Informe de Seminario para optar al grado de Licenciado en Lengua y Literatura Hispánica

Frente aos desafios postos pela dispersão urbana e o uso crescente do automóvel nas cidades, o Desenvolvimento Orientado pelo Transporte (DOT), ao combinar as políticas de uso e ocupação do solo e de transporte público, traz uma estratégia de adensamento qualificado próximo ao transporte público de massa, baseando-se em princípios fundamentais: densidade, diversidade social, diversidade de usos do solo, acessibilidade, mobilidade ativa e espaços públicos vibrantes. Esta dissertação tem o objetivo de investigar, estabelecer e aplicar um método para avaliar a política de DOT, implementada no Município de São Paulo por meio dos instrumentos e parâmetros urbanísticos previstos na legislação urbana (PDE de 2014, LPUOS de 2016 e COE de 2017), a respeito dos Eixos de Estruturação da Transformação Urbana (EETU). Tais políticas urbanas de São Paulo são avaliadas frente aos princípios fundamentais da teoria do DOT, com base em critérios urbanísticos, sociais, e financeiros. O método proposto é conduzido em duas frentes. A frente principal trata da análise das regras e incentivos, previstos na legislação, que regem os espaços privados. O método busca estabelecer a influência da legislação urbana sobre a viabilidade dos empreendimentos, relacionando a legislação com as características morfológicas das unidades habitacionais produzidas e a renda domiciliar do público-alvo. O método propõe uma análise baseada em cenários de desenvolvimento urbano, na escala do bairro. A frente secundária realiza o diagnóstico do ordenamento dos espaços livres públicos para incentivar a mobilidade ativa, por meio de uma análise baseada na repartição dos espaços públicos, em função do modo de transporte, e em observações das condições de caminhabilidade e do comportamento dos pedestres. Aplicou-se o método na área de influência da Estação Belém, na Linha 3 Vermelha do Metrô, na Zona Leste de São Paulo. Foram mapeados: lotes, quadras, características dos imóveis, usos do solo e número de vagas de estacionamento. Foram identificados e mapeados os terrenos passíveis de desenvolvimento. Cinco cenários de desenvolvimento da área foram estabelecidos, analisados e comparados. A análise dos cenários exibiu a falta de clareza, as incoerências e as contradições da legislação recém-aprovada e revelou que ela foi prejudicada pelas modificações trazidas em 2016 e 2017 frente aos princípios do DOT de densidade e diversidade social. Além disso, o estudo dos cenários mostrou que a promoção da diversidade social é maior quando integram-se Zonas Especiais de Interesse Social (ZEIS) e Zonas de Estruturação Urbana (ZEUs), nas áreas próximas ao Metrô. Uma política combinando Habitação Inclusiva (Inclusionary Housing) nas ZEUs e investimento em ZEIS, para habitação social, utilizando-se os recursos da Outorga Onerosa do Direito de Construir, arrecada nas ZEUs, mostrou os melhores resultados enquanto à promoção da diversidade social. Finalmente, o estudo aponta para a necessidade de se criar uma política voluntarista em relação ao uso misto a às fachadas ativas, que vise adequar o ambiente construído para acolher atividades não residenciais no nível da rua, no intuito de valorizar os espaços públicos e, consequentemente, estimular a mobilidade ativa. Julgou-se que a política atual, ao somente incentivar usos mistos e fachadas ativas não fornece as condições suficientes para produzir ruas caminháveis, principalmente em vias com forte potencial comercial. Nesse contexto, o estudo propõe diretrizes que possam servir como base para implantar uma política ambiciosa de ordenamento do espaço público para promover a mobilidade ativa, na escala do DOT. A segurança e o conforto do pedestre devem ser a prioridade, como condições para ruas atraentes e dinâmicas e uma boa qualidade de vida em centros urbanos adensados. / In order to meet the challenges of urban sprawl and growing car use, Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) combines land use and public transport policies. This strategy of urban development promotes dense and qualified neighbourhoods near public transport facilities, and is based on the following principles: density, land-use diversity, social diversity, accessibility, active mobility and thriving public open spaces. This study aims to develop and apply a method to assess the São Paulo TOD policy, implemented by means of instruments and urban parameters defined in the urban legislation - Master Plan (2014), Zoning (2016) and Building Standard (2017) -, in the Structuring Axis of the Urban Transformation. The TOD principles serve as reference to the assessment of the urban legislation of São Paulo, which is based on urban, social and financial criteria. The method is separated in two parts. The main part analyses the rules and incentives, which are defined in law and regulate the development of private spaces. The method aims to appreciate the influence of the urban legislation on the feasibility of real estate projects, relating the legislation to the morphology of the produced housing units and to the income of the households composing their target market. It proposes an analysis based on neighbourhood-scale urban development scenarios. The secondary part assesses the capacity of public open spaces to foster active transport modes. It is based on an analysis of the repartition of the public open spaces, according to the transport mode, and on observations of the walkability conditions and of the behaviour of pedestrians. The method was applied in the influence area of the Belém metro station, on Line 3 Red, in the East Zone of São Paulo. A mapping of the blocks, lots, land uses and of the number of car spaces per lot was performed. The lots presenting the characteristics to be developed were identified and mapped. Five development scenarios of the Belém area were formulated, analysed and compared. The analysis of the scenarios showed the lack of clarity, the inconsistencies and the contradictions of the legislation and revealed the recently adopted legislation is undermined by the alterations adopted in 2016 and 2017, regarding the TOD principles of density and social diversity. Moreover, the scenarios analysis exhibited more social diversity when Special Zones of Social Interest (SZSI) and Urban Structuration Zones (USZ) are integrated, near transport facilities. A policy combining Inclusionary Housing in the USZ and investment, in the SZSI, of the funds collected through air right fees in the USZ, showed the best social diversity results. This study pointed out the necessity of a proactive policy on mixed uses and commercial ground-floor facades that aims to adequate the built environment, to accommodate commercial activities and promote dynamic public spaces, which could stimulate active mobility. Since it merely encourage mixed uses and commercial ground-floor facades, the policy presently in effect does not set the conditions to produce walkable streets, principally in streets presenting high commercial potential. In this context, the study proposes guidelines as a base to implement an ambitious policy on public spaces to promote active transportation near public transport. Safety, security and comfort of pedestrians must be the priority, as a condition for thriving and attractive streets and good living conditions in dense urban centres.

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, previously unpublished portions of Thomas Mann's diaries were released for publication. These excerpts contained passages that removed all previous doubt as to Mann's sexual proclivities, affirming his homosexual inclinations. It had been suspected that Mann was homosexual before this time, but there was no conclusive proof until the release of the now-famous (or infamous) diary entries. Now that there is written proof of Mann's sexual orientation, literary scholars can more persuasively argue the often overlooked or circumvented homosexual aspects of his writings. This thesis is an investigation of the homoerotic elements in Thomas Mann's novella, Death in Venice. The present study draws out the homoerotic elements of the text and places them in a socio-historical context. Textual analysis, as it concerns coded homosexual desire, as well as a biographical schema of Mann highlight the homoerotic characterizations in the novella. The analysis is based in an historical context, a time when homosexual expression was strictly illegal. The tension created between Mann's need to process his homosexuality and his internal moral code - as well as the external moral code of Wilhelmine Germany - forced him to contrive a story in which he could only present homosexual desire in code or via allusions to the homosexuality of Ancient Greece.

This study posits that there may be a systematic bias in measuring the transit’s endogenous impact on land values in a built up area due to discrimination by location in the city. Studies of transit value-added effect report mixed results about the capitalization of station proximity. The question is not whether a transit station influences nearby land values, but how and where location determines the impacts. Examining 731 office rentals and land values in Seoul, this study finds that value premium over better accessibility to a station decays with increasing distance from the central business district (CBD) and significantly depends on the development density of the station area. Overall, station benefits seem to exist in Seoul, but they look more notable in centers with higher centrality. This makes a hierarchy of regression coefficients for station proximity by location, i.e. the beta in the CBD is the highest and those in the subcenters are next, while that in other areas is the lowest. Study findings imply that the potential of more compact and denser developments within station areas seems higher in a dense inner city, providing evidence for the concept of ‘compact city.’ Questions concerning model specification in the hedonic approach are raised: in research sampled heavily from the suburbs, the coefficient may be underestimated where this benefit actually exists. Also, due to the incongruence of station area with station value-added area, using a dummy variable seems intrinsically risky. This study shows that estimation with spatial models outperforms OLS estimation in the presence of spatial autocorrelation. Also, there is a strong spatial autocorrelation even in the SAR residuals where the omission of key variables still influences the estimation. Overall, spatial lag and error term variables greatly improve the fitness of regression equations; however, the latter seemed more useful than the former in this study. One thing to note is that the latter seems more sensitive to the choice of weight matrix than the lag variable. There may exist a unique weight scheme proper for the data structure which cannot be known in advance.

Univ., Diplomarb.--Hannover, 2001. / Literaturverz. S. 118 - 127.

Zugl.: Erlangen, Nürnberg, Univ., Diss., 2007 u.d.T.: Herrmann, Florian: Strategien der Todesdarstellung in Mk 14 - 16

Many studies and land use planning attempts have done to influence people’s travel choices these days. Rather than sprawl development with automobile-dependent, single-use zoning, and cul-de-sacs, scholars and city planners now prefer and recommend more walkable, mixed-use development, and compact development. Along with neo-traditional development and pedestrian pockets, one trend of recent urban planning, Transit-Oriented Development (TOD), has attracted people’s attention. Given the new development of transportation methods, the present study explores how new transit stations will change people’s mobility and activity patterns. The main contribution of this project is to create an index of walkability attributions in a TOD setting based on previous research and to suggest assessment measures of walkability using a Geographic Information System (GIS). / text

The purpose of this study is to analyze the interim standards and determine whether or not they provide enough of a design base to produce a site plan which satisfies the City’s TOD principles. These guidelines and standards express vital elements and characteristics which the city desires to implement within their TOD districts. By developing a site plan for a specified TOD using only the given interim standards of development I will be able to examine their strengths and weakness and determine whether or not the goals of the City guidelines were met. / text

This thesis discusses the theme of homosexuality presented in The Immoralist (1902) by André Gide and in Death in Venice (1912) by Thomas Mann. Evidence of homosexuality in the texts is substantiated in detail and the way in which the theme is approached, including how it fits into the structure of the narratives, is also examined. Given that these texts are quite complex, the resounding message of this theme can only be assessed through consideration of the novellas as whole works of art. Thus, the other major themes from each text are reviewed prior to reaching conclusions about the ‘intended’ message behind each work. This thesis proposes that The Immoralist centres on the search for the authentic self, while Death in Venice concerns the downfall of the artist from the height of dignity and fame. The role of homosexuality as a theme is gauged as it relates to these interpretations.

Many cities today are contemplating major investments in rail transit systems, especially Light Rail Transit (LRT), to address two significant planning issues which have characterized North American metropolitan growth patterns: increasing automobile use and decentralizing population and employment. Proponents of these systems argue that by building rail transit, travel behaviour and land use patterns can be changed. The experience in cities which have built these systems is mixed, but transportation and land use outcomes typically go hand-in-hand: San Diego, Denver, and Portland have increased transit ridership and intensification in station areas, whereas Buffalo and Cleveland have had minimal change occur as a result of investments in LRT. Calgary, Alberta presents an interesting case as its LRT system, first opened in 1981, generates tremendous ridership but has had relatively modest land use change in station areas. This thesis aims to understand why intensification has been so marginal at many stations, and to uncover what are the unique facets of Calgary???s experience which shaped this outcome. The approach taken is to examine the evolution of the City of Calgary???s planning philosophy towards transportation and land use since the need for rapid transit was first identified in 1966. This evolution is also placed within the context of the particularly severe cyclical economic forces that influenced both the city???s growth and policy planning approaches taken to manage this growth. The research finds that the combination of transportation and land use policy, in conjunction with market forces, which existed during the design, construction and operation of the first three LRT lines favoured intensification in Calgary???s downtown and low-density decentralization in suburban areas. However, the evolution of planning policy and market forces indicate that this less likely to be true in the future, both in the near and long term. The City is transitioning from a highly centralized mono-centric city to a poly-centric and increasingly multi-modal metropolitan region. The LRT, and other transit service, will be a key means of facilitating and managing this transformation.