dem som först möter patienten när akutsjukvård behövs. Arbetsrelaterat hot och våld på arbetsplatser påverkar arbetsgivare och arbetstagare i form av trivsel, ekonomi och vårdkvalitet. Syftet var att belysa det vetenskapliga underlaget för ambulanspersonalens upplevelse och hur de påverkas av arbetsrelaterat hot och våld. Metoden var litteraturöversikt där 18 vetenskapliga artiklar ingick där resultatet analyserades med en integrerad dataanalys och redovisas i kategorier och underkategorier. I kategorin, ambulanspersonalens yttre påverkan av hot och våld som baserats på underkategorierna Oro för egen säkerhet och teamets betydelse, Risker i arbetet samt kategorin, Att kunna värna om patientsäkerheten, visade resultatet en oro för egen säkerhet, vikten av stöd från arbetsgivare och kollegor. Resultatet visade hur risken att utsättas för hot och våld ökade då patienterna var påverkade av droger eller alkohol samt arbete under natten. Möjlighet och svårigheter att kunna värna om patientsäkerheten vid våldsamma situationer uppstår. Kategorin ambulanspersonalens inre påverkan av hot och våld, baserad på underkategorierna Långvarig stress och utsatthet samt Posttraumatiskt stressyndrom PTSD, påvisade resultatet hur personalen upplevde långvarig stress, personlighetsförändring och i en del fall hade en ökad risk att utvecklade posttraumatiskt stressyndrom vid upprepad utsatthet av arbetsrelaterat hot och våld. Studiens resultat visar att arbetsrelaterat hot och våld hos ambulanspersonalen är ett stort problem både för arbetstagaren som arbetsgivaren och påverkar i sin tur patienternas omvårdnad och det egna välbefinnandet. Ambulanspersonalen påverkas både mentalt som kroppsligt av utsattheten av hot och våld. Upplevelsen av välbefinnandet för ambulanspersonalen försämras och arbetsinsatserna i omvårdnaden påverkas. / Threats and violence towards ambulance staff is getting more common within the society. The frequency of threats and violence towards ambulance staff is high. Ambulance staff are reported to have the highest risk of being exposed to threats and violence at work since they are likely the first to meet the patients in need for emergency care. Work related threats and violence at work affects employers and employees in the shape of comfort, economic and quality of care. The aim was to highlight the scientific substrate for the ambulance staff experience and how that they are affected by work related threats and violence. Method used was a literature review where 18 scientific articles were included, where the results were analyzed with an integrated data analysis and reported in categories and subcategories. In the category ambulance staff´s external impact of threats and violence based on subcategories Worries about self-safety and the importance of the team, Risks at work, and the category Being able to protect patient safety, showed concern for personal safety, the importance of support from employer and colleagues. Result showed that the risk of being exposed to threats and violence increased when patients were affected by drugs or alcohol and work at night. Opportunity and difficulty in protecting patient safety in violent situations arise. In the category ambulance staff´s internal impact of threats and violence based on subcategories Long-term stress and vulnerability as well as Post-traumatic stress disorder PTSD, showed how the staff experienced long-term stress, personality change and in some cases showed higher risk to develop posttraumatic stress syndrome at repeated work-related threats and violence. The study results show that work-related threats and violence among ambulance staff is a major problem both for employees and employers and in turn affects patients care and their well-being. Ambulance staff are affected both mentally and physically by the vulnerability of threats and violence. Well-being for the ambulance staff is impaired and the workload in nursing is affected.

The purpose of this dissertation is to improve the racial conditions of USAmerican education and to highlight how racial politics influence the facework practices of Black male teachers, their perceptions of and responses to face threats, and how the classroom, as a context, shapes perceptions and issues of face, facework, and face threat. I utilized identity management theory to examine how Black male teachers construct facework and face threat within the classroom. Additionally, I used semi-structured respondent interviewing and grounded theory as my method and analytical method (respectively) to complete my study. Using key concepts, such as positive face, negative face, face threat, and identity freezing, I concluded that perceptions of racism and racial stereotypes that are sometimes contingent on their gender identity impact how they constructed positive and negative face. Additionally, racism and racial stereotypes shaped which facework strategies the interview participants utilized, what they considered face threatening situations, how they responded to face threatening situations, and what they considered identity freezing situations. Overall, their constructions of facework and face threat were utilized to avoid stereotypes that depicted them as angry and incompetent. Considering the positive potential of this study, I concluded with how this research can help administrators and colleagues to improve the education system for Black male teachers.

This study examines how local journalists in Sweden view, understand and manage threats, hatred and harassment in their professional role. The study is based on qualitative interviews with eight journalists, four men and four women, from different local newspapers in Sweden. The interviews are analyzed through a theoretical framework inspired by discourse theory. The purpose of this study is to examine how journalists are affected by threats, hatred and harassment. All material has been collected throughout the study and is used to understand how journalists being victims of hatred, threats and harassment affects their duty to society as being a democratic vessel for the public opinion. The research questions for the study are:  1. How do journalists experience safety risks in their professional practice? 2. How do journalists weigh the risk of being exposed to hatred, threats and harassment as opposed to reporting about subjects they are interested in and find important? 3. Do journalists experience institutional support and how safe does the support make them feel?  Theories such as the media's democratic role in society and the journalistic standard of practice are used to answer the research questions and analyze the material. The result of the study shows that hatred, threats and harassment is an established part of journalistic practice that is known throughout institutions and by journalists themselves. Furthermore the result shows a lack of institutionalized support. Neither their previous education discussed how they’re supposed to handle hatred, threats and harassments nor does their current workplace discuss it. In line with previous research, the informants believed that hatred, threats and harassment take different forms depending on the gender of the journalist and that women are more vulnerable, which they claimed were because of the patriarchal structures of our society. The result shows that the informants use avoidance strategies when it comes to reducing the risk of exposure. Subconsciously, they may have reframed, changed the narrative or censored themselves – but in such cases without their direct knowledge.

The use of social robots is often seen as a solution for handling future challenges such as caring for a growing population of elderly people. However, previous research has shown that robots can be perceived as threatening and for a successful implementation of robots in society we are dependent on the public’s acceptance of the technology. This thesis investigates whether transparency about robots’ lack of human-like psychological capabilities can reduce the perceived damage of robots on humans and human identity (henceforth “perceived damage”), and whether the effect of such transparency is moderated by the human-like appearance of the robot. Ninety-two study participants, randomly assigned to either a transparent or neutral condition, were presented with pictures and descriptions of four robots that varied in human-likeness. The capabilities of the robots were differently described in the two conditions, using either non-psychological (e.g., “programmed responses”) or psychological terminology (e.g., “respond in natural manner”). Participants subsequently filled in a scale measuring perceived damage. The results showed that the transparent condition was associated with lower perceived damage than the non-transparent condition for the most human-like robot. There was no significant interaction effect between transparency and human-like appearance. The findings suggest that transparency about robots' lack of human-like psychological capabilities can have a positive effect on perceived damage when the robot has a very human-like appearance. However, further research is needed to investigate whether transparency reduces perceived damage in real-world interactions with robots.

Background. With the increasing demand for cybersecurity, there is a growing interest in understanding cyber-attack surfaces and vectors. Security Operation Centers (SOCs) play a crucial role in defensive cybersecurity, and Security Informationand Event Management (SIEM) systems are used to monitor and analyze the security status of computer systems. However, SIEM systems face challenges such asdata overload and the need for effective data selection.Objectives. This research aims to develop a method for reducing the number ofsets of Indicators of Compromise (IOCs) processed by SIEM systems while maintaining maximum coverage. The objectives include conducting a literature review onIOCs processing and data reduction, preparing data from the Open Threat Exchange(OTX) platform, developing a method for minimizing IOCs sets, and evaluating theeffectiveness of the proposed solution.Methods. The evaluation of the methods is performed numerically using a FuzzyTable. The research also involves developing a mathematical model that describesthe relationships between different types of IOCs and the possibility of various representations for the same object. The model takes into account weight assignmentto each indicator. Software implementation is carried out. The effectiveness of thedeveloped method is evaluated using metrics such as the coverage of the initial setof IOCs and the data reduction rateResults. Unfortunately, none of the methods fully met all the criteria. Fuzzy logicwas selected as the decision-making approach. A mathematical data model was developed to represent IOCs and associated pulses as sets. Dependencies were described tofilter out duplicate indicators. Implementation was done using the Python programming language. Three algorithms were implemented: Set cover problem, Weightedcoverage maximization, and Budget cover problem. Tests were conducted on theentire data set and subsets to analyze performance. The number of IOCs decreasedfrom 4115 to 3341, representing a reduction of 25.5% to 93% according to the Totaldata reduction metric. Conclusions. Overall, the developed method reduced information and minimizedindicator sources, offering a valuable approach for reducing data in IOC processing.

We explored how individuals high in narcissism maintained positive self-evaluations when faced with threats from romantic partners, and the role of attentiveness to attractive alternatives in self-evaluation maintenance. Participants and their romantic partners completed surveys measuring narcissism, closeness, attention to alternative partners, and IQ tests. They were given false feedback concerning their performance on the IQ tasks in relation to their partners, then asked to take additional surveys measuring closeness change. Ultimately, there was no significant connection between narcissism and reduction of closeness following a threat. Attention to alternative partners did not act as a mediator between narcissism and closeness reduction. Couples-level analyses yielded that couples with higher narcissism reported lower closeness. There was also a significant narcissism by condition interaction, with highly narcissistic couples in the non-threat condition reporting lower closeness scores than highly narcissistic couples who were in the threat condition. Limitations and future directions are discussed.

The current paper examined the relationship between frontal alpha asymmetry (FAA) and threatening face stimuli. Participants were presented with threatening faces, and this was compared to non-threatening (neutral) faces, on the assumption that the threatening faces would trigger a withdrawal motivation and a corresponding decrease in state FAA scores. The EEG data used in the present analysis was taken from an earlier study at the University of Skövde, consisting of twenty-eight participants with no reported current ongoing neurological or psychiatric illnesses, or epilepsy. Based on the paired samples t-test there was no significant statistical difference between participants’ FAA scores in the threatening and non-threatening conditions. The relatively small sample of the present study may be a contributing factor. Furthermore, threatening face images may elicit weaker responses than non-facial images such as threatening images of domestic violence or natural disasters. In the future, the field of FAA may benefit from investigating the connection between FAA and non-facial threatening and non-threatening images, instead of faces.

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More than half of the violations of information systems security policies are initiated by non-malicious activities of insiders. To investigate these non-malicious activities, we utilized the theory of workaround and argued that the application of neutralization techniques impacts the use of workarounds. We built our model using three theories: the theory of workaround, push-pull-mooring theory, and techniques of neutralization. We identified the elements of workarounds related to non-malicious violations and proposed a theoretical perspective using the push-pull-mooring theory to investigate non-malicious workarounds empirically. We propose that non-malicious activities of insiders can be seen as a switching behavior, with push factors such as system dissatisfaction and time pressure, and pull factors such as convenience and alternative attractiveness. The mooring factors in our model are techniques of neutralization, including denial of injury, denial of responsibility, and defense of necessity. We employed the scenario-based factorial survey method to mitigate the effect of social desirability bias. Our mixed model analysis indicates that time pressure, convenience, denial of injury, and defense of necessity significantly impact an individual's likelihood of engaging in non-malicious workarounds. Additionally, the relative weight analysis of our model shows that convenience and time pressure explain most of the variance in our model.