This essay discusses actual situation and method for high pressure pump part testing. Here are possibilities for moving of high pressure leakage test on test benches used for pump functional test. Savings and costs plus return on investment are calculated for testing process change.

Title: Muscle tightness and range of motion analysis of selected upper body segments an its connection to selected parametres of experienced junior golf players swing. Objectives: The aim of this work is to assess muscle tightness, range of motion and golf swing kinematics of experienced junior golf players and to evaluate possible connections between muscle tightness, range of movement and golf swing kinematics Methods: Golf swing kinematics was observed by kinematic analyzer CODA Motion System. Selected parametres of golf swing were: shoulder rotation; pelvis rotation; X - factor; angle between shoulders and left arm. Parametres were measured in key moments of a goflf swing: end of backswing; impakt. Muscle tightness was measured by clinical test of muscle tightness according to Janda for selected muscles: m. triceps surae; m. iliopsoas; m. rectus femoris; m. tensor fascies latae; knee flexors; hip adductors; m. piriformis; m. quadratus lumborum; paravertebral muscles; m. pectoralis major; m. trapezius - upper part; m. levator scapulae and m. sternocleidomastoideus. Clinical test of range of motion according to Janda and standart two - arm goniometer was used for range of motion evaluation of selected body segments: hip joint - internal and external rotatio, flexion, extension; shoulder joint -...

The brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys) (Stål) is known for overwintering in human homes. Studies were conducted to understand the behavior of adult bugs in response to characteristics of potential overwintering structures including gap sizes, light, and presence of dead conspecifics. In a test where bugs were placed in increasingly tight boxes, most bugs settled in gaps 4.5 - 5.5 mm high. None settled in a space less than 3.5 mm high. In boxes with constant tightness, bugs tended to move to the back, and primarily settled along walls and in corners. In both box types, bugs tended to turn and face the cavity entrance during settling. In tests of responses of disturbed overwintering bugs to common household light bulbs over the course of a year, bugs were taken from shelters and exposed to lit bulbs. Bug responses were seasonal, with attraction to light bulbs in spring and summer, but little or no consistent response in fall or winter. The lack of response occurred more often at night than in afternoons. Because not all bugs survive the winter, corpses can accumulate. Single shelter-seeking H. halys were found not to respond to the presence of dead aggregations from the previous years unless touch was possible, in which case aggregations were joined. Dead aggregations from the same year had a repellent effect. Presence of a single dead bug from the same year did not provide any survivorship advantage to overwintering bugs. Results suggest possible improvements to trap shelters. / Master of Science in Life Sciences / The brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys) is known for overwintering in human homes. This research investigated the responses of these bugs to some characteristics of overwintering structures, including crevice tightness preference, light sources, and dead bugs leftover from previous years. Tightness experiments indicated that bugs in crevices with hard walls prefer to settle in spaces between 4.5 and 5.5 mm high. Bugs also tended to stay on the floor, go back as far as they could, and face the entrance of the crevice. These findings will help improve overwintering box designs for collection and research, and will help pest control professionals focus their efforts. When bugs were disturbed and exposed to common household light bulbs, they tended to move toward the bulbs in late summer and in spring, but responded less in fall and winter, and responded more often in the afternoon than at night. Bugs were also exposed to other dead bugs in several ways. When lone bugs were exposed to groups of dead bugs from previous years, they went to them only if they could touch them. Single dead bugs had less of an impact. Exposure to groups of dead bugs from the same year drove live bugs away. Overwintering brown marmorated stink bugs do not appear to eat other bugs that have recently died. These results suggest several possible improvements to the designs of trap shelters used for research and control.

This study aims to investigate whether perceived institutional discrimination among job seekers within minority groups in Sweden is higher than in Canada. Perceived institutional discrimination is argued to be determined by cultural differences, more specifically, cultural Tight-Looseness and perceived everyday discrimination. Questionnaires and interviews were conducted both in Swedish and Canadian work centres. The results were compared with views on the perceived openness of the labour market. Results indicate that higher perceived institutional discrimination is related to the labour market being perceived as more closed for minority groups in Sweden while the same results could not be seen in Canada.

Building energy performance has always been important in the cold climate of Sweden, Norway and Finland. To meet the goal that all new buildings should be nearly zero-energy buildings by 2020, set in the EU directive 2010/31/EU [1] on the energy performance of buildings (EPBD recast), the building sector in Europe now faces a transition towards buildings with improved energy performance. In such a transition, a discussion is needed about the objective of the improvement – why, or to what end, the building energy performance should be improved. The objective of improving building energy performance is often a political decision, but scientific research can contribute with knowledge on how the objectives can be achieved. This thesis addresses how the indicators used in the requirements used to achieve building energy performance in Sweden, Norway, and Finland, and the methods used to evaluate these requirements, reflect building energy performance. It also addresses difficulties in achieving comparable and verifiable indicators in evaluations of building energy performance. The research objective has two parts: to review, compare, and discuss (i) requirements and (ii) evaluation methods used to achieve energy performance of residential buildings in Sweden, Norway and Finland. The work in this thesis includes reviews of the requirements used in national building codes and passive house criteria to achieve building energy performance, of methods used to evaluate compliance with such requirements, and of methods used specifically to evaluate the indicator Envelope Air Tightness. The results show that different sets of indicators are used to achieve building energy performance in the studied building codes and passive house criteria. The methods used to evaluate compliance with requirements used to achieve building energy performance are also different, but calculation methods are generally more often used than measurement methods. The calculation- and measurement methods used are often simple. A methodology to analyze the deviation between predictions- and measurements of building energy performance (the performance gap) was developed, to investigate the effects of different evaluation methods on different indicators used to achieve building energy performance. The methodology was tested in a case-study. This study indicated that the choice of method affects which parts of the performance gap reflected in the indicators Supplied Energy (see Terminology), Net Energy (see Terminology), and Overall U-value. Among the reviewed methods to evaluate air tightness, the Fan/Blower Door Pressurization is well known and preferred by professionals in the field. The results in this thesis may be useful when choosing indicators and evaluation methods to achieve different objectives of improving building energy performance and in the quest towards comparable and verifiable indicators used to achieve building energy performance. / Increasing Energy Efficiency in Buildings (IEEB) / Sustainable Buildings for the High North (SBHN)

The diploma thesis deals with the development of process parameters of SLM technology for the material IN718. The main goal is an experimental development of a set of parameters for the production of thin-walled parts with regard to material density, surface roughness and tightness. The essence of the development of parameters is an experimental explanation of the influence of laser power and scanning speed on the morphology of single tracks, which are used for the production of a thin wall. Together with walls of larger widths and volume samples, it is possible to create an intersection of parameters by which is possible to create components formed by a combination of thin-walled and volume geometry. The performed research created a material set, where the parameters of thin walls are used for the area of contours of bulk samples. We managed to produce a wall with an average width of 0.15 mm and roughness of 6 m, which meets the requirement for the tightness. The meander scanning pattern achieved a relative material density of 99.92%, which is more than with the supplier's parameters. Based on the acquired knowledge, it was possible to apply a set of parameters to components combining both geometries.

In multizellulären Organismen bilden Epithel- und Endothelzellen die äußere Begrenzung innerer und äußerer Körperoberflächen bzw. kleiden die Blutgefäße aus. So schaffen sie abgegrenzte Organkompartimente mit individuellen, der jeweiligen Funktion angepassten Bedingungen. Dazu muss die parazelluläre Diffusion von Stoffen eingeschränkt werden. Die Abdichtung des parazellulären Spalts erfolgt durch tight junctions (TJ). Claudine (Cld) bilden das strukturelle Rückgrat der TJ. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde erstmalig gezeigt, dass einzelne Aminosäuren der zweiten extrazellulären Schleife (2. EZS) eines Claudins für die parazelluläre Dichtigkeit essentiell sind. Da endogene TJ-Stränge fast ausschließlich aus mindestens zwei verschiedenen Claudinen aufgebaut sind, wurde die Wirkung von Aminosäuresubstitutionen in der 2. EZS von Cld5 auf die parazelluläre Dichtigkeit in einer claudinheterogenen Umgebung analysiert. Dafür wurden verschiedene Cld5-Mutanten stabil in MDCK-II-Zellen exprimiert. Die Aminosäuresubstitutionen in der 2. EZS von Cld5 führten nicht nur zum Verlust der durch Cld5wt bedingten parazellulären Abdichtung, sondern darüber hinaus zu einer geringeren parazellulären Dichtigkeit im Vergleich zur Vektorkontrolle. In einem weiteren Teil dieser Arbeit wurde mit einem Peptid, dessen Sequenz der C-terminalen Hälfte der 1. EZS von Cld1 entsprach (Cld153-81), eine reversible Öffnung der TJ von epithelialen Zelllinien erzielt. Mit dem N-terminal verkürzten Clostridium perfringens Enterotoxin-Fragment CPE194-319 wurde ebenfalls eine Reduktion der parazellulären Dichtigkeit von Epithelzellen erzielt. Insgesamt tragen die Untersuchungen dieser Arbeit zu einem besseren Verständnis der durch Claudine vermittelten Abdichtung des parazellulären Spalts bei. Darüber hinaus bieten Cld153-81 und CPE194-319 neue Perspektiven für eine gezielte therapeutische Öffnung der TJ, um beispielsweise die Wirkstoffzufuhr ins Gehirn zu verbessern. / Epithelial and endothelial cells form the external lining of outer and inner body surfaces and blood vessels of multicellular organisms. Thus, they create separate compartments each exhibiting an environment optimally adjusted to their respective function. To build up such compartments epithelial and endothelial cells have to restrict the paracellular diffusion of substances. The paracellular cleft is sealed by tight junctions (TJ). In electron microscopical images TJs appear as a network of intermembranous strands in the apical region of the lateral cell membrane of epithelial and endothelial cells. Claudins (Cld) form the structural backbone of TJs. The present study provided evidence for the first time that single amino acids of the second extracellular loop (ECL) of a claudin are essential for the paracellular tightness of epithelial cells. The effect of single amino acid substitutions of the second ECL of Cld5 were studied in cells expressing various other endogenous claudins except Cld5. Point mutants of Cld5 were stably expressed in MDCK-II cells. While the expression of Cld5wt caused increased paracellular tightness, this effect was completely abolished by the Cld5 point mutants. Furthermore, the mutants even decreased the paracellular permeation of certain substances compared with the vector control. Further findings of the present study demonstrated that a peptide corresponding to the C-terminal half of the first ECL of Cld1 is capable of opening the TJ in a reversible manner. Using an N-terminal fragment of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE194-319) a reduction of the paracellular tightness of epithelial cells was demonstrated. Taken together, the findings of the present study contribute to a better understanding of the sealing of the paracellular cleft by claudins. Furthermore, Cld153-81 und CPE194-319 open new perspectives for a targeted therapeutic opening of the TJs suited for enhancing the transport of active substances into diseased tissue.

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The topic of this study is one specific area where the tension between instrumental rationality and value rationality becomes prominent: the question whether we have a rational responsibility for nature or not. Such a responsibility cannot be derived from instrumental reason, but it is argued that it can be derived from discourse ethics and communicative rationality. The study begins with an examination of Georg-Henrik von Wright's cultural criticism. It is argued that his subjectivist view of values limits reason to the realm of instrumental rationality. Horkheimer and Adorno's theory of instrumental reason is examined. They claim that instrumental reason, through the negative dialectics of the enlightenment, have created a vacuum with regard to values. Marcuse's anthropological solution to the problem of values, and his theory of an emancipatory science and technology, are examined and rejected as Utopian. The philosophy of Jürgen Habermas is examined, and it is shown how he solves the problem of his predecessors through the dual framework of work and interaction. His hypothesis of three knowledge- constitutive interests is analyzed, and it is concluded that a general theory of communication is needed in order to solve the problem of value rationality. It is shown how Habermas later theory of communicative rationality and discourse ethics overcomes the shortcomings of his earlier theory. It is argued, among other things, that his theory of communicative rationality is compatible with a correspondence theory of truth, ontological realism and epistemological fallibilism. Discourse ethics makes a rational discussion of values and norms possible. It is argued that it solves the problem of value rationality, but without providing a definition of the good or the right. It is shown that revisabilty is an important part of discourse ethics. This is manifested in the hypothetical status of discourse ethics, and in the revisability of the norms proposed. It is argued that we are in fact able to rationally propose a norm, which demands responsibility for nature within the framework of communicative rationality and discourse ethics, although such a norm must be the result of the outcome of a rational discourse and is itself, revisable. / digitalisering@umu

This thesis is composed of four self-contained papers and focuses on discrimination in themarket place. Essay 1: “Disability Discrimination in the Rental Housing Market – A Field Experiment onBlind Tenants.” Although discrimination against disabled people has been investigated inthe labor market, the housing market has received less attention in this regard. This paperfocuses on the latter market and investigates whether blind tenants assisted by guide dogsare discriminated against in the rental housing market. The data are collected through afield experiment in which written applications were sent in response to onlineadvertisements posted by different types of advertisers. I find statistically significantevidence that one type of online advertiser, that is, the apartment owner (i.e., a person whoadvertises and rents out his/her own apartment(s) on his/her own), discriminates againstblind tenants, because of the presence of the guide dog, not because of the disability.According to the legislation, this behavior qualifies as illegal discrimination. Essay 2: “Does the design of correspondence studies influence the measurement of discrimination?”(co-authored with Carlsson and Rooth). Correspondence studies can identify the extent ofdiscrimination in hiring as typically defined by the law, which includes discriminationagainst ethnic minorities and females. However, as Heckman and Siegelman (1993) show,if employers act upon a group difference in the variance of unobserved variables, thismeasure of discrimination may not be very informative. This issue has essentially beenignored in the empirical literature until the recent methodological development byNeumark (2012). We apply Neumark’s method to a number of already publishedcorrespondence studies. We find the Heckman and Siegelman critique relevant forempirical work and give suggestions on how future correspondence studies may address thiscritique. Essay 3: “Does Labor Market Tightness Affect Ethnic Discrimination in Hiring?” (co-authoredwith Carlsson and Rooth). In this study, we investigate whether ethnic discriminationdepends on labor market tightness. While ranking models predict a negative relationship,the prediction of screening models is ambiguous about the direction of the relationship.Thus, the direction of the relationship is purely an empirical issue. We utilize three (butcombine into two) correspondence studies of the Swedish labor market and two distinctlydifferent measures of labor market tightness. These different measures produce very similarresults, showing that a one percent increase in labor market tightness increases ethnicdiscrimination in hiring by 0.5-0.7 percent, which is consistent with a screening model.This result stands in sharp contrast to the only previous study on this matter, Baert et al.(forthcoming), which finds evidence that supports a ranking model. Essay 4: “Relative Age Effect on Labor Market Outcomes for High Skilled Workers – Evidencefrom Soccer.” In sports and education contexts, children are divided into age groups that arearbitrary constructions based on admission dates. This age-group system is thought todetermine differences in maturity between pupils within the same group, that is, relative904627 Luca Furmaco_inl.indd 5 2015-02-24 16:58age (RA). In turn, these within-age-group maturity differences produce performance gaps,that is, relative age effects (RAEs), which might persist and affect labor market outcomes. Ianalyze the RAE on labor market outcomes using a unique dataset of a particular group ofhigh-skilled workers: soccer players in the Italian major soccer league. In line with previousstudies, evidence on the existence of an RAE in terms of representativeness is found,meaning that players born relatively early in an age group are over-represented, whileplayers born relatively late are under-represented, even accounting for specific populationtrends. Moreover, players born relatively late in an age group receive lower gross wages thanplayers born relatively early. This wage gap seems to increase with age and in the quantileof the wage distribution.