ABSTRACT Theme of the thesis is the design method of anti-virus protection with the use of an alternative boot store. Processed is a related issue of viruses and the possibility of defenses against them. This thesis is focused on the design and selection of components solutions enabling the execution of antivirus test from the undistorted by the operating system. With selected components continues to realize an alternative booting the operating system from a Windows platform computer network with automatic virus checking of all local disks. The results of inspection are transmitted using signed files on a network server and typically give an overview of the results of the individual tests.

During the course of human evolution, being a member of a group has been more beneficial for survival than being alone. Food gathering, protection from predators, cooperation, and care for offspring are distributed among group members, increasing the likelihood for survival. It is as if there is an interplay between agent and environment that interprets being socially cooperative as pleasurable and being left out as painful. Studies have been dedicated to examine how our social life is one of the most important aspects of health and well-being, particularly social relationships. Since this link has been demonstrated, it would be interesting to incorporate the field of neuroscience to understand the involvement of the human brain in our social experiences, specifically the experience of social connection. The current state of neuroscience does not allow researchers to examine this kind of subjective experiences, simply because of the lack of proper tools and knowledge. Research in this field has come a long way since the early stages, and studies have indicated on significant results regarding the involved neural regions. The dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and the anterior insula (AI) are active when threats to social connection is experienced. They are also active in situations were survival is threatened. An experience of social connection evokes a feeling of (social) safety, in part because it activates regions of the brain associated with physical safety, such as the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC). In similar fashion, a sense of social closeness ("warmth") activates the ventral striatum (VS), which is associated with physical warmth and studies have shown that social and physical warmth share overlapping neural activity in VS. Finally, Mu-opioids have been shown to be responsible for social bonding; while using an opioid antagonist such as naltrexone, decreases the feeling of social connection. Studies in this field are few; one should take their results with caution. The field continues to grow, and the studies that have been done to date give exciting hints of the influence of social relationships on physical health and mental well-being.

Nowadays, security risk assessment has become an integral part of network security as everyday life has become interconnected with and dependent on computer networks. There are various types of data in the network, often with different criticality in terms of availability or confidentiality or integrity of information. Critical data is riskier when it is exploited. Data criticality has an impact on network security risks. The challenge of diminishing security risks in a specific network is how to conduct network security risk analysis based on data criticality. An interesting aspect of the challenge is how to integrate the security metric and the threat modeling, and how to consider and combine the various elements that affect network security during security risk analysis. To the best of our knowledge, there exist no security risk analysis techniques based on threat modeling that consider the criticality of data. By extending the security risk analysis with data criticality, we consider its impact on the network in security risk assessment. To acquire the corresponding security risk value, a method for integrating data criticality into graphical attack models via using relevant metrics is needed. In this thesis, an approach for calculating the security risk value considering data criticality is proposed. Our solution integrates the impact of data criticality in the network by extending the attack graph with data criticality. There are vulnerabilities in the network that have potential threats to the network. First, the combination of these vulnerabilities and data criticality is identified and precisely described. Thereafter the interaction between the vulnerabilities through the attack graph is taken into account and the final security metric is calculated and analyzed. The new security metric can be used by network security analysts to rank security levels of objects in the network. By doing this, they can find objects that need to be given additional attention in their daily network protection work. The security metric could also be used to help them prioritize vulnerabilities that need to be fixed when the network is under attack. In general, network security analysts can find effective ways to resolve exploits in the network based on the value of the security metric.

Avec cette recherche, nous étudions l’impact de l’ostracisme (sentiment d’exclusion sociale)sur la performance à plusieurs tâches stéréotypées selon si celui-ci provient de personnes demême sexe ou de personnes de sexe opposé. Plusieurs travaux ont pu montrer quel’ostracisme pouvait altérer la performance cognitive (Baumeister, Twenge & Nuss, 2002).Des recherches ont pu également montrer que le fait de réaliser une tâche en même temps queplusieurs personnes de sexe opposé pouvait entraîner une diminution de performance si cettetâche était négativement stéréotypée pour le sexe de la personne c ible (Inzlicht & Ben-Zeev,2000). En référence à ces travaux, nous nous attendions à ce que l’ostracisme entraîne unediminution de performance et à ce que cet effet, pour une tâche négativement stéréotypée, soitd’autant plus fort que celui-ci provient de personnes de sexe opposé plutôt que de personnesde même sexe. Nous avons testé cette hypothèse à partir de 4 expériences : trois réalisées surdes échantillons féminin (avec une tâche numérique) et une sur un échantillon masculin (avecune tâche affective). Une analyse cumulée des expériences réalisées sur un échantillonféminin a également été proposée. Nous ne sommes finalement pas parvenus à valider notrehypothèse. Au contraire, nous avons pu constater que seul l’ostracisme de la part depersonnes de même sexe que soi entraînait une diminution de performances sur une tâchenégativement stéréotypée. Plusieurs pistes sont proposées pour interpréter ce résultat que nousavons pu mettre en évidence à plusieurs reprises. / With this research, we study the impact of ostracism (the feeling of social exclusion) onperformance on several stereotyped tasks, depending on the sex of the ostracism's source.Many researches showed that ostracism could lead to cognitive performance decrease(Baumeister, Twenge & Nuss, 2002). Some studies also pointed out that executing a task atthe same time as members of the opposite sex may cause a decrease in performance, if thetask is negatively stereotyped toward the targeted person (Inzlicht & Ben-Zeev, 2000).According to those studies, we were expecting ostracism would lead to performance decrease,and also that this effect (for a negatively stereotyped task) would be more pronounced,coming from members of the opposite sex. We tested this hypothesis with 4 experiments: 3 onfemale samples (using numeric task) and one on male sample (using an affective task). Wealso proposed a cumulated analysis of experiments conducted on female samples. Eventually,we didn't validate our hypothesis. On the contrary, we observed that only ostracism fromsame-sex persons led to performance decrease on a negatively stereotyped task. We proposeda number of leads to interpret the result we repeatedly highlighted.

Bakgrund: Hot och våld inom vård och omsorg skapar fysiska, psykiska och ekonomiska problem för de inblandade, arbetsplatsen och samhället. Akutsjukvården är ett av de mer drabbade vårdområdena. Syfte: Litteraturöversiktens syfte är att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelse av hot och våld på akutmottagningar. Metod: Litteraturöversikten är baserad på kvalitativ design. Tio artiklar inkluderades och analyserades induktivt. Resultat: Resultatet grundades på tio artiklar som visade att sjukvården på akutmottagningar normaliserar hot och våld för att det ses som en del av arbetet enligt sjuksköterskorna. Hot och våld påverkar sjuksköterskors arbete, de sänkte standarden av sin vård för att undvika konflikter. Stress, ångest och depression var symptom som drabbade deltagarna. Sjuksköterskorna upplevde sig osäkra på arbetet och sårbara eftersom organisationen inte visade sitt stöd. Slutsatser: Hot och våld sker frekvent på akutmottagningar, det skapar problem som påverkar sjuksköterskornas arbete och privatliv. Kulturen i sjukvården som normaliserar hot och våld kan vara ett hinder för att minska problemet. Nyckelord: Bergenmodellen, hot, sjuksköterska, upplevelse, våld / Background: Threat and violences within health and social care creates physical, mental and economic problems for those involved, the workplace and society. Emergency care is one of the more affected healthcare areas. Aim: The aim of this literature review is to describe nurses' experiences of threats and violence at emergency departments. Method: The literature review is based on qualitative design. Ten articles were included and analyzed inductively. Result: The result is based on ten studies showing that the health care in emergency departments are normalizing threat and violence because it’s seen as part of the job by the nurses. Threat and violence affected the work of the nurses, who lowered the standards of their work to avoid conflict. Stress, anxiety and depression were symptoms that afflicted the participants. Nurses felt unsafe at work and vulnerable because the organization did not show its support. Conclusions: The culture within health care that normalizes threats and violence could be an obstacle to reducing the problem. Keywords: Experience, nurse, the Bergen model, threat, violence,

The disparity in frequency of orgasms between men and heterosexual women has been linked qualitatively to women purposefully not communicating their sexual needs in order to preserve their partner’s masculinity. In two studies I experimentally evaluated this relationship, sampling heterosexual undergraduate women. In study 1 (N = 246) I demonstrated that women who imagined not having an orgasm rated an imaginary partner as more insecure in his manhood, relative to women who imagined having an orgasm or going on a dinner date. These perceptions of insecurity mediated the relationship between not having an orgasm and reporting anxiety about hurting their partner’s ego. Additionally, this relationship was moderated by the degree to which women believe manhood must be earned and can be lost through sex. In study 2 (N = 282) I predicted women who imagine a partner who is insecure in his masculinity, relative to imagining a secure partner or a control condition, will be less willing to provide open and honest sexual communication, and this relationship would be mediated by anxiety about their partner’s ego, a relationship moderated by endorsement of precarious manhood beliefs. My analyses did not reveal support for these hypotheses. Implications, limitations and future directions are discussed.

The thesis seeks to examine the development of the US-Japan, US-South Korea, and US- Australia alliances, during the implementation of the rebalance to Asia policy under the Obama administration. It discusses the application of three major international relations theories, realism, liberalism, and constructivism, in studying the causes and effects that resulted in different outcomes across the three dyads, from security, economic, and cultural perspectives. To establish a causal relationship, the thesis employs a qualitative case study method, controlled comparison, to test the theories and identify the factors that play a decisive role in determining the differences. It then concludes that between the three alliances, it was the rational choice of policymakers, focused on state survival and economic interests, that influenced state behaviour in cross-border relationships. The US alliances in Asia-Pacific have been operating mainly on pragmatic foundations and principles, to serve strategic purposes, and have little to do with normative, ideational factors. Keywords Asia-Pacific, alliance, economic interdependence, foreign policy, hegemony, national identity, rebalance, security threat

This thesis looks at the construction of China as a security threat in the United Kingdom, through the theoretical lens of techno-Orientalism. The main argument is that techno-Orientalist ideas influence the Western perception of China as a security threat, which leads to the creation of certain fears regarding China which affects the identity creation of both the United Kingdom and China. Techno-Orientalism shows how the West perceives itself as losing its grip on modernity, and thus the future; the East is being perceived as the producers of technology which lead to the opposite of the desired Western liberal humanism. Thus, the East is on its way to take over modernity and turn it into a technological oppressive future. These ideas influence how the United Kingdom perceives China as a security threat, and this is shown through a Foucauldian-inspired discourse analysis of debates in the British Parliament.

Building on the assumption that the image of China within the Swedish state is pluralist, the aim of this study is to explore this plurality through the lens of Pan Chengxin’s paradigms “China threat” and “China opportunity”. A second aim is to contribute to the theory by applying it in a different context compared to where it originated. This is explored through the method of frame analysis and interpretive text analysis. The study shows that the image is indeed pluralist and differs between entities. Frames that are commonly used by one entity are non-existent in texts by another. There are also differences in emphasis within frames and within entities. Understanding how China is framed and imagined in different parts of the Swedish state can be useful in itself as it helps us understand that the relationship between Sweden and China is complex and dynamic. Furthermore, the study shows that while Pan’s paradigms can be a useful outset point, one cannot understand the Swedish image of China without also looking beyond them. The Swedish China image holds nuances unaccounted for by the theory, particularly in the perception of China as heterogenous to a higher extent than anticipated.

”How is defence cooperation effected due to a perceived imbalance of threat?” When faced with a threat, the balance of threat theory implies that states ally in order to aggregate capabilities to deter the threat. However, states have multiple options to increase security by adding military power, with internal balancing on the one side and external balancing on the other. In order to better explain actions taken by states to balance a threat, a new shade that does not include defence obligations is needed for the balance of threat theory. In this paper, changes in defence cooperation is that shade. By including changes in defence cooperation as a response to increased threat, for example the purchase of defence materials, joint training and defence planning, the balance of threat theory can expand its current explanatory power. Also, by understanding these changes states can prepare for it in advance and react on short notice, since today’s security environment changes rapidly. To study if changes in defence cooperation can be included into the balance of threat theory, Swedish defence cooperation with three partners (NATO, Finland and within NORDEFCO) are examined before and after the aggressive behaviour by Russia in 2014. The results are distinct and unitary, all cooperation changed to a more alliance-like purpose, to counter threats by presenting combined strength, but without formal or informal defence obligations. These actions strengthened the capability to function together by enhancing interoperability and preparing for common action in peace, crisis and conflict.