Marriage duration specific fertility trends Abstract The aim of this Master thesis is to describe the development of the marital fertility in the Czech Republic with focus on the analysis of the period between the marriage and the birth of child of a given order in the current marriage. It shows trends in the marital fertility in the time period between 1974 and 2011from transverse and longitudinal view. Using selected indicators the thesis describes different development of the marital fertility in the given period, which is closely connected with the distinct social and demographic situation in the Czech Republic prior and after the year 1989. In the whole monitored period the number of marriages is decreasing significantly. There was a significant increase both in a number and ratio of the children born alive outside of marriage, and on the opposite, decrease in the number and ratio of children born alive within the marriage. Within the framework of the current marriages substantial changes of the reproductive behavior occurred with an obvious breaking point in 1989. Since that time significant decrease in number of children, both in total and in the number of children of a given order has started. At the same time significant prolongation of the period between the start of marriage and birth of a child...

The intent with this paper is to investigate the medieval habitation in central Old Uppsala. This time-period has over the years been neglected. Therefore I wish to summarize and ana-lyze the medieval habitation to see what can be said about its continuity, and also to investi-gate why it is located in certain areas. Due to the amount of source material I have limited my investigation area to the central Old Uppsala. It is possible that this limitation will affect the result of the research but without the limitations the investigation area would have been too large to handle. The source material has been collected from excavation reports and the summarized. My theory is material culture and material agency. It is the material culture that I analyze. The result of the investigation is that it is possible to see a continuity of the habitation in the area but that it’s hard to get an exact date on many of the structures. One of the reasons for this is because of how the medieval time period have been handled by archaeologist. As to where in the landscape the buildings have been placed there seem to be some places that have been avoided and others that have a long continuity of buildings over time. / Gamla Uppsala - framväxten av ett mytiskt centrum

A continuous load path in a structure is always the best way to transmit the load from the upper story to the foundation. However, there is a tradition of using irregular shapes of structures nowadays to enhance the aesthetic, make a terrace, or for getting sunlight. This irregular shape disrupts the continuous load path of the structure and there is the formation of a high-stress zone in the structure which may lead to failure in case of extreme events. During the event of an earthquake, a structure that has an irregularity in its mass, stiffness, and strength suffers more damage as compared to its regular counterpart. So, we need to pay more attention while designing the irregular structure so that it can withstand the force acting on it and ensure the safety of people. So, in this thesis, the seismic response of structures with vertical irregularity is studied. For this purpose, the fundamental time periods of the structures with vertical irregularity are studied and compared with their regular structure. The obtained result is compared with the approximate fundamental period, Ta, given by ASCE/SEI 7-16. Also, the location of critical columns which has the highest load ratio is studied and designed.

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SAMMANFATTNING   Titel: Konvergensen av externredovisningens och ekonomistyrningens tidsperioder – med fokus på budget.   Nivå: C-uppsats i ämnet företagsekonomi.   Författare: Jessica Gustafsson och Gustav Sandkvist.   Handledare: Stig Sörling och Tomas Källquist.   Datum: 2014 - Juni   Bakgrund: Sedan länge har en diskussion förts gällande relationen mellan externredovisningen och ekonomi- och verksamhetsstyrning. En del forskare menar att det råder en konvergens mellan dessa system. Studier som gjorts inom detta område har varit inriktade på olika fördjupningar. Det är bristen på forskning inom fördjupningen om de båda systemens tidsperioder som väckt vårt intresse att utforska detta närmare.   Syfte: Syftet med studien är att skapa förståelse för hur externredovisningens tidsperiod kan påverka företags ekonomistyrning och interna styrmedel, med fokus på budgetering.   Metod: Studien har genomförts via en kvalitativ design med en abduktiv ansats. Data samlades in genom intervjuer gjorda via telefon och mejl. För att analysera och redovisa resultaten användes well grounded theory.   Resultat: Resultaten visade att de flesta företag, med några enstaka undantag, samkörde externredovisningens tidsperiod med budgetens. Anledningen till detta var för att kunna jämföra och hitta avvikelser. Även koncernkrav, lagar och regler låg till grund för denna samkörning.   Slutsats: Ett genomgående mönster var att en samkörning av externredovisningens tidsperiod gjordes med budgetens. Orsaken till en samkörning är budgetens behov av att jämföras mot något, vilket innebär en sammanstrålning mellan externredovisningen och budgeten. Resultaten genererade bevis för att externredovisningen dominerar den interna ekonomistyrningen vad gäller dess tidsperioder.   Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Förslag till fortsatt forskning är andra fördjupningar inom konvergensen eller andra styrmedel. Vidare är chefers tankesätt, ”mind-set”, kring budgetens planering ytterligare ett förslag eller en fördjupning kring börsnoterade företag.   Uppsatsens bidrag: Då detta är ett relativt outforskat ämne har studien bidragit till ny kunskap genom dess empiriska resultat, som även genererat egna observationer. Resultaten bidrar till att skapa förståelse och visa hur externredovisningens tidsperiod kan påverka budgeten och budgetens tidsperiod.   Nyckelord: Externredovisning, extern rapportering, ekonomistyrning, budgetering, konvergens, tidsperiod / ABSTRACT   Title:  The convergence of the time periods of financial accounting and management accounting – focusing on budget.   Level: Final assignment for Bachelor Degree in Business Administration.   Author: Jessica Gustafsson and Gustav Sandkvist.   Supervisor: Stig Sörling and Tomas Källquist.   Date: 2014 - June   Background: There has been a long-lasting discussion regarding the relationship between financial accounting and management accounting. Some researchers argue that there is a convergence between these systems. Studies in this area have focused on different depressions. It is through lack of research on the depression focusing on the time periods of these systems that aroused our interest to explore this further.   Aim: The purpose of this study is to create an understanding of how the time period of the financial accounting can affect a company’s management accounting and internal control mechanisms, with a focus on budgeting.   Method: The study was conducted using a qualitative design with an abductive orientation. Data were collected through interviews made with telephone and email. To analyze and report the results the well grounded theory was used.   Result: The results showed that most of the companies, with a few exceptions, used the time period of the financial accounting parallel to the budget. The reason for this was to compare and find deviations. Also claims from the Group, laws and regulations formed the basis for this co-processing.   Conclusion: A consistent pattern was that an interconnection of the time period of the financial accounting was made with the budget. The reason for the co-processing is the budget’s need to be compared with something, which means a convergence between financial accounting and the budget. The results generated evidence that the financial accounting dominates the internal management accounting in terms of its time periods.   Suggestions for future research: Suggestions for future research is other depressions within the convergence or other steering instruments. Further, managers way of thinking, ”mind-set”, about budget planning is another proposal or a depression within listed companies.   Contribution of the thesis: As this is a relatively unexplored topic the study has contributed to new knowledge through its empirical results, which also generated own observations. The results help to create understanding and show how the time period of financial accounting may affect the budget and the budget’s time period.   Key words: Financial accounting, external accounting, management accounting, budgeting, convergence, time period

During the COVID-19 pandemic, customer shopping habits have changed. Some industries experienced an abrupt shift during the pandemic outbreak while others navigate in new normal states. For some merchants, the highly-uncertain new phenomena of COVID-19 expresses as outliers in time series of volume of sales. As forecasting models tend to replicate past behavior of a series, outliers complicates the procedure of forecasting; the abnormal events tend to unreliably replicate in forecasts of the subsequent year(s). In this thesis, we investigate how to forecast volume of sales during the abnormal time period of COVID-19, where the classical ARIMA family of models produce unreliable forecasts. The research revolved around three time series exhibiting three types of outliers: a level shift, a transient change and an additive outlier. Upon detecting the time period of the abnormal behavior in each series, two experiments were carried out as attempts for increasing the predictive accuracy for the three extreme cases. The first experiment was related to imputing the abnormal data in the series and the second was related to using a combined model of a pre-pandemic and a post-abnormal forecast. The results of the experiments pointed at significant improvement of the mean absolute percentage error at significance level alpha=0.05 for the level shift when using a combined model compared to the pre-pandemic best-fit SARIMA model. Also, at significant improvement for the additive outlier when using a linear impute. For the transient change, the results pointed at no significant improvement in the predictive accuracy of the experimental models compared to the pre-pandemic best-fit SARIMA model. For the purpose of generalizing to large-scale conclusions of methods' superiority or feasibility for particular abnormal behaviors, empirical evaluations are required. The proposed experimental models were discussed in terms of reliability, validity and quality. By residual diagnostics, it was argued that the models were valid; however, that further improvements can be made. Also, it was argued that the models fulfilled desired attributes of simplicity, scaleability and flexibility. Due to the uncertain phenomena of the COVID-19 pandemic, it was suggested not to take the outputs as long-term reliable solutions. Rather, as temporary solutions requiring more frequent updating of forecasts. / Under coronapandemin har kundbeteenden och köpvanor förändrats. I vissa branscher upplevdes ett plötsligt skifte vid pandemiutbrottet och i andra navigerar handlare i nya normaltillstånd. För vissa handlare är förändringarna så pass distinkta att de yttrar sig som avvikelser i tidsserier över försäljningsvolym. Dessa avvikelser komplicerar prognosering. Då prognosmodeller tenderar att replikera tidsseriers tidigare beteenden, tenderas det avvikande beteendet att replikeras i försäljningsprognoser för nästkommande år. I detta examensarbete ämnar vi att undersöka tillvägagångssätt för att estimera försäljningsprognoser under den abnorma tidsperioden av COVID-19, då klassiska tidsseriemodeller felprognoserar. Detta arbete kretsade kring tre tidsserier som uttryckte tre avvikelsertyper: en nivåförskjutning, en övergående förändring och en additiv avvikelse. Efter att ha definierat en specifik tidsperiod relaterat till det abnorma beteendet i varje tidsserie, utfördes två experiment med syftet att öka den prediktiva noggrannheten för de tre extremfallen. Det första experimentet handlade om att ersätta den abnorma datan i varje serie och det andra experimentet handlade om att använda en kombinerad pronosmodell av två estimerade prognoser, en pre-pandemisk och en post-abnorm. Resultaten av experimenten pekade på signifikant förbättring av ett absolut procentuellt genomsnittsfel för nivåförskjutningen vid användande av den kombinerade modellen, i jämförelse med den pre-pandemiskt bäst passande SARIMA-modellen. Även, signifikant förbättring för den additiva avvikelsen vid ersättning av abnorm data till ett motsvarande linjärt polynom. För den övergående förändringen pekade resultaten inte på en signifikant förbättring vid användande av de experimentella modellerna. För att generalisera till storskaliga slutsatser giltiga för specifika avvikande beteenden krävs empirisk utvärdering. De föreslagna modellerna diskuterades utifrån tillförlitlighet, validitet och kvalitet. Modellerna uppfyllde önskvärda kvalitativa attribut såsom enkelhet, skalbarhet och flexibilitet. På grund av hög osäkerhet i den nuvarande abnorma tidsperioden av coronapandemin, föreslogs det att inte se prognoserna som långsiktigt pålitliga lösningar, utan snarare som tillfälliga tillvägagångssätt som regelbundet kräver om-prognosering.

Durant les deux derniers siècles avant notre ère, des objets de type italique, c’est-à-dire caractérisant la culture matérielle de l’Italie tardo-républicaine apparaissent progressivement en Gaule. L’identification de ces objets du quotidien et leur analyse typologique et contextuelle permettent une approche renouvelée du phénomène de romanisation de la Gaule. L’objectif de cette thèse est de mettre en exergue les modalités chronologiques, spatiales et culturelles de la diffusion de ce type de mobilier. La confrontation des résultats avec les données issues des études céramologiques et architecturales permet de brosser un tableau affiné du processus d’acculturation. La nature des sites, ainsi que la diversité des types d’objets considérés permettent de souligner la variété des comportements des populations locales face à la réception de ces mobiliers exogènes. Que ce soit dans le commerce ou en intégrant l’armée romaine, les élites locales ont joué un rôle majeur au sein des interactions avec l’Italie, de la diffusion de ces objets et de l’intégration des nouveaux modèles italiques. / For the last two centuries before our era, italic type objects, which means objects that are characterizing the material culture of Tardo-republican Italia, are progressively appearing in Gaul. The identification of these everyday objects and their typological and contextual analysis allow a renewed approach of the Gaul romanization phenomenon. The objective of this thesis is to highlight, the chronological, spatial and cultural modalities of the diffusion of such furniture. The comparison of the results with the data provided by the ceramological and architectural studies allows to improve the description of the acculturation process. The behavioral diversity towards the reception of exogenous furniture is underlined by the nature of the sites and the diversity of the considered objects. Local elites, whether by participating in commercial exchanges or by joining the army, have played a major role in the interactions with Italia, from the diffusion of these objects to the integration of the new italic models.

Abstract This paper studies the audience¡¦s motivation in watching ¡§shopping channels¡¨ in cable television (TV) program, the relationship between watching and shopping behaviors, and investigate factors influence motivation and behaviors. The subjects are cable TV audience. The method is by telephone to find audiences¡¦ response to the questionnaire. Through data collection and statistic analysis the results show that the major motivations for audiences to watch ¡§shopping channels¡¨ are ¡§needs to information¡¨, ¡§entertainments¡¨ and ¡§social activity¡¨. Among these three, ¡§ needs to information¡¨ has the most correspondent. For watching behavior¡¦s aspect, the frequency of receiving ¡§shopping channels¡¨ is low. There are only 4.1% of responding rate in ¡§often watch¡¨ and ¡§daily watch¡¨. The most frequent watching hour is between 19~23 o¡¦clock as the rest of the local people in receiving other programs. However, the watching time is within 30 minutes every time (89.8%). In respect of shopping behavior, there are 57.6% shares of respondent express they will ¡§compare with other stores¡¨ or ¡§to listen to other¡¦s opinion¡¨ before decisions of shopping. This category belongs to reasonable type of shoppers. For shopping frequency, there are about 70% respondents express ¡§never buy¡¨, and around 30% expresses having shopping experiences in cable TV ¡§shopping channel¡¨. Concerning the shopping products, there are mainly 6 categories in sequential. The kitchen utensils share the most (32.4%), followed by ¡§cleaning products¡¨, ¡§fitness products¡¨, ¡§weight lost, weight control or on diet products¡¨, ¡§cosmetics¡¦, and ¡§electronic products¡¨. The study also finds personal traits will influence the audiences¡¦ ¡§watching motivation¡¨ ¡§watching behavior¡¨ and ¡§shopping behavior¡¨. For educational background consideration, the study shows respondents with higher educational level have less watching time and shopping frequencies in ¡§shopping channel¡¨. Hence, this is not the major consuming group for ¡§shopping channel¡¨, in stead they tends to be looking for ¡§entertainments¡¨ purposes. For junior high school level of education have highest shopping frequency (47.5%). Hence ¡§needs to information¡¨ has most of the watching motivation (63.9%). In behaviors wise, students have the least watching frequency and time, belongs to the group of ¡§ listen to other¡¦s opinion, then make decisions¡¨ category. Housewives are the major consuming group for ¡§shopping channel¡¨. The research also finds the ¡§watch time¡¨ will influence the ¡§shopping motivation¡¨. The longer the watching hour is, the stronger the shopping motivation. Shoppers being ¡¨reasonable¡¦ has less watching hour. This means the ¡§watching frequency¡¨ and ¡§watching time¡¨ have positive relationship to shopping behaviors. ¡§Shopping channel¡¨ is one the most popular channels in USA. It is also developing in promising direction with market potential in Mainland China. In Taiwan, as individual system develops, there are many more ¡§shopping channels¡¨ available. This reflects the competing situation. However, while the writer looks for broad casting, or management institutions, there has no study at all focusing on this type of channel yet. This research takes initials of ¡§quantitize¡¨ consideration to provide some contributions in mediating behavior for audiences, system operators, and channel operators.

Bakgrund: Långa vårdtider i ambulansen påverkar överlevnaden negativt hos kritiskapatienter. Dagens ambulanssjukvård i glesbygd kräver högre kompetens och ställer ökadekrav på ambulanssjuksköterskor (AS), då de ofta möter utmaningar relaterade till begränsaderesurser och långa vårdtider. Benner (1993) användes som teoretisk utgångspunkt.Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva ambulanssjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att vårdaen kritisk sjuk eller skadad patient under en längre vårdtid i ambulans.Metod: En kvalitativ intervjustudie. Åtta AS från fyra olika ambulansstationer intervjuades.Urvalet gjordes med ett strategiskt- och bekvämlighetsurval. Data analyserades induktivt medkvalitativ innehållsanalys enligt Graneheim och Lundman (2004).Resultat: AS upplevde ett stort ansvar, stress och betydande utmaningar vid vård av kritiskapatienter under långa vårdtider i ambulansen. Hög kompetens och tillgång till mer resurservar avgörande för patientens överlevnad. AS betonade teamarbete, kompetens och riktlinjersom viktiga framgångsfaktorer.Slutsats: Vid vård av kritiska patienter var tillgång till mer resurser, stöd och högrekompetens avgörande för patientens överlevnad, särskilt i områden där ambulanserna hadelångt till sjukhus. AS upplevde att de resurser, stöd och kompetens som idag fanns iambulansen inte var tillräckligt för att AS skulle uppleva sig trygga i att kunna tillhandahålladen kravbild på vård som förväntades av ambulanssjukvården.