YELLOW AGRICULTURE  IN BORSÖKNA By the water in Borsökna there is a culture house as a tribute to the yellow water. A culture house and social meeting place run by urine. The yellow water that visitors and those who work on the site leave behind is stored in tanks as a component to the plants that are grown in the culture house. The yellow water gives "yellow growth" which is the main raw material for the restaurant and juice bar that is built. From the moment you arrive at the building, an irrigation begins in an exhibition of which you yourself are a part of. The drinking stations are strategically located around the entire building so that visitors can use as many of the toilets as possible that provide different experiences. Through this and a number of information boards hidden on boxes standing in the building, one can read, learn, get unlimited free drinks at the drinking stations, pee in new and different ways and eat food and drink juices that one may have been a part of. ANTHROPONICS (PEE PONICS)We remove the fish from the equation and replace them with our own feces in the form of urine. If you let urine age, the urea part is converted into ammonia, a form of nitrogen that plants need large amounts of to grow. At the same time, the ammonia sterilizes the product so that residual products we do not want to add to the water and the plants disappear. It takes about 4-5 weeks for the urine to reach a pH of 9 and for the urea to be converted to ammonia. SUSTAINABILITY FOCUSThe central focus of sustainability in the building lies in pee, cultivation and the human role in this process. The food that is grown in place is grown with stored urine that has become ammonia. Even the heating pipes in the building is filled with ammonia. The cycle begins as you arrive at the building. A number of free drinking stations are located around the building in connection with toilets. To increase toilet use can tea, coffee, water and bubble be fetched. In the toilets, the urine is excreted and goes to a pipe system that leads to a treatment plant and further into tanks for storage. Here the urine lies for five weeks before it is sent on in tubes to the greenhouse. An automatic culture system measures out given amount of urine per culture tower and culture box. When the crops are ready, the staff from the restaurant, cafe and juice bar pick up fresh ingredients according to current needs. FORM11 cubes embrace the greenhouse which is the central space in the building. A meeting point for the various program parts in the building. Wooden rules with a staple pin shape frame the individual boxes that give a tight look that reflects the industry that takes place in the building. The greenhouse is the center of the building and has therefor been given a different structure for the walls and roof.

The design and development of a novel system for removing odorous gases from toilets is presented. A review of the numerous existing patents for mechanical systems designed to deodorize commodes, none of which is fully satisfactory, shows that they all employ suction using one of two basic configurations: single point suction or perimetral suction, to remove the obnoxious fumes. The present design uses the single suction approach with two new features added: the use of an activated charcoal filter to deodorize the gases removed from the toilet, and the recirculation of part of the deodorized gases into the bowl to augment the suction and thereby expedite the cleansing of the air within the toilet. Since all essential functions are performed either within the seat or completely external to the toilet proper, the unit can be easily retrofitted to any commode by replacing the existing seat. / Master of Science

Published Article / The 2012 residents of Huis Welgemoed, a residence for female students at Central University of Technology, Free State Bloemfontein Campus have reported a high prevalence of infections of the vagina and the urinary tract. They assume that this problem is associated with poor hygienic conditions in the toilets of their residence. However, this assumption may not be entirely true, as other factors may also contribute to their problem. Previous studies have shown that there is an evident relation of vaginitis and urinary tract infections (UTI) among students and the practices of personal hygiene or the level of toilet sanitation in their residences. Especially in facilities where the students have complained about the hygiene state of their residence toilets as unsatisfactory. This preliminary study has shown that the residence conforms to the standards set out by the S.A. requirements for toilets in student housing of 1 toilet per 6 students and that the cleaning materials and methods used by staff are adequate. Interestingly, the authors have found that a lack of knowledge around UTI's and VI's regarding basic prevention strategies is most probably the cause of the high incidence of these two types of infections.

This research in Langford Building 'A', Texas A&M University, is an attempt to determine the user satisfaction of the new, low consumption toilet fixtures and lavatory valves. 253 surveys were given to the subjects, during the four phases of upgrading the restroom fixtures, to find and compare user satisfaction in each phase. The four phases were: 1. The as-is condition of the flush valves and the lavatory valve. 2. Low consumption manual flush valve and low consumption manual lavatory valve. 3. Old style low consumption automatic flush valve and low consumption automatic lavatory valve. 4. Low consumption manual flush valve and low consumption automatic lavatory valve. The survey analysis for the building showed a positive response from the users for the low consumption valves, but not for the automatic valves, as they did not function as they were expected to.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:42:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:02:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:42:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:02:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / O presente estudo propõe uma alternativa para tratamento químico da urina para redução no consumo de água em descargas residenciais, possibilitando um maior tempo de permanência da água a ser descartada na bacia sanitária antes do acionamento da descarga. O processo consiste em neutralizar os componentes responsáveis pelo odor e cor característicos da urina a partir da reação química com dicloroisocianurato de sódio, NaDCC. O composto também apresenta ação bactericida podendo agir por um determinado período de tempo. Além disso, considera-se a adição de um componente indicador de nível de saturação do meio para otimizar o efeito sobre os aspectos estéticos e sanitários (odor, cor e presença de bactérias). O tratamento proposto deverá apresentar baixo custo estimulando a mudança de paradigmas por meio da conscientização da importância da redução do consumo de água nas residências. Pretende-se acompanhar o desempenho do processo proposto a partir de ensaios físico-químicos e microbiológicos. / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

The use of human excreta as a fertilizer has been used to a very limited extent. Human excreta has been distributed throughout the environment as a result of faulty sanitation system design, improper use and/or the total absence of any sanitation system. Human excreta contain nutrients in the form of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). Agricultural use of sludge may be an alternative to conventional fertilizers provided that the risk to public health is considered. The application of biosolids to agricultural fields however poses an environmental and health risk since sludge may contain toxic chemicals, pollutant organic compounds and pathogenic parasitic microorganisms of faecal origin. If urine and faeces were separated the risks could potentially be minimized and both of these fractions could possibly be disinfected and utilized. Dehydrated faeces (humanure), urine, soil, irrigation water and crop samples were analysed for the total coliform, faecal coliform, faecal Streptococci, Salmonella spp, Aspergillus spp and helminth eggs. Moisture content and pH of each sample were also determined. Survival studies of microorganisms in dehydrated faeces using different treatments (ash; NaOH and pasteurization) were performed. Human urine both sterile and non-sterile was stored at 15oC, 20oC and 30oC for 50 d to estimate the effect of different storage conditions on the survival of pathogens. Four agricultural plots were prepared for treatment, two for spinach and two for carrot crops. Dehydrated faeces contained total coliform, faecal coliform, Faecal Streptococci and Salmonella spp. Treatment with NaOH and ash reduced the number of pathogens in dehydrated faeces, but not to safe levels. The number of helminth eggs was higher in dehydrated faeces (humanure) than in the soil and crops. Few helminth eggs survived pasteurization at 60oC for 30 min, 70oC for 20 min and 90oC for 5 min. Pathogens survived after storage of human urine at 15oC and 20oC for 50 d. Most of the pathogens (total coliform, faecal coliform, Salmonella spp and Aspergillus spp) were reduced at 30oC. 62.8% of helminth eggs found in humanure were Ascaris eggs and 82% ofAscaris eggs found were viable. Application of humanure to soil resulted in the contamination of soil and crops. However the viability of helminth eggs in crops was very low. No bacteria survived pasteurization at 70oC for 20 min and 90oC for 5 min. Therefore heat treatment at 70oC for 20 min and 90oC for 5 min was the most effective disinfection method for the bacteria. The results showed that Ascaris spp, Toxocara spp, Trichuris spp, Enterobius vermicularis, Hymnologies diminutionsand Taenia spp were present in soil, carrots, and spinach samples when humanure was applied to soil as a fertilizer. Pathogenic and parasitic microorganisms present in humanure represented a high risk of infection. / Dissertation (MSc (Microbiology))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Microbiology and Plant Pathology / unrestricted

Collection of sewage from toilets in a closed tank provides good protection for the environment and health. The closed tank reduces emissions of fertilizing substances, and other substances that may pose a risk, such as pathogens and drug residues. To reduce the water volume in the tank, it is advantageous to connect an extremely low-flush toilet, which means that the average flush volume is a maximum of 1 liter per flush. It is important that the toilet system is reliable for the technology to be used to a greater extent. This study examines experiences and functioning of extremely low-flush toilets to identify possible deficiencies and possible areas for improvement. Information has been obtained through telephone interviews and online surveys. The result shows that most respondents are generally satisfied with their extremely low-flush toilets. For the system to function optimally, it must be properly installed and maintained. There are some deficiencies that are more common, such as interruptions caused by flushing of incorrect objects or incorrect installation, but also some occasional errors. Many malfunctions appear to be caused by improper use or installation. There may be a need to develop certain technology components, such as the alarm function. The sound when flushing can be perceived as too loud. It is important that there are clear instructions for installation, maintenance, and use, as well as functioning service networks in case of problems.

Women often experience having to stand in line in order to use public restrooms. The primary purpose of this exploratory study was to determine the number and types of activities performed in the restroom, along with the amount of time spent in the restroom, as these factors might influence the revision of plumbing codes and the design of public restrooms. Data were collected by a self administered questionnaire at four sites--an airport, highway rest area, sports arena, and conference center. The subjects were also timed. The sample consisted of 230 male and 224 female respondents. Males and females were similar in the types of activities performed in the restroom. Urination, washing hands, and checking appearance were the three activities performed most frequently by both genders. Females were more likely to have to stand in line to use the restroom than males, though the wait was usually fewer than five minutes. At two of the sites, airport and sports arena, females, on an average, performed more activities than males. At all four sites, females spent a significantly greater amount of time in the restroom than did males. For female respondents the mean time ranged from 152.5 seconds (sports arena) to 180.6 seconds (rest area). For male respondents the mean time ranged from 83.6 seconds (sports arena) to 112.5 seconds (airport). There was no significant relationship between age and the amount of time spent in the restroom, for either gender at any of the four sites. The results from two sites, however, showed a slight trend toward older people spending more time in the restroom. There was no clear pattern with regard to explaining the relationship between the amount of time spent in the restroom and the number of activities performed. For males only, there were significant differences among the four sites and the amount of time spent in the restroom. For both males and females, there were significant differences between number of activities performed and site. This research indicates that females need a greater number of elimination fixtures than do males, and that revision of plumbing codes, based on further research, is needed. / Ph. D.

A presente dissertação apresenta a pesquisa Banheiros públicos como demarcação de fronteiras identitárias: experiências de mulheres lésbicas em São Paulo, investigação que traz uma análise crítica sobre as experiências de mulheres lésbicas nos banheiros públicos em São Paulo. No seu objetivo geral, propôs-se identificar as desigualdades em termos de gênero e sexualidade, enquanto marcadores sociais da diferença, que operam nos banheiros públicos, fazendo uso de uma abordagem interdisciplinar entre os Estudos Culturais, as teorias Feministas, Pós-estruturalistas e Queer. Enquanto objetivo específico, buscou-se aprofundar na análise dos sentidos que as entrevistadas produziam ao narrarem suas experiências, analisando assim categorias conceituais e empíricas como mulher, homem, masculinidade, feminilidade, lésbica expressão de gênero e performance de gênero. A abordagem desses temas se contrapõe à concepção idealizada culturalmente dos banheiros como espaço neutro, no qual sua divisão se acredita dar de forma natural. Argumenta-se, por meio das experiências das entrevistadas, como este espaço opera como um dispositivo protocolar do gênero, em termos de indicar os limites e as fronteiras dos processos identitários entre os sujeitos. Desta forma, a não adequação dos sujeitos aos padrões de homem / mulher gera uma ruptura no sistema heteronormativo, no sentido das expectativas e demandas sociais, e aciona diversas técnicas de poder e controle, tornando o banheiro em mais um cenário normativo de afirmação da diferença sexual. O banheiro público é o local por meio do qual, a diferença sexual vai se afirmar e sustentar, já seja no sentido simbólico (os signos, figuras, representações do masculino e do feminino) ou literal (dispositivos de vigilância e controle que estão dispersos no meio social que instituem modelos de corpos-homem e corpos-mulher). Assim, o banheiro público representa, na sociedade paulista contemporânea, o último bastião do sistema heteronormativo e patriarcal / The present research Public bathrooms as demarcation of identity borders: experiences of lesbian women in São Paulo, provides a critical analysis of the experiences of lesbian women in public toilets in São Paulo. Its general objective was to identify inequalities in terms of gender and sexuality as social markers of difference that operate in public toilets, using an interdisciplinary approach between Cultural Studies, and the Feminist, Post-structuralist and Queer theories. As a specific objective, we sought to deepen the analysis of the meanings the interviewees produced in narrating their experiences, thus analyzing conceptual and empirical categories such as woman, man, masculinity, femininity, lesbian, gender expression and gender performance. The approach to these themes runs counter to the culturally idealized conception of the bathrooms as a neutral space, in which their division is believed to be natural. It is argued, through the experiences of the interviewees, that this space operates as a gender device protocol, in terms of indicating the limits and the boundaries of the identity processes between the subjects. As such, the non-adaptation of the subjects to the standards of man/ woman generates a rupture in the heteronormative system, in the sense of expectations and social demands, and triggers several techniques of power and control, making the bathroom another normative scenario of affirmation of sexual difference. The public toilet is the place whereby sexual difference is affirmed and sustained, whether in the symbolic sense (signs, figures, representations of the masculine and the feminine) or literal (devices of surveillance and control which are dispersed in the social environment that establish models of man-bodies and woman-bodies). Thus, the public bathroom represents, in contemporary Paulista society, the last bastion of the heteronormative and patriarchal system