[pt] Os motores elétricos no Brasil são responsáveis pelo consumo de cerca de 25 porcento de toda a energia elétrica no país e, em sua grande parte, estão presentes na indústria. Estes equipamentos são fabricados para uso em bombas hidráulicas, compressores de ar, elevadores etc., podendo ser comercializados se atenderem aos índices de eficiência mínimos definidos pela Portaria INMETRO/MDIC N488 de 2010, garantindo o seu perfeito funcionamento e o consumo energético adequado. Contudo, alguns estabelecimentos estão comercializando produtos usados recondicionados, não atendendo à regulamentação desta Portaria, além de reformarem motores sem condições de uso. O objetivo desta dissertação é dimensionar e caracterizar o mercado de revenda e manutenção de motores elétricos de indução recondicionados no Brasil, estimando a perda de energia decorrente do recondicionamento incorreto. A metodologia do trabalho pode ser dividida em cinco etapas: estudo do estado da arte de recondicionamento de motores; quantificação de empresas e funcionários por meio de consultas às bases de dados governamentais; pesquisa de campo em amostras de empresas que fazem recondicionamento; extrapolação do estudo conduzido nas amostras para a população de empresas pesquisadas durante a pesquisa de campo; comparação dos resultados com estudos anteriores e dimensionamento das perdas elétricas do Brasil. Como resultado foi caracterizado e dimensionado o mercado de motores recondicionados, contendo: 6.503 empresas; 24,4 mil funcionários; 45 porcento das empresas realizando revenda de recondicionados; 6,9 milhões de motores recondicionados por ano, totalizando 7,46 porcento de perda, equivalentes a 2,9 Terawatt-hora. Além disso, dos 20 milhões de motores existentes no Brasil em 2016 há uma perda de 8,4 Terawatt-hora por uso de motores recondicionados e um grande aumento da venda de motores importados de baixa qualidade. Foram, assim, atingidos todos os objetivos propostos nesta pesquisa, sendo identificadas as novas tendências do mercado de motores brasileiro e gerando subsídios para o desenvolvimento de novas políticas de eficiência energética no país. / [en] Electric motors in Brazil are responsible for the consumption of about 25 percent of all electricity in the country and, being mostly presented in the industry. These equipments are manufactured for being used in hydraulic pumps, air compressors, elevators, etc., and can be commercialized in compliance with the energy efficiency levels defined by INMETRO/MDIC Ordinance N488 of 2010, ensuring adequate energy consumption. However, some establishments are commercializing refurbished motors, not complying with the regulation considered by the Ordinance, including reforming motors without a minimum condition of use. The aim of this dissertation is to evaluate the Brazilian market of refurbished motors, including resale market and maintenance market, estimating the energy losses due to incorrect reconditioning. The methodology of the work can be divided in five steps: state of the art of refurbished motors; quantifying companies and employees by querying the database come from the government; survey on samples of companies that are doing the refurbishing service; extrapolation of the study conducted in the surveyed samples of companies to the population of companies; comparison of results with previous studies and estimating of energy losses in Brazil. As a result, the market for refurbished motors was characterized and dimensioned, containing: 6 503 companies; 24.400 employees; 45 percent of companies performing resale of refurbished motors; 6.9 million motors being refurbished per year, totaling 7.46 percent of energy losses, equivalent to 2.9 TW h. In addition, of the 20 million motors remaining in Brazil in 2016, there is a loss of 8.4 TW h per use of refurbished motors, and a large increase of the sale of low quality imported motors. Thus, all the proposed objectives in this dissertation were achieved, having been identified the new trends in the Brazilian electric motor market and generating subsidies for energy efficiency policies in the country.

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Ett viktigt uppdrag för Svenska kraftnät (SvK) som den systemansvariga myndigheten i Sverige är att driva elnätet på det bästa möjliga sättet. För att kunna garantera den önskade 99,9% tillför- litligheten behövs konstant underhåll och diagnostisering av kraftöverföringssystemets komponenter, varav elkrafttransformatorer är en viktig beståndsdel. Nollföljdsimpedansen behövs för att bestämma hur stora felströmmar som uppkommer när fel inträffar i systemet. Nollföljdsimpedansen är en av tre följder (sekvenser) som används för att analysera trefaskomponenter och är en storhet som inte kan bestämmas analytisk på ett enkelt sätt. Dess värde brukar fås från tester som görs av tillverkaren när transformatorn fabriceras. Denna information saknas dock för flera transformatorer som finns driftsatta i nätet. I detta examensarbete utvecklas empiriska modeller för att estimera nollföljdsimpedansen hos tre- och fembenta elkrafttransformatorer med tre (YY∆) och fyra lindningar (YYY∆), av vilka en av lindningarna är en utjämningslindning. En utjämningslindning är en deltakopplad lindning som icke är åtkomlig och som är avsedd för att minska och balansera nollföljdsimpedansvärdena för intilliggande lindningar. Nollföljdsimpedansen kan endast skattas eftersom en direkt mätning inte är möjlig hos dessa transformatorer. De erhållna modellerna bildar en estimeringsalgoritm, där olika transformatorstorheter kan användas som indata för att skatta nollföljdsimpedansvärdet. Metodiken för att ta fram modellerna bygger på en analys av korrelationen mellan nollföljdsim- pedansen och andra kända och beräknade storheter, där en linjär regression baserad på minsta kvadratmetoden resulterar i en approximativ trendlinje. Approximationen förbättras med en bisquare algoritm, där avvikande värden ges mindre vikt. Denna process utförs för alla transformatorer i stu- dien där generella anpassningsmodeller tas fram. Processen upprepas för särskilda undergrupper med syfte att erhålla modeller med högre anpassningsgrad. Indelning i undergrupper baseras på kopp- lingsart för transformatorernas sekundärlindning som består av antingen fullindad eller autokopplad lindning, samt kärnkonstruktion som består av tre- eller fem ben. Tillförlitligheten för varje modell analyseras med hänsyn till deras anpassningsgrad, statistisk relevans samt kvaliteten av data som användes för att utveckla modellen. Endast modeller med måttlig anpassningsgrad (goodness of fit) och som baseras på ett tillräckligt stor antal enheter för att betraktas som statistisk representativ för målgruppen, inkluderas i algoritmen. Generellt sätt följer data en normalfördelning som tyder på få extrema värden. Följaktligen, anses data ha en bra distribution för att avgöra dess trend. Modellernas prestanda för transformatorer med tre lindningar testades mot ett förväntat värde för nollföljdsimpedansen, baserat på en skattning som för närvarande används av Svk. Testresultaten vissa modeller medan för andra inträffar avvikelser. I detta projekt används LAB som utvecklingsplattform för alla analyser / An important comission for Svenska kraftnät (SvK) as the Swedish authory in charge of the power distribution network is to operate the grid in the most efficient way. In order to ensure 99,9% uptime, constant maintenance and fault diagnostics are required for the entire network of which power transformers are an important component. The zero-sequence impedance is a way to determine the maximum fault currents a transformer can accept before being damaged. The zero- sequence impedance is one of three sequences used to analyze three-phase systems and is a quantity which is not easily obtained analytically. Its value is usually determined in tests carried out during the fabrication process. This information is not available for several transformers currently in service on the power grid. The focus of this thesis is to develop empirical models to estimate the value of the zero-sequence impedance for three- and five limb power transformers with three (YY∆) and four windings (YYY∆) including a stabilizing winding. A stabilizing winding is a delta-connected winding which is not brought out; its purpose is to reduce and balance the zero-sequence impedance in adjacent windings. The value for the zero-sequence impedance can only be estimated since a direct measurement on the winding is not possible for this type of transformers. The resulting models are part of an algorithm where different transformer quantities are used as inputs to estimate the value of the zero-sequence impedance for a given transformer. The method used to obtain these models is based on an analysis of the correlation between the zero-sequence impedance and other known and calculated quantities where a linear regression based on the least-squares method produces an approximative trend line. This approximation is made more robust with a bisquare-weight algorithm where less weight is given to diverging data points. This process is carried out for all the transformers included in this study where general models are obtained. The process is then repeated for specific subgroups of transformers with the goal of deriving more accureate models for these subgroups. The subdivision criteria is based in coupling- and core type which includes an0- and yn0-couplings and three- and four limb cores respectively. The reliability of each model is analayized with respect to their goodness of fit, statistical relevance and the quality of the data used to develop the model. Only models with a substantial goodness of fit and which were based on a sufficiently large number of transformers to be considered statistically representative of the target group are included in the final algorithm. In general, all the data analyzed follows a normal distribution which indicates that there are few extreme values. Consequently, the data used in this study is condsidered to be appropriately distributed to determine its trend. The performance of the models for transformers with three windings was tested against the expected values for the zero-sequence impedance based on the approximation algorithm which is currently being used by Svk. The test results from some of the models match the expected values while oth deviations. MATLAB is used in this projetct as the development platform for all analyses

A three-phase power supply is a de facto standard when selecting a power supply to homes in Sweden, regardless of whether it is flat with low energy consumption or a house with electric heating. This project aims to determine the advantages and disadvantages of using a three-phase supply compared to a single-phase supply to homes. This thesis starts with a historical literature review to find answers to why a three-phase supply is a de facto standard in Sweden. Single-phase and threephase supplies to homes were compared by creating an electrical circuit model that used actual household load profiles. The load profiles were taken from a study that measured the power consumption in 400 Swedish homes. Two houses and four flats from that study was selected as input data to the circuit model. Each house was modelled as both single-phase and three-phase. The power losses in the supply conductors from the power meter to the homes distribution panel was calculated. The selectivity between the main fuses and Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCB) was also investigated by comparing the let-through energy of MCBs and pre-arcing energy of fuses. The results from the historical review indicate that one of the reasons that three-phase supplies became the de facto standard is that Sweden implemented a new tariff system. All the customers with low power consumption were placed in the 16 A main fuse category, and the network fee was the same for single-phase and threephase the previous system had a higher price for three-phase. The power losses in single-phase supplies and three-phase supplies with a similar total conductor area were compared. The results that a three-phase supply had lower losses in all the cases, even though the loads were mostly 230 V loads and not perfectly balanced between the phases. A three-phase supply is preferable over a single-phase supply if the home has high energy consumption. However, a single-phase supply might be a good option if the home has a low to moderate energy consumption. The reason for this is that the losses are only slightly higher in absolute terms, and a single-phase supply enables a higher main fuse rating for the supplies total cross-section, and it is, therefore, easier to coordinate the downstream protective devices / Att använda sig av trefasmatningar till bostäder är en de facto-standard i Sverige, oavsett om det är en lägenhet eller en eluppvärmd villa så väljs nästan alltid en trefastmatning. I det här projeket undersöks anledningar till att trefasmatningar är de facto-standarden i svenska bostäder. Målet med projektet är även att undersöka fördelar och nackdelar med trefasmatning och enfasmatning jämfört med varandra vid matning av bostäder Rapporten inleds med en litteratur studie vars syfte var att ta reda på historiska händelser som kan lett till att trefas blev standarden för matning av bostäder. För att jämföra trefasmatning och enfasmatning av bostäder så användes en elkrets av bostäder som använde effektförbrukning från en studie som har samlat in mätvärden för förbrukningen i 400 svenska hushåll. Två villor och fyra lägenheter undersöktes. Elkretsen användes sedan för att beräkna förluster i kablaget mellan elmätaren och elcentralen, varje bostad undersöktes både med enfasmatning och trefasmatning. Selektiviteten mellan huvudsäkringar och dvärgbrytare på utgående grupper undersöktes för felförlopp och överlast. Litteraturstudien visade tecken på att införandet av säkringstariffen 1963 kan ha gjort så att trefasmatningar blev de facto-standarden i Sverige. När säkringstariffen implementerades placerades samtliga kunder med lågförbrukning in 16 A säkrings kategorin, oavsett om de hade ett trefasabonnemang eller enfasabonnemang. Vilket gjorde att nätavgiften var densamma för enfas och trefas, tidigare var det billigare med enfas. Resultaten från undersökningen av ledningsförluster visade att trefasmatningen gav lägre förluster, även fast de mesta av lasterna var enfaslaster och inte perfekt balanserade. Resultaten visar att en trefasmatning är ett bättre val om bostaden har en hög energiförbrukning. Resultaten visar även att en enfasmatning kan vara ett bättre val om bostaden har låg energiförbrukning eftersom den totala mängden energi som går förlorad är låg i båda fallen. Eftersom en enfasmatning gör det möjligt att ha en högre huvudsäkring än en trefasmatning med samma totala ledararea, vilket gör att det är lättare att koordinera huvudsäkringen gruppledningarnas dvärgbrytare.

One of the requirements for the next generation of power supplies for distributed power systems (DPSs) is to achieve high power density with high efficiency. In the traditional front-end converter based on the two-stage approach for high-power three-phase DPSs, the DC-link voltage coming from the power factor correction (PFC) stage penalizes the second-stage DC/DC converter. This DC/DC converter not only has to meet the characteristics demanded by the load, but also must process energy with high efficiency, high reliability, high power density and low cost. To meet these requirements, approaches such as the series connection of converters and converters that reduce the voltage stress across the main devices have been proposed. In order to improve the characteristics of these solutions, this dissertation proposes high-efficiency, high-density DC/DC converters for high-power high-voltage applications. In the first part of the dissertation, a DC/DC converter based on a three-level structure and operated with pulse width modulation (PWM) phase-shift control is proposed. This new way to operate the three-level DC/DC converter allows soft-switching operation for the main devices. Zero-voltage switching (ZVS) and zero-voltage and zero-current switching (ZVZCS) soft-switching techniques are studied, analyzed and compared in order to improve the characteristics of the proposed converter. This results in a series of ZVS and ZVZCS three-level DC/DC converters for high-power high-voltage applications. In all cases, results from 6kW prototypes operating at 100 kHz are presented. In addition, with the ultimate goal of improving the power density of the DC/DC converter, a study of several resonant DC/DC converters that can operate at higher switching frequencies is presented. From this study, a three-element ZVS three-level resonant converter for applications with wide input voltage and load variations is proposed. Experimental results at 745 kHz obtained without penalizing the efficiency of the PWM approaches are presented. The second part of the dissertation proposes a quasi-integrated AC/DC three-phase converter that aims to reduce the complexity and cost of the traditional two-stage front-end converter. This converter improves the complexity/low-efficiency tradeoff characteristics evident in the two-stage approach and previous integrated converters. The principle of operation for the converter is analyzed and verified on a 3kW experimental prototype. / Ph. D.

This dissertation studies modeling and control issues of parallel three-phase pulse-width modulated (PWM) converters. The converters include three-phase boost rectifiers, voltage source inverters, buck rectifiers and current source inverters. The averaging of the parallel converters is performed based on a generic functional switching unit, which is called a phase leg in boost rectifiers and voltage source inverters, and a rail arm in buck rectifiers and current source inverters. Based on phase-leg and rail-arm averaging, the developed models are not only equivalent to the conventional three-phase converter models that are based on phase-to-phase averaging, but they also preserve common-mode information, which is critical in the analysis of the parallel converters. The models reveal such parallel dynamics as reactive power circulation and small-signal interaction. A unique feature of the parallel three-phase converters is a zero-sequence circulating current. This work proposes a novel zero-sequence control concept that uses variable zero-vectors in the space-vector modulation (SVM) of the converters. The control can be implemented within an individual converter and is independent from the other control loops for the converter. Therefore, it greatly facilitates the design and expansion of a parallel system. Proper operation of the parallel converters requires an explicit load-sharing mechanism. In order to have a modular design, a droop method is recommended. Traditionally, however, a droop method has to compromise between voltage regulation and load sharing. After parametric analysis, a novel droop method using a gain-scheduling technique is proposed. The numeric analysis shows that the proposed droop method can achieve both good voltage regulation and good load sharing. An interleaving technique is often used in parallel converter systems in order to reduce current ripples. Because of its symmetrical circuit structure, the parallel three-phase converter system can reduce both differential-mode and common-mode noise with a center-aligned symmetrical SVM. Based on the concept that a symmetrical circuit can reduce common-mode dv/dt noise, a conventional three-phase, four-leg inverter is modified so that its fourth leg is symmetrical to the other three legs. The common-mode dv/dt noise can be practically eliminated with a new modulation strategy. Meanwhile, with a modified control design, the new four-leg inverter still can handle low-frequency common-mode components that occur due to unbalanced and nonlinear load. / Ph. D.

A systematic and versatile method to derive accurate and efficient Circuit Oriented Large Signal Average Models (COLSAMs) that approximate the slow dynamics manifold of the moving average values of the relevant state variables for Pulse-Width Modulated (PWM) dc to dc and three-phase to dc power converters is developed. These COLSAMs can cover continuous conduction mode (CCM) as well as discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) of operation and they are over one order of magnitude cheaper, computation wise, than the switching models. This method leads primarily to simple and effective input-output oriented models that represent transfer as well as loading characteristics of the converter. Sine these models consist of time invariant continuous functions they can be linearized at an operating point in order to obtain small-signal transfer functions that approximate the dynamics of the original PWM system around an orbit. The models are primarily intended for software circuit simulators (i.e. Spice derived types, Saber, Simplorer, etc), to take advantage of intrinsic features such as transient response, linearization, transfer function, harmonic distortion calculations, without having to change simulation environment. Nevertheless, any mathematics simulator for ordinary differential equations can be used with the set of equations obtained through application of Kirchoff's laws to the COLSAMs. Furthermore, the COLSAMs provide physical insight to help with power stage and control design, and they allow easy interconnection among themselves, as well as with switching models, for complete analysis at different scales (time, signal level, complexity; interconnectivity). A new average model for the Zero-Voltage Switched Full-Bridge (ZVS-FB) PWM Converter is developed with the above method and its high accuracy is verified with simulations from a switching behavioral model for several circuit component values for both CCM and DCM. Intrinsic positive damping effects and special delay characteristics created by an energy holding element in a saturable reactor-based Zero-Voltage Zero-Current Switched Full-Bridge (ZVZCS-FB) PWM converter are explained for the first time by a new average model. Its large signal predictions match very well those from switch model simulations whereas its small-signal predictions are verified with experimental results from 3.5 kW prototype modules. The latter are used in a multi-module converter to supply the DC power bus in and aircraft. The design of control loops for the converter is based on the new model and its linearization. The ZVZCS-FB PWM converter's average model above is extended to deal with interconnection issues and constraints in a Quasi-Single Stage (QSS) Zero-Voltage Zero-Current Switched (ZVZCS) Three-Phase Buck Rectifier. The new model reveals strong nonlinear transfer characteristics for standard Space Vector Modulation (SVM), which lead to high input current distortion and output voltage ripple inadmissible in telecommunications applications. Physical insight provided by this average model led to the development of a combined modified SVM and feed-forward duty-cycle compensation scheme to reliably minimize the output voltage ripple. Experimental results from a 6 kW prototype validate large signal model for standard and modified SVM, with and without duty-cycle compensation scheme. / Ph. D.

A DC power distribution system (PDS) of a transport aircraft was modeled and analyzed using MATLAB/Simulink software. The multi-level modeling concept was used as a modeling approach, which assumes modeling subsystem of the PDS at three different levels of complexity. The subsystem models were implemented in Simulink and combined into the whole PDS model according to certain interconnection rules. Effective modeling of different scenarios of operation was achieved by mixing subsystem models of different levels in one PDS model. Linearized models were obtained from the nonlinear PDS model for stability analysis and control design. The PDS model was used to examine the system stability and the DC bus power quality under bidirectional power flow conditions. Small-signal analysis techniques were employed to study stability issues resulting from subsystem interactions. The DC bus stability diagram was proposed for predicting stability of the PDS with different types of loads without performing an actual stability test based on regular stability analysis tools. Certain PDS configurations and operational scenarios leading to instability were identified. An analysis of energy transfer in the PDS showed that a large energy storage capacitor in the input filter of a flight control actuator is effective for reduction of the DC bus voltage disturbances produced by regenerative action of the actuator. However, energy storage capacitors do not provide energy savings in the PDS and do not increase its overall efficiency. / Master of Science