Spain underwent drastic social and political changes in the last decades of the twentieth century which also affected the nation’s patterns of emigration. Contemporary Spanish literature and film that portray these decades reflect the country’s fluctuating characteristics of migration. ¡Vente a Alemania, Pepe! (1971) by Pedro Lazaga, Coto vedado (1985) by Juan Goytisolo, El hijo del acordeonista (2003) by Bernardo Atxaga, and Yoyes (2000) by Helena Taberna demonstrate Spain’s migration trends during the last years of Franco’s dictatorship and the transition to democracy. The nation’s highly increased socioeconomic development in the 1970s and 1980s which eventually led to a first-world status also affected emigration, which can be seen in Carlota Fainberg (1999) by Antonio Muñoz Molina, Kasbah (2000) by Mariano Barroso, Restos de carmine (1999) by Juan Madrid, and Map of the Sounds of Tokyo (2009) by Isabel Coixet.

This research seeks to demonstrate the need for alternative forms of sentencing in the Uganda criminal justice system with a specific focus on the use of community service. Approaching community service as a child protection strategy in sentencing parent offenders would be a positive step in addressing issues of child neglect and attendant problems. The study seeks to: (1) Analyse the impact of parental incarceration on children (2) Make a specific inquiry into the use of community service orders as an alternative to imprisonment in Uganda (3) Illustrate that approaching community service as a child protection strategy in sentencing parent offenders would be a positive step in addressing issues of child neglect and attendant problems (4) Make recommendations for a new course of action that will highlight and be aimed at preventing the abuse of children / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Dr Atangcho Nji Akonumbo, Université Catholique D’Afrique Centrale Yaoundé Cameroun / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

This thesis examines the legal case of Inouye Kanao, a second-generation Japanese Canadian who was executed for high treason in August 1947 in Hong Kong. In this thesis, I trace not only Inouye's legal case, but also his early life, the broader political context, diplomatic correspondence, and other war crimes cases. By employing race-thinking and Critical Race Theory as theoretical frameworks, I consider the role of race and racism and aim to better understand its influence on Inouye's legal case. In doing so, this thesis challenges previous narratives and misinformation about Inouye. I conclude that racism was a significant factor that affected all aspects of Inouye's case, resulting in an unjust execution that did not reflect the crimes. Ultimately, Inouye was executed not because of his actions but because he was racialized as a treacherous and cruel Japanese Canadian. / Graduate

本論文從利益的觀點切入，研究冷戰後日本與非洲關係。透過國內因素、國際因素及國際建制三方面，研究日本對非洲政策的改變，及追求的國家利益改變。。日本與非洲交往主要在獲得兩種利益，一是政治利益，一是經濟利益，政治利益為國際威望和入常機會；經濟利益則定義為確保能源、礦產和取得海外商業發展。冷戰期間日本對非洲僅存在著經濟利益的追求，1993年第一屆東京國際非洲發展會議(Tokyo International Conference on African Development, TICAD)的召開，則代表著日本開始追求政治利益。 從國內政治權力來看，1993年的東京國際非洲發展會議，其實是外務省為了順應國際非洲援助熱潮和提升官僚地位的手段之一。90年代無論日本財界、大藏省、經濟產業省及自民黨竹下派都以亞洲為中心，態度消極，故外務省僅能提倡「南南協力」來加強日非間的經濟利益。TICAD只能說是外務省獨立運作的會議，僅能以增加無償援助和技術援助的方式，加強日非關係。2001年森喜朗(Yoshiro Mori)和小泉純一郎(Ichiro Koizumi)等為首的清和政策研究會(簡稱清和研)，勢力正式上升後，「官邸領導」的政治模式出現，首相個人重視非洲政策，於是外務省的權力也藉此勝出，舉凡大使館、JICA辦事處等數目都增加。尤其北非埃及、南非和東非衣索比亞對日本來說，政治意義特別重要。 2005年聯合國爭常失敗後，檢討過發現非洲國家日本正視到若要取得政治利益，必須加強非洲關係，於是追求政治利益開始優先經濟利益。首先從ODA分配就能發現，即使ODA預算持續減少，也未影響到非洲地區得到的分配比例，受到排擠的卻是以往日本重視的亞洲地區。另一方面，21世紀後非洲經濟成長快速，經濟成長率平均6%，財界開始對非洲發生興趣，過去「經濟大國」路線，經濟產業省追求經濟利益掛帥的經濟外交，再度出現。在貿易方面，雖然日非間的貿易型態改變不大，但2001年起，對非洲貿易就一直保持赤字，顯示日本較依賴非洲的商品。在投資方面，日本企業也逐漸增加非洲投資，除了基礎建設，服務及金融等非製造業的投資趨勢也取代以往著重製造業投資的趨勢。在援助方面，東部非洲是日本援助的重點區域，而2013年12月因為伊波拉病毒(Ebola virus)影響，日本增加對西非的援助，顯示政治利益仍然優先經濟利益。 最後，由TICAD觀察，發現在聯合國援助體制中，日本由制度追隨者逐漸成為領導者，日非正創造共同的經濟利益，但日本能否藉此創造共同的政治利益則不明朗。 / This study examines the relations between Japan and Africa in the post-Cold War era with points of profits. The author explores domestic implementation of international aid regimes in Japan to find how Japan’s policy towards Africa and its pursuited state profits have changed. Japan’s engagement with Africa mainly focuses on the pursuit of two profits. The political one is status of superpower and its bid to a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council; the economic one is the energy /resource security and its overseas business expansion. During the Cold War, Japan only pursued economic profits from Africa utill the opening of Tokyo International Conference on African Development, TICAD I in 1993, a symbol of political profits pursuing. The MOFA set up TICAD I as a forum to follow the international issues, solving African problems while maintaining its power among other departments. In 1990s, TICADs, held by the MOFA alone, provided aid and technical assistance to maintain Japan-Africa partnership. The MOFA also promoted the South-South Cooperration to gain economic profits while businessmen, beaurocrats in the MOF and the METI as well as the FDP politicians were Asia-centric and uninterested in Africa. When SEIWAKEN, led by Ichiro Koizumi, got strong in 2001, a politician-led government was formed. Whenever the prime minister turned his attention towards Africa, the power of the MOFA outweighs others, as the number of ambassadors and JICA offices in Africa increased. Some African countries, like Egypt, South Africa and Ethiopia are politically important to Japan. Failure to bid for a permanent seat on the UNSC in 2005 made Japan realize that it should stengthen its partnership with Africa if it tries to gain political profits. Political profits became Japan’s priority. First, the ODA allocation showed that, compared to decreasing one in Asia, the share in Africa has never decreased even though the budget is shrinking on the whole. On the contrary, Economy in Africa is soaring with an average of 6% since the 21st centur, which attracts business investments. Economic Giant Policy which the METI once promoted to pursue economic profits came to life again. The trade pattern between Japan and Africa doesn’t change much; however, Japan relies on Africa’s resource for sure since its trade with Africa became deficit in 2001. Japan’s FDI to Africa grow. Investments in non-manufacture like fundamentals, service and financial industry are much more than those in manufacture. Besides, Japan’s humanitarian aid increase in Western Africa also shows its priority in political profits. Until the Ebola virus offbreak in December 2013, Japan’s most foreign aid was sent to Eastern Africa. It can be concluded from the TICADs that Japan is transcending from follower to a leader in United Nations aid regime. Japan and Africa are economically beneficial. However, it is not clear if they will be politically beneficial profits in the future.

本文旨在分析「關稅暨貿易總協定」(GATT)之規定，檢討其體制所面臨之難題及未來發展之方向，並說明其對國際經貿體制之影響，與我國應採之對策，兼以透過GATT之規定與精神，以闡明由中山先生「貨能暢其流」之時代意義。全文共分五章，各章要點如次： 第一章：緒論。概述國際經留體制之總體現況與發展趨勢，以指出國際經留爭端之問題癥結與針砭之道，俾說明本文之研究動機與研究目的，此外，亦說明本文之研究方法、研究架構與研究資料來源。 第二章：論述「關稅暨貿易總協定」(GATT)之緣起與展望。本章系從GATT與「國際貿易組織」(ITO)之關係、GATT早期各回合多邊貿易談判(MTN)之成效、甘 迪回合(Kennedy Round) 與東京回合(Tokyo Round) 各項規約之要義、烏拉圭回合(Urnnedy Round)之緣起與結果、及我國與GATT之關係等面向以討論GATT之發展始末。 第三章：分析「關稅暨貿易總協定」(GATT)本文規定之要義，並檢討其體制之問題。 本章在透析GATT本文共四篇卅八條文之規定內容，並綜合各家之論點，以歸納指出GATT體制在當前國際經貿發展趨向下所面臨的不足性，並進而提出強化其體制功能之議。 第四章：闡述中山先生「貨能暢其流」之時代意義。本章除在釐清中山先生上李鴻章書的時代背景並說明其內容外，亦將從民生主義的經濟政策觀點，以申論中山先生「貨能暢其流」之精義及其在我國之實踐與前瞻。 第五章：結論。強調在全球經貿一體化的趨勢下，各國惟有共謀強化GATT之多邊、開放功能，於追求各自經貿發展目標之同時，亦顧及他國之發展需要，方能共榮成長，並維持世界經貿之持續繁榮；另並透過GATT之各項規定及其所揭櫫之精神，以驗證中山先生「貨能暢其流」之時代性。

This dissertation investigates how different stakeholders have competed over the interpretation and commemoration of the Aum Affair. The Aum Affair was a series of crimes committed by new religious movement Aum Shinrikyō between 1988 and 1995, which culminated in the gassing of the Tokyo subway system using sarin in March 1995. The Tokyo attack was the largest act of terrorism in post-war Japan. I combine qualitative methods of media analysis, interviews, and participant observation to analyse how different stakeholders have narrated and commemorated the Aum Affair. I propose ‘collective trauma’ as a revised theory of ‘cultural trauma’ to describe an event which is represented as harmful and indelible to collective memory and identity. In contrast to ‘cultural trauma’, which stresses the importance of symbolic representations of traumatic events, ‘collective trauma’ considers other ‘material’ processes – such as establishing facts, collective action, state responses, and litigation – which also contribute to trauma construction. My overarching argument is that various stakeholders – including state authorities, mass media, public intellectuals, victims, and former Aum believers – have constructed the Aum Affair as a collective trauma in multiple and conflicting ways. Many media representations situated Aum as an evil ‘cult’ which ‘brainwashed’ believers and intended to take over Japan through terror. State authorities also responded by treating Aum as a dangerous terrorist group. In some instances, these binary representations of Japan locked in a struggle against an evil force led to municipal governments violating the civil rights of Aum believers. Some individuals such as public intellectuals and former believers have challenged this divisive view by treating Aum as a ‘religion’, not a ‘cult’, and locating the root causes of Aum’s growth in Japanese society. Additionally, victims and former members have pursued divergent goals such as retributive justice, financial reparations, and social reconciliation through their public actions. A key conclusion of this dissertation is that whilst confronting horrific acts of violence may require social construction of collective trauma using cultural codes of good and evil, the entrenchment of these symbolic categories can result in lasting social tension and division.

The trials of a comfort woman was never revealed after the conclusion of WWII. More than half a century has passed before the name was uttered on the international stage. Why the sudden break of silence? What is the response of the Japanese government. In this paper, we discuss the issue of the comfort women and the the political implications it holds on Japan. Japan's failure to accept wartime reparation, largely due to Allied intervention, has resulted in the widening gap between Japan and Asia. This paper focuses on the combination of increased US influence as a result of the San Francisco Treaty of 1951 and Japan’s fervent nationalistic identity served to widen the gap between Japan and other East and Southeast Asian nations, making reconciliation over the issue of comfort women a problem that remains unresolved to this day.

“Big in Japan: The Novel” chronicles the struggles of American Kent Richman, has-been gaijin-tarento. The novel alternates between a collage of tabloid articles, letters, YouTube video, excerpts from an unfinished memoir, manga story boards, botched interviews, notes scribbled on napkins, and a third-person narrative. Set primarily in central Japan, “Big in Japan” is at once a satire of celebrity, a study of personality, a romance and a mystery. Kent Richman—John Lennon look-a-like known as RI-CHU-MAN-SAN! and husband to popular model Kumiko Sato—was a regular on the nightly game show The Strange Bonanza, despite having little talent beyond his resemblance to the popular Beatle. Following a foolish affair with a young Quebecois named Monique Martine, Kent and Kumi’s celebrity world is shattered when Monique’s husband, Australian Denis Ozman—an edgy, violent shock comic—seeks his revenge on Kent and, by default, Kumi. The “Ozman Incident,” as it becomes known in the Asian press, escalates Kent and Kumi to new levels of celebrity, but impels them to abandon stardom and Japan for a new beginning on an island in the Gulf of Thailand. In Thailand, Kent and Kumi try to make a new start, but Kumi is unable to forgive Kent for what Ozman did to them and paradise quickly goes sour. In the frenzy of a passing storm, Kumi disappears with a local entrepreneur named Darren. Kent’s search for her leads him to Bangkok and a painful but puzzling discovery. When we first meet Kent, he has returned from Thailand without Kumi, who has vanished. He is unemployed, abandoned by his once adoring public, and penniless, living in a capsule hotel. Kent’s failings are aggravated by a minor drug habit that leads him to often comical, painful, and revealing extremes. At the heart of Kent’s troubles are the unanswered questions about Kumi’s disappearance and his fall from grace. Once a star, he both abhors and misses his former life. What begins as an attempt to exorcise nagging questions becomes an aimless and dangerous plunge into obsession: why did Kumi disappear, where did she go and what will he do now?

Seen from abroad, Tokyo appears as a huge, vibrant metropolis where 21st-century Japan meets the traditional side of the country. Tokyo´s skyline is a diverse jumble of traditional houses and shrines, and modern architecture from skyscrapers of glass to 1970´s living capsules. Since the beginning, Tokyo has had great prerequisites for creating a city with amazing urban environment. Water was the first reason for people to settle down in Tokyo Bay. During Edo period (1603 – 1867), Tokyo was always described as a picturesque city with well-planned hydrology and a harmonic relationship with nature. With its canals full of water, it was a city comparable to Venice. The distribution and exchange relied almost entirely on water transport. With the expansion of the city, the water system had to be upgraded, which led to creating a complex network of waterways. Unlike in Western countries, where the economic, social and cultural life of the city developed around rather formal places as plazas and squares, in Japan, the lifeblood of the city developed in close connection with the water and nature. These places, also known as “meisho” (名所, lit. “famous places”) used to be linear open structures such as streets, river shores and bridges. During the transformation of Tokyo into a modern capital, the city cut many ties with the past. The unused canals suddenly became redundant and started belonging to the “wrong” side of the city. By the 1980s, many of the waterways were so polluted that the government began filling them up or covering them with elevated highways in preparation for the 1964 Tokyo Olympics. The modernization and its transformation also meant that most of the network of “meisho” and greenery have disappeared. “From dameisho to meisho” is inspired by series of woodblock prints “One Hundred Famous Views of Edo” (名所江戸百景, Meisho Edo Hyakkei) completed by the Japanese artist Hiroshige Ando (1797–1858), depicting a matrix of famous public spaces in Tokyo. My project examines the possibilities of recasting “meisho”, a spatial representation in Japanese culture, into a new, modern context via editing different layers of the city and its fabric. It explores linear, thread-like spaces such as Edo waterways, its transformations roads, as well as recently built elevated highways in order to search for contaminations and new collaborations, unexpected conditions and create new, green urban stitches. As one of the tackling tools, the project also looks at demographic trends shaping Japan and benefits from aging society and shrinking Japanese population. Last but not least I investigate ways of graphical reinterpretation of the series of woodblock prints using Tokyo and its new “meisho” spaces as a rolemodel.

The University of Tokyo (UTokyo) is one of the leading Asian universities. The University of Tokyo Forests (UTF) was established in 1894 as the first university forest in Asia. To date, UTF owns seven forests and has accumulated long-term data regarding forest ecosystems, conifer plantations, and selection cutting with natural regeneration, in addition to data regarding meteorology and hydrology. In terms of quantity and quality, this longitudinal dataset is among the best available in the world of forest science. A teaching staff of 26 people belongs to UTF. The advantages of studying under the supervision of UTF staff members are as follows. First, students have the opportunity to gain broad disciplinary knowledge from the 26 members of the teaching staff. Second, they can use UTF as a context for their research fieldwork, relying on good research facilities supported by a 50-strong technical staff. Third, they can utilize longitudinal data accumulated by UTF over a period of more than 100 years. Students from at least ten countries have been supervised at UTF. Students are selected, in particular, from China, Thailand, Indonesia, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka. UTF has also provided fieldwork classes for students of foreign universities, such as Universiti Malaysia Sabah and the National Taiwan University. These students gain experience in disciplines such as forest vegetation and forest management, where Japanese practice differs from that of their own countries. Students can stay at UTF lodges for a modest fee. Students from European universities are also welcome to undertake fieldwork courses at UTF. We accept interns from overseas. Recently, interns from European universities have been increasing in number. The unique culture of Japan - with its traditional features and more modern ones, like the Japanese comics manga - are fascinating to European students. UTF provides the best environment for forest education in Asia.