Word recognition skill is fundamental for readers to successfully process any given text. Proficiency in the component skills of word recognition, orthographic, phonological, and semantic knowledge, is what readers need to accurately and automatically decode words to apply meaning to what they have read. For second language readers, the challenge of reading is often hindered by a lack of word recognition skills and therefore, they often suffer from low reading rates and consequently poor reading comprehension. This study was a quasi-experimental longitudinal inquiry into the effects of extensive reading, word recognition training, and timed reading on second language reading comprehension. Through word recognition tasks focused on orthographic, phonological, and semantic knowledge development, the aim of this study was to (a) better understand the effects of orthographic, phonological, and semantic skill training on word recognition skills, (b) better understand the effects of word recognition training on reading rate and reading comprehension, (c) understand the effects of long-term word recognition training on reading comprehension, (d) investigate if changes in word recognition components correlate with changes in reading comprehension, and (e) better understand reasons for expected and unexpected outcomes of participants in the study. A total of 248 participants took part in the study. The participants were a combination of first- and second-year economics majors from a private university in western Japan. They were from ten intact classes that were randomly assigned to one of four groups. The first group acted as a comparison group and focused on intensive reading training. The second group did extensive reading and included sustained silent reading. The third group did extensive reading and received word recognition training. The fourth group did extensive reading, word recognition training and timed reading training. All participants took a reading course as part of the required English program that lasted for two 15-week academic terms. The first 30 minutes of each class were used for each group’s respective training, and the remaining 60 minutes were used to teach general reading strategies. Quantitative data were gathered using a variety of instruments that included a lexical decision test, an antonym pairs test, a pronunciation test, a reading comprehension test, and a reading rate test. Additional qualitative data were gathered via selected participant interviews and a post-study survey. The results showed that the participants who received word recognition training in conjunction with extensive reading, produced positive changes in reading comprehension. However, only two of the components of word recognition ability improved with training, semantic knowledge and phonological knowledge. This indicated that more focus on specific components of word recognition might provide better scaffolding to foster reading development. The results also indicated that the three treatment groups all performed significantly better than the comparison group in reading rate gain and those improvements were reflected in reading comprehension gains. With respect to word recognition and its impact on reading comprehension, there was evidence showing that word recognition training did positively impact reading comprehension, but that more time might be required than used in this study to see its full impact. Finally, there were data to indicate that there was a correlation between semantic knowledge and reading comprehension. This study shows that although extensive reading is an effective approach to teaching L2 English reading, the addition of word recognition training and timed reading can benefit readers by improving reading comprehension. The addition of word recognition training can assist lower-proficiency readers to automatize low-level cognitive processes such as orthographic, semantic, and phonological processes, and by doing so, reallocate cognitive resources to higher-level cognitive processes such as inferencing and schemata activation required for reading comprehension. Finally, the addition of timed reading seems to have contributed to overall reading rate and reading fluency development. / Applied Linguistics

This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of intravaginal progesterone (P4) inserts (CIDR) in synchronization protocols combined with timed artificial insemination (TAI) as related reproductive performance. In the first study, heifers were synchronized with CIDR inserts followed by TAI. Heifers in the estradiol cypionate (ECP) group were synchronized with a combination of ECP, CIDR, prostaglandin (PGF2α), and ECP (CIDR-ECP), while the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) group was synchronized using a combination of ECP, CIDR, PGF2α, and GnRH (CIDR-GnRH). All heifers were bred at either 48, 56, or 72 hours (h) after CIDR removal. Overall pregnancy rate (PR) for synchronized heifers was 60.1%, and embryo survival rate (ESR) was 98%. Pregnancy rate for CIDR-ECP treated heifers was influenced by artificial insemination (AI) time. In conclusion, ECP or GnRH may be used effectively in a CIDR-based TAI program in heifers. In the second study, cows were synchronized with CIDR devices or Ovsynch. The CIDR group received a combination of ECP, CIDR, PGF2α, and GnRH, while the Ovsynch group was synchronized using a combination of GnRH and PGF2α. Cows were bred at either 0, 8, or 24 h after the final GnRH injection. Overall PR for first service was 30.5% with ESR of 82.8%. Overall resynchronization PR was 35.1% with an ESR of 84.8%. In conclusion, Ovsynch and CIDR-based protocols are equally effective in synchronizing ovulation in a TAI program and resulted in comparable PR. / Master of Science

A osteoartrite do quadril é uma grande causa de incapacidade da população idosa. A doença é caracterizada pela deterioração da cartilagem articular, perda do espaço cartilaginoso, esclerose do osso subcondral e presença de osteofitos. O teste Timed Up And Go (TUG) tem sido considerado como uma das ferramentas para avaliar a função do membro inferior, mobilidade e risco de quedas. O presente estudo visa determinar a influência da amplitude de movimento (ADM) do quadril no resultado do teste TUG em pacientes com osteoartrite de quadril, visto que há poucos estudos sobre o tema. Fizeram parte do estudo um total de 40 indivíduos divididos em dois grupos, 20 indivíduos no grupo controle e 20 no grupo de osteoartrite de quadril (grupo OA) com idade entre 40 e 75 anos. Para a inclusão dos indivíduos no grupo OA, utilizamos os critérios clínicos do American College of Rheumatology e para graduar a intensidade do comprometimento articular utilizamos a classificação de Tönnis. Os critérios de exclusão foram a presença de cirurgia prévia no membro inferior, fratura prévia no membro inferior, osteoartrite bilateral, dor lombar, obesidade mórbida, pacientes com estado geral comprometido por doenças sistêmicas graves, comprometimento cognitivo ou comprometimento neurológico. Através de um goniômetro examinadores independentes realizaram a medida de ADM ativa do quadril e com um cronômetro digital o tempo do teste TUG. Foi aplicado o Questionário de Western Ontario Universities (WOMAC) e a escala visual analógica de dor (EVA). Realizou-se a somatória da ADM de todos os movimentos do quadril e através do coeficiente de correlação de Pearson observamos a associação linear entre as variáveis ADM total ativa do quadril e tempo do teste TUG, nos grupos controle e OA. Nos resultados a ADM total ativa do quadril e o tempo do TUG do grupo OA apresentaram uma correlação negativa e moderada (r = - 0,69; p < 0,0001) porém no grupo controle observou-se fraca correlação (r = -0,08; p = 0,46). Os dados do estudo demonstram uma moderada correlação entre o tempo do TUG e a ADM total ativa do quadril em indivíduos com OA. Porém, mais estudos são necessários para determinar todas as variáveis que influenciam o resultado do teste. / Hip osteoarthritis is a major cause of disability in the elderly population. The disease is characterized by deterioration of articular cartilage, loss of cartilaginous space, sclerosis of subchondral bone and presence of osteophytes. The Timed Up And Go (TUG) test has been considered as one of the tools for assessing lower limb function, mobility, and risk of falls. The present study aims to determine the influence of the range of motion (ROM) on the TUG test result in patients with hip osteoarthritis, since there are few studies on the subject. A total of 40 individuals were divided into two groups, 20 in the control group and 20 in the group of hip osteoarthritis (OA group) aged between 40 and 75 years. For the inclusion of the individuals in the OA group we used the clinical criteria of the American College of Rheumatology and to grade the severity of the joint degeneration we used the Tönnis classification. Exclusion criteria were the presence of previous surgery on the lower limb, previous lower limb fracture, bilateral osteoarthritis, low back pain, morbid obesity, patients with poor general condition due to severe systemic diseases, cognitive impairment or neurological impairment. With a goniometer independent examiners performed the measurement of active ROM of the hip and with a digital timer the TUG test time. Western Ontario Universities Questionnaire (WOMAC) and visual analogue pain scale (VAS) were applied. We performed the summation of the ROM of all hip movements and through the Pearson correlation coefficient we observed the linear association between the active total ROM of the hip and the time of the TUG test in the control and OA groups. In the results, the total active ROM of the hip and the TUG time of the OA group presented a negative and moderate correlation (r = -0.64; p <0.0001), but in the control group there was a weak correlation (r = -0.08; p =0.46) . Data from the study demonstrate a moderate correlation between TUG time and total active ROM in subjects with OA. However, more studies are needed to determine all the variables that influence the test result.

The proper composition of independently developed components of an embedded real- time system is complicated due to the fact that besides the functional behavior also the non-functional properties and in particular the timing have to be compatible. Nowadays related compatibility problems have to be addressed in a cumbersome integration and configuration phase at the end of the development process, that in the worst case may fail. Therefore, a number of formal approaches have been developed, which try to guide the upfront decomposition of the embedded real-time system into components such that integration problems related to timing properties can be excluded and that suitable configurations can be found. However, the proposed solutions require a number of strong assumptions that can be hardly fulfilled or the required analysis does not scale well. In this paper, we present an approach based on timed automata that can provide the required guarantees for the later integration without strong assumptions, which are difficult to match in practice. The approach provides a modular reasoning scheme that permits to establish the required guarantees for the integration employing only local checks, which therefore also scales. It is also possible to determine potential configuration settings by means of timed game synthesis. / Die korrekte Komposition individuell entwickelter Komponenten von eingebetteten Realzeitsystemen ist eine Herausforderung, da neben funktionalen Eigenschaften auch nicht funktionale Eigenschaften berücksichtigt werden müssen. Ein Beispiel hierfür ist die Kompatibilität von Realzeiteigenschaften, welche eine entscheidende Rolle in eingebetteten Systemen spielen. Heutzutage wird die Kompatibilität derartiger Eigenschaften in einer aufwändigen Integrations- und Konfigurationstests am Ende des Entwicklungsprozesses geprüft, wobei diese Tests im schlechtesten Fall fehlschlagen. Aus diesem Grund wurde eine Zahl an formalen Verfahren Entwickelt, welche eine frühzeitige Analyse von Realzeiteigenschaften von Komponenten erlauben, sodass Inkompatibilitäten von Realzeiteigenschaften in späteren Phasen ausgeschlossen werden können. Existierenden Verfahren verlangen jedoch, dass eine Reihe von Bedingungen erfüllt sein muss, welche von realen Systemen nur schwer zu erfüllen sind, oder aber, die verwendeten Analyseverfahren skalieren nicht für größere Systeme. In dieser Arbeit wird ein Ansatz vorgestellt, welcher auf dem formalen Modell des Timed Automaton basiert und der keine Bedingungen verlangt, die von einem realen System nur schwer erfüllt werden können. Der in dieser Arbeit vorgestellte Ansatz enthält ein Framework, welches eine modulare Analyse erlaubt, bei der ausschließlich miteinender kommunizierende Komponenten paarweise überprüft werden müssen. Somit wird eine skalierbare Analyse von Realzeiteigenschaften ermöglicht, die keine Bedingungen verlangt, welche nur bedingt von realen Systemen erfüllt werden können.

The correctness of a workflow specification is critical for the automation of business processes. For this reason, errors in the specification should be detected and corrected as early as possible - at specification time. In this paper, we present a validation method for workflow specifications using model-checking techniques. A formalized workflow specification, its properties and the correctness requirements are translated into a timed state machine that can be analyzed with the Uppaal model checker. The main contribution of this paper is the use of timed model checking for verifying time-related properties of workflow specifications. Using only one tool (the model checker) for verifying these different kinds of properties gives an advantage over using different specialized algorithms for verifying different kinds of properties.

This thesis is concerned with the modeling and the analysis of distributedreal-time systems. In distributed systems, components evolve partlyindependently: concurrent actions may be performed in any order, withoutinfluencing each other and the state reached after these actions does notdepends on the order of execution. The time constraints in distributed real-timesystems create complex dependencies between the components and the events thatoccur. So far, distributed real-time systems have not been deeply studied, andin particular the distributed aspect of these systems is often left aside. Thisthesis explores distributed real-time systems. Our work on distributed real-timesystems is based on two formalisms: time Petri nets and networks of timedautomata, and is divided into two parts.In the first part, we highlight the differences between centralized anddistributed timed systems. We compare the main formalisms and their extensions,with a novel approach that focuses on the preservation of concurrency. Inparticular, we show how to translate a time Petri net into a network of timedautomata with the same distributed behavior. We then study a concurrency relatedproblem: shared clocks in networks of timed automata can be problematic when oneconsiders the implementation of a model on a multi-core architecture. We showhow to avoid shared clocks while preserving the distributed behavior, when thisis possible.In the second part, we focus on formalizing the dependencies between events inpartial order representations of the executions of Petri nets and time Petrinets. Occurrence nets is one of these partial order representations, and theirstructure directly provides the causality, conflict and concurrency relationsbetween events. However, we show that, even in the untimed case, some logicaldependencies between event occurrences are not directly described by thesestructural relations. After having formalized these logical dependencies, wesolve the following synthesis problem: from a formula that describes a set ofruns, we build an associated occurrence net. Then we study the logicalrelations in a simplified timed setting and show that time creates complexdependencies between event occurrences. These dependencies can be used to definea canonical unfolding, for this particular timed setting.

Estudos pregressos têm investigado causas e fatores de risco para quedas e incapacidade funcional em idosos. Porém, no que se refere a fatores biomecânicos envolvidos no desempenho funcional e controle postural, a contribuição dos grupos musculares proximais de quadril e de tronco ainda recebe pouca atenção. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a associação entre a função muscular dos abdutores e adutores do quadril e dos extensores e flexores do tronco com o desempenho do equilíbrio semi-estático e dinâmico e da funcionalidade de idosos independentes que vivem na comunidade. Métodos: oitenta e um idosos de ambos os sexos foram submetidos à avaliação do equilíbrio e da funcionalidade por meio dos testes: (1) marcha tandem sobre a plataforma de força Balance Master (Neurocom International Inc., Clackamas, OR) para obtenção das variáveis velocidade da marcha tandem e velocidade de oscilação corporal ao final da marcha tandem; e (2) testes clínicos de apoio unipodal e Timed Up and Go (TUG). Também foram submetidos à avaliação da função muscular em dinamômetro isocinético (Biodex System 4 Pro, Nova York, EUA) por meio de 3 contrações isométricas máximas de abdução e adução do quadril e flexão e extensão do tronco para obtenção das variáveis pico de torque (PT) e taxa de desenvolvimento de força (TDF) proporcionais ao peso corporal. Após aplicação do teste de normalidade de Shapiro-Wilk, foi realizado teste de correlação de Pearson (dados com distribuição normal) e de Spearman (dados com distribuição não-normal). Para aquelas variáveis com coeficiente de correlação significativo, foi aplicado teste de regressão linear para quantificar o índice de determinação (r2) da função muscular do quadril e tronco no equilíbrio e funcionalidade de idosos. Foi adotado nível de significância de 5% (p < 0,05). Resultados: houve correlação com índice de determinação significativo do PT dos grupos musculares do quadril e do tronco sobre o desempenho dos testes de equilíbrio e funcionalidade. Em relação à TDF, foi encontrada correlação com índice de determinação significativo da TDF de abdução de quadril e de extensão de tronco sobre a velocidade de oscilação ao final da marcha tandem e sobre o TUG e também da TDF de extensão de tronco sobre o apoio unipodal. Conclusões: esses 10 achados podem ser clinicamente relevantes considerando que (1) diferentes parâmetros da função muscular (como PT e TDF) apresentam diferentes estratégias de intervenção para seu aprimoramento e que (2) problemas de equilíbrio e/ou de funcionalidade em idosos podem estar associados com comprometimentos da TDF e do PT da musculatura proximal, os quais são parâmetros passíveis de intervenção. / Previous studies have investigated causes and risk factors for falls and functional disability in the elderly. However, regarding biomechanical factors involved in the functional performance and postural control, the contribution of the proximal muscle groups of the hip and trunk still receives little attention. The objective of this study was to assess the association between muscle function of hip abductors and adductors and trunk flexors and extensors muscles with the performance of static and dynamic balance and functionality of community-dwelling older adults. Methods: eighty-one elderly of both sexes underwent assessment of balance and functionality through: (1) tandem gait test on the Balance Master force platform (Neurocom International Inc., Clackamas, OR) to obtain the variable tandem gait speed and body sway velocity in the end of tandem gait; and (2) clinical tests of single-leg stance and Timed Up and Go (TUG). The participants also underwent assessment of muscle function in isokinetic dynamometer (Biodex System 4 Pro, New York, USA) through 3 maximal isometric contractions of abduction and adduction of the hip and flexion and extension of the trunk to obtain the variables peak torque (PT) and rate of force development (RFD) in proportion to body weight. The Shapiro-Wilk normality test was performed and then, Pearson correlation test (data with normal distribution) and Spearman (data with non-normal distribution) were applied. Linear regression test was applied to quantify the determination index (r2) of muscle function of the hip and trunk in balance and functionality of the elderly for those variables with significant correlation coefficient. It was adopted a significance level of 5% (p < 0.05). Results: there was correlation with a significant determination index of PT of muscle groups of the hip and trunk in the performance of balance and functionality tests. Regarding the RFD, it was found correlation with significant determination index of RFD of the hip abduction and trunk extension in the body sway velocity in the end of tandem gait and TUG; and of RFD of the trunk extension in single-leg stance. Conclusions: These findings may be clinically relevant considering that (1) different parameters of muscle function (such as PT and RDF) have different intervention strategies for their improvement and (2) problems of balance and / or functionality in the elderly may be 12 associated with impairments of RFD and PT of proximal muscles, which are parameters that can be treated.

Depuis le début des années 90, les automates temporisés et les langages temporisés ont été largement utilisés pour modéliser et vérifier les systèmes temps réels. Ces langages ont été aussi été largement étudiés d'un point de vue théorique. Plus récemment Asarin et Degorre ont introduit les notions de volume et d'entropie des langages temporisés pour quantifier la taille de ces langages et l'information que ses éléments contiennent. Dans cette thèse nous construisons de nouveaux développements à cette théorie (que nous appelons volumétrie des langages temporisés) et l'appliquons a plusieurs problèmes apparaissant dans divers domaine de recherche tel que la théorie de l'information, la vérification, la combinatoire énumérative. Entre autre nous (i) développons une théorie de la dynamique symbolique temporisée~; (ii) caractérisons une dichotomie entre automate temporisé se comportant bien ou mal~; (iii) définissons pour un automate temporisé donné, un processus stochastique d'entropie maximale le moins biaisé possible~; (iv) développons une version temporisé de la théorie des codes sur canal contraint (v) énumérons et générons aléatoirement des permutations dans une certaine classe / Since early 90s, timed automata and timed languages are extensively used for modelling and verification of real-time systems, and thoroughly explored from a theoretical standpoint. Recently Asarin and Degorre introduced the notions of volume and entropy of timed languages to quantify the size of these languages and the information content of their elements. In this thesis we build new developments of this theory (called by us volumetry of timed languages) and apply it to several problems occurring in various domains of theoretical computer science such as verification, enumerative combinatorics or information theory. Among other we (i) develop a theory of timed symbolic dynamics; (ii) characterize a dichotomy between bad behaving and well behaving timed automata; (iii) define a least biased stochastic process for a timed automaton; (iv) develop a timed theory of constrained channel coding; (v)count and generate randomly and uniformly permutations in certain classes

Estudos pregressos têm investigado causas e fatores de risco para quedas e incapacidade funcional em idosos. Porém, no que se refere a fatores biomecânicos envolvidos no desempenho funcional e controle postural, a contribuição dos grupos musculares proximais de quadril e de tronco ainda recebe pouca atenção. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a associação entre a função muscular dos abdutores e adutores do quadril e dos extensores e flexores do tronco com o desempenho do equilíbrio semi-estático e dinâmico e da funcionalidade de idosos independentes que vivem na comunidade. Métodos: oitenta e um idosos de ambos os sexos foram submetidos à avaliação do equilíbrio e da funcionalidade por meio dos testes: (1) marcha tandem sobre a plataforma de força Balance Master (Neurocom International Inc., Clackamas, OR) para obtenção das variáveis velocidade da marcha tandem e velocidade de oscilação corporal ao final da marcha tandem; e (2) testes clínicos de apoio unipodal e Timed Up and Go (TUG). Também foram submetidos à avaliação da função muscular em dinamômetro isocinético (Biodex System 4 Pro, Nova York, EUA) por meio de 3 contrações isométricas máximas de abdução e adução do quadril e flexão e extensão do tronco para obtenção das variáveis pico de torque (PT) e taxa de desenvolvimento de força (TDF) proporcionais ao peso corporal. Após aplicação do teste de normalidade de Shapiro-Wilk, foi realizado teste de correlação de Pearson (dados com distribuição normal) e de Spearman (dados com distribuição não-normal). Para aquelas variáveis com coeficiente de correlação significativo, foi aplicado teste de regressão linear para quantificar o índice de determinação (r2) da função muscular do quadril e tronco no equilíbrio e funcionalidade de idosos. Foi adotado nível de significância de 5% (p < 0,05). Resultados: houve correlação com índice de determinação significativo do PT dos grupos musculares do quadril e do tronco sobre o desempenho dos testes de equilíbrio e funcionalidade. Em relação à TDF, foi encontrada correlação com índice de determinação significativo da TDF de abdução de quadril e de extensão de tronco sobre a velocidade de oscilação ao final da marcha tandem e sobre o TUG e também da TDF de extensão de tronco sobre o apoio unipodal. Conclusões: esses 10 achados podem ser clinicamente relevantes considerando que (1) diferentes parâmetros da função muscular (como PT e TDF) apresentam diferentes estratégias de intervenção para seu aprimoramento e que (2) problemas de equilíbrio e/ou de funcionalidade em idosos podem estar associados com comprometimentos da TDF e do PT da musculatura proximal, os quais são parâmetros passíveis de intervenção. / Previous studies have investigated causes and risk factors for falls and functional disability in the elderly. However, regarding biomechanical factors involved in the functional performance and postural control, the contribution of the proximal muscle groups of the hip and trunk still receives little attention. The objective of this study was to assess the association between muscle function of hip abductors and adductors and trunk flexors and extensors muscles with the performance of static and dynamic balance and functionality of community-dwelling older adults. Methods: eighty-one elderly of both sexes underwent assessment of balance and functionality through: (1) tandem gait test on the Balance Master force platform (Neurocom International Inc., Clackamas, OR) to obtain the variable tandem gait speed and body sway velocity in the end of tandem gait; and (2) clinical tests of single-leg stance and Timed Up and Go (TUG). The participants also underwent assessment of muscle function in isokinetic dynamometer (Biodex System 4 Pro, New York, USA) through 3 maximal isometric contractions of abduction and adduction of the hip and flexion and extension of the trunk to obtain the variables peak torque (PT) and rate of force development (RFD) in proportion to body weight. The Shapiro-Wilk normality test was performed and then, Pearson correlation test (data with normal distribution) and Spearman (data with non-normal distribution) were applied. Linear regression test was applied to quantify the determination index (r2) of muscle function of the hip and trunk in balance and functionality of the elderly for those variables with significant correlation coefficient. It was adopted a significance level of 5% (p < 0.05). Results: there was correlation with a significant determination index of PT of muscle groups of the hip and trunk in the performance of balance and functionality tests. Regarding the RFD, it was found correlation with significant determination index of RFD of the hip abduction and trunk extension in the body sway velocity in the end of tandem gait and TUG; and of RFD of the trunk extension in single-leg stance. Conclusions: These findings may be clinically relevant considering that (1) different parameters of muscle function (such as PT and RDF) have different intervention strategies for their improvement and (2) problems of balance and / or functionality in the elderly may be 12 associated with impairments of RFD and PT of proximal muscles, which are parameters that can be treated.

La vérification et la validation des composants logiciels des systèmes temps réel est un des enjeuxmajeurs pour le développement de systèmes automatisés. Les modèles de tels systèmes doiventêtre vérifiés, et la conformité de leur implémentation par rapport à leur modèle doit être validée. Nous nous plaçons dans le cadre des systèmes récursifs temps réels modélisables par des automates à pile temporisés avec deadlines (TPAIO). Les deadlines imposent des conditions de progression du temps. L’objectif de cette thèse est de proposer des méthodes de génération de tests pour les TPAIO.Nos contributions sont les suivantes. Premièrement, une relation de conformité pour les TPAIO est introduite. Deuxièmement, une méthode polynomiale de génération de tests à partir d’un TPAIO déterministe avec deadline lazy est définie. Elle consiste à définir un algorithme de calcul d’un automate temporisé d’accessibilité incomplet en respectant les contraintes de pile. Cette méthode est incomplète. L’incomplétude n'étant pas un problème car l’activité de test est par essence incomplète. Troisièmement, nous définissons une méthode générant des cas de tests à partir d’un TPAIO déterministe avec sorties seulement et deadline delayable seulement. Elle d’applique aux abstractions de programmes récursifs temporisés. Elle consiste à générer des cas de tests en calculant un testeur sur-approximé. Finalement, nous avons proposé une généralisation du processus de génération de tests à partir d’un TPAIO général avec entrées/sorties et avec deadlines quelconques. La capacité de cette dernière méthode à détecter des implémentations non conformes est évaluée par une technique de mutation. / The verification and validation of software components for real-time systems is a major challenge for the development of automated systems. The models of such systems must be verified and the conformance of their implementation w.r.t their model must be validated. Our framework is that of real-time recursive systems modelled by timed pushdown automata with deadlines (TPAIO). The deadlines impose time progress conditions. The objective of this thesis is to propose test generation methods from TPAIO.Our contributions are as follows. Firstly, a conformance relation for TPAIO is introduced. Secondly, a polynomial method of test generation from a deterministic TPAIO with only lazy deadlines is defined. It consists of defining a polynomial algorithm that computes a partial reachability timed automaton by removing the stack constraints. This method is incomplete. The incompleteness is not a problem because software testing is an incomplete activity by nature. Thirdly, we define a method for generating test cases from a deterministic TPAIO with only outputs and delayable deadlines. It applies to the abstractions of timed recursive programs. It consists of generating test cases by computing an over-approximated tester. Finally, we propose a generalization of the test generation process from a non deterministic TPAIO with any deadlines. Its ability to detect non conform implementation is assessed by a mutation technique.