L’objectif de cette étude est d’apporter une contribution aux recherches portant sur les effets prosodiques du contact de langues à travers l’étude du système prosodique du français centrafricain, une variété de français ayant émergé suite au contact avec une langue africaine à densité tonale maximale, le sango. La République centrafricaine est un pays extrêmement multilingue. Entre 60 et 100 langues y sont parlées, outre les deux langues officielles que constituent le sango – lingua franca, et le français – langue principale de l’enseignement et de l’administration publique. Dans la capitale, Bangui, le sango est la langue parlée d’ordinaire dans la vie quotidienne, tandis que le français s’utilise essentiellement dans des contextes professionnels. Cette étude se base sur des enregistrements de parole spontanée de 12 locuteurs francophones de Bangui. Des analyses acoustiques montrent que l’intonation du français centrafricain partage des caractéristiques communes avec le sango. La majorité de mots ont des patrons tonals qui restent inchangés quel que soit leur place dans l’énoncé, et chaque syllabe porte un ton. Le système se distingue ainsi considérablement du système intonatif du français européen où la courbe mélodique est contrainte au niveau post-lexical et dépend entre autres de facteurs rythmiques, syntaxiques et pragmatiques. La conclusion principale de cette étude est que le français centrafricain se classifie d’un point de vue typologique comme une langue à tons lexicaux. Il ressort que le système prosodique du français centrafricain est plus proche de celui du sango et que de celui du français européen. Les faits mis au jour dans cette thèse montrent que la prosodie peut changer de façon fondamentale dans une situation de contact de langue. / This study is concerned with prosody and language contact. The fact that language contact induces change is well documented, but few studies focus on the prosodic effects of contact-induced change. The aim of this study is to provide a case study of the prosodic system of the contact variety Central African French, which has emerged from the contact between French and the African tone language, Sango.The Central African Republic is a multilingual country with between 60 to 100 different regional languages spoken within its borders in addition to two official languages, the lingua franca Sango and French. French has been the main language of education and of public administration since colonial times. In the capital Bangui, Sango is the most used language in everyday communication whereas French is spoken in professional contexts. This study is based on recordings of spontaneous speech of 12 French-speaking informants from Bangui. Acoustic analyses of the recordings show that the prosody of Central African French shares with Sango some fundamental characteristics: most words have fixed tonal patterns independently of their position in the sentence and every syllable carries a static tone. This system greatly differs from the system of European varieties of French, where the sentence melody is determined at the post-lexical level and depends on factors such as rhythm, syntax and pragmatics. The main conclusion of this study is that Central African French may be classified as a tone language and thus is endowed with a prosodic system that is closer to Sango than to European French. This finding suggests that intonation might change radically in contact situations ; the change is not only superficial but concerns the underlying system.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:22:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6335.pdf: 3771187 bytes, checksum: 3b53ad55024114e65e566f79ed09086b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-30 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The African sharptooth catfish Clarias gariepinus is a facultative air-breather with the ABO present in the 2nd and 3rd gill arches. Like other bimodal respirators, the African catfish presents cardiorespiratory adjustments to survive low PwO2. These regulations are modulated by gill O2 chemoreceptors monitoring the PwO2 and/or the PaO2. The present study analyzed the distribution, location and orientation of the branchial O2 chemoreceptors of C. gariepinus, and the role of these receptors on the cardiorespiratory function and the modulation of the heart autonomic control. C. gariepinus were divided into two experimental groups (Control GC, intact fish, and Experimental GD, with the 1st gill arches excised) and their cardiorespiratory variables were analyzed during graded hypoxia with and without access to the atmospheric air, internal and external NaCN injections and autonomic nervous system antagonists. During hypoxia without access to air, both GC and GD showed increases in the respiratory variables (fR, VT and 𝑉 𝐺 ). However, the GD displayed higher values, since normóxia until severe hypoxia, to compensate the decrease in the EO2 resulting from the ablation of the 1st gill arches. Furthermore, the decrease in EO2 was responsible for the decrease in 𝑉 O2 and, consequently, for the increase of the PcO2 from 61 mmHg (GC) to 79 mmHg (GD). The GD featured bradycardia similar to GC, however, their values were higher in all PwO2. In hypoxia with access to air, both groups showed decrease in the fR and VAMP in the mores hypoxic tensions. This was attributed to the increases in the fRA in GC which compensate the O2 uptake. However, the GC increases in fRA were attenuated by the excision of the 1st gill arches. Moreover, both groups developed bradycardia pre-RA (typical of aquatic respirator) and tachycardia post-RA (typical of aerial respirator). Internal and external NaCN injections caused bradycardia in both groups, while the internal injections increased the ventilator variables only in GC. Thus, it is concluded that C. gariepinus possess branchial O2 chemoreceptors modulating the fH distributed by all gill arches, monitoring both PwO2 and PaO2. Conversely, fR and VAMP are modulated by receptors located in the 1st gill arches monitoring exclusively the PaO2. Furthermore, NaCN internal injections elevated more the fRA in GC than the external ones, but with low effect on the fRA of GD. Thus, the fRA is primarily modulated by O2 chemoreceptors located in the 1st gill arches monitoring, predominantly, the PaO2. Injections blocking the autonomic system to the heart showed that the modulation of pre-AR bradycardia and post-AR tachycardia occurs due to variations in the vagal cholinergic tonus, which is elevated during bradycardia and reduced during tachycardia. The adrenergic tonus, in spite of the decrease in the post-AR, is lower than the cholinergic, suggests a "reflex adrenergic" arising from the peripheral vasoconstriction, important to optimize the perfusion of the ABOs. / O bagre-africano é um teleósteo de respiração bimodal com ABOs presentes nos 2os e 4os arcos branquiais. Como outros respiradores bimodais, o bagre-africano realiza ajustes cardiorrespiratórios para sobreviver em baixas PwO2. Estes são modulados por quimiorreceptores de O2 branquiais que monitoram a PwO2 e/ou PaO2. O presente estudo analisou a distribuição, localização e orientação dos quimiorreceptores de O2 branquiais de Clarias gariepinus, seu controle sobre a função cardiorrespiratória e a modulação do controle autonômico do coração. Para isto, C. gariepinus foi dividido em dois grupos (controle GC; experimental GD, com ablação do 1o par de arcos branquiais) e seus parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios foram analisados durante hipóxia sem e com acesso ao ar atmosférico, injeções internas e externas de NaCN e injeções antagonistas do sistema autonômico. Durante hipóxia sem acesso ao ar os GC e GD elevaram os parâmetros respiratórios (fR, VT e 𝑉 𝐺 ). Porém, o GD apresentou-os superestimados desde normóxia, a fim de compensar a queda na extração de O2 (EO2) resultante da ablação dos 1os arcos branquiais. Além disso, o decréscimo da EO2 foi responsável pela diminuição da 𝑉 O2 , e, consequentemente, pelo aumento da PcO2 de 61 mmHg para 79 mmHg, nos GC e GD, respectivamente. Ainda, o GD apresentou bradicardia semelhante ao GC, porém seus valores foram superestimados em todas as PwO2. Em hipóxia com acesso ao ar ambos os grupos demonstraram diminuição da fR e da VAMP nas últimas PO2 devido principalmente a aumentos da fRA no GC que compensaram a absorção de O2. Todavia, no GD o aumento da fRA foi atenuado pela ablação dos 1os arcos branquiais. Além disso, ambos os grupos apresentaram bradicardia pré-RA (típica de respirador aquático) e taquicardia pós-RA (típica de respirador aéreo). Injeções externas e internas de NaCN causaram bradicardia nos GC e GD, enquanto as injeções internas aumentaram os parâmetros ventilatórios apenas no GC. Desta forma, conclui-se que C. gariepinus apresenta quimiorreceptores de O2 branquiais, que modulam a fH, distribuídos por todos arcos branquiais e que monitoram tanto a PwO2 quanto a PaO2. Ao contrário, a modulação da fR e VAMP ocorre apenas por quimiorreceptores de O2 do 1o par de arcos branquiais e que monitoram apenas a PaO2. Ainda, injeções internas de NaCN elevaram mais a fRA no GC que as externas, porém tiveram pouco efeito sobre a fRA do GD. Assim, a fRA é modulada principalmente por quimiorreceptores de O2 dos 1os arcos branquiais que, predominantemente, monitoram a PaO2. Injeções bloqueadoras do sistema autonômico do coração de C. gariepinus demonstraram que a modulação tanto da bradicardia pré-RA quanto da taquicardia pós-RA ocorre pela variação do tônus vagal colinérgico, sendo este tônus elevado na bradicardia, porém reduzido na taquicardia. O tônus adrenérgico, apesar de diminuir pós-RA, esta queda é menor que a do tônus colinérgico, o que sugere um reflexo adrenérgico advindo da vasoconstrição periférica importante para os respiradores bimodais perfundirem melhor seus ABOs.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:26:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcos A de Souza Brito.pdf: 1070216 bytes, checksum: 3b5b6935ae7fa2ad4fba2dfc9bff1167 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The present research investigates two themes (parts of a single issue) connected to two distinct phases in Heidegger's thinking . In relation to the first phase (the so-called "first Heidegger"), the search is returned strongly to the shades affective (Stimmungen) according to that were addressed in Being and time, especially in §. 29, And fundamental concepts of metaphysics: world, finitude, solitude. Such affective tones were presented as ontological structures responsible for making sure that the being-there is always in a state of "willing to ... ". The provision, "be willing to ... " since any affective tone, form, along with understanding and discourse, the existential that portray how the being-there is in the world. The second phase (the so-called "second Heidegger") the theme ruled was the poetry, designed understood how language originated. The poetry was differentiated from poem by it should not be confused with mere literary style. The poetry while language originating in (Dichtung) brings the loved for the first time in the open air to nominate him, while poem (Poiesie) is identified with the art of making poems. Affective Tone and poetry were discussed from a point of view ontological. The transition to the second phase was worked from what became known as the "turning point" (Kehre). To deal with the change we have made it clear that there is no contradiction between the phases, there is seen that Heidegger, without denying the turning point, for more than once stated that his philosophy dealing with a single issue. The turning point became evident in the 1930s and marked a repositioning of the question raised in Being and time. The project of fundamental ontology, this in Being and time, was carried out from three sub-projects: existential analytical, destruction of the history of metaphysics and hermeneutics of facticity . The existential analytical, from which were analyzed the shades, fell on the being-there and has reached its limit by the impossibility of justifying historical ontologies, hence there was talk of "failure" in Being and time . Put the themes in evidence, was the work of an analogy, possible by taking into account the ontological characteristics regarding the affective tones and the poetry. / A presente pesquisa investiga dois temas (partes de uma única questão) ligados a duas fases distintas no pensamento heideggeriano. Em relação à primeira fase (o assim chamado primeiro Heidegger ), a pesquisa se voltou enfaticamente para as tonalidades afetivas (Stimmungen) de acordo com que foram abordadas em Ser e tempo, principalmente no §. 29, e Conceitos fundamentais da metafísica: mundo, finitude, solidão. Tais tonalidades afetivas foram apresentadas como estruturas ontológicas responsáveis por fazer com que o Dasein esteja sempre em estado de disposto a... . A disposição, o estar disposto para... desde alguma tonalidade afetiva, forma, juntamente com compreensão e discurso, os existenciais que retratam como o ser-aí é no mundo. Quanto à segunda fase (o dito segundo Heidegger ) o tema pautado foi a poesia, concebida como linguagem originária. A poesia foi diferenciada de poema por que ela não deve ser confundida com mero estilo literário. A poesia enquanto linguagem originária (Dichtung) traz o ente pela primeira vez ao aberto nomeando-o, como poema (Poiesie) se identifica com a arte de fazer poemas. Tonalidade afetiva e poesia foram discutidas de um ponto de vista ontológico. A transição para a segunda fase foi trabalhada tendo em vista aquilo que ficou conhecido como viragem (Kehre). Ao lidar com a viragem deixamos claro a inexistência de contradição entre as fases, haja visto que Heidegger, sem negar a viragem, por mais de uma vez declarou que sua filosofia se ocupa com uma única questão. A viragem se tornou evidente na década de 1930 e marcou um reposicionamento da questão posta em Ser e tempo. O projeto da ontologia fundamental, presente em Ser e tempo, foi conduzido a partir de três subprojetos: analítica existencial, destruição da historia da metafísica e hermenêutica da facticidade. A analítica existencial, desde a qual foram analisadas as tonalidades, recaiu sobre o ser-aí e alcançou seu limite pela impossibilidade de fundamentar ontologias históricas, daí falou-se em fracasso de Ser e tempo. Postos os temas em evidência, procedeu-se o trabalho de uma analogia, possível pela consideração das características ontológicas concernentes as tonalidades afetivas e a poesia.

En phase d’approche, le bruit rayonné par l’entrée d’air des turboréacteurs est principalement dû aux interactions entre le rotor et le stator. Cependant les ondes de choc (ou ondes en N) générées par le rotor en régime transsonique peuvent devenir une source de bruit dominante durant le décollage et la montée de l’appareil. L’étude des ondes en N nécessite de se concentrer sur deux processus majeurs : 1) la génération des chocs par un rotor parfait (dont toutes les aubes sont identiques) et par un rotor réel (en tenant compte des irrégularités géométriques des aubes), et 2) la propagation de ces ondes en N à travers la nacelle, produisant du bruit dont le spectre se compose des harmoniques de la fréquence de passage des aubes pour un rotor régulier, et des harmoniques aux fréquences multiples de la rotation du rotor (FMR) pour un rotor irrégulier. Plusieurs approches analytiques et numériques ont été développées durant les 40 dernières années.Cette thèse relate dans un tout premier temps les principales théories de la propagation des ondes de choc ainsi que les modèles majeurs de génération de FMR. Une attention particulière est portée sur les liens entre les équations générales de la mécanique des fluides et ces modèles de propagation non linéaire afin de mettre en évidence les différentes hypothèses formulées dans ces modèles. Dans un deuxième temps, les principales méthodes semi-analytiques de génération et de propagation des chocs seront évaluées et comparées en les appliquant à des configurations de turboréacteurs. En outre, un nouveau modèle de génération de FMR basé sur des considérations géométriques est élaboré par l’intermédiaire d’une campagne d’essais comportant d’une part des mesures de signaux de pression dans la nacelle et d’autre part les mesures des angles de calage des aubes pendant le fonctionnement du moteur. Le deuxième volet de la thèse concerne le développement d’une méthodologie de simulation numérique basée sur l’utilisation du code elsA de l’ONERA en résolvant les équations d’Euler (approche CAA). L’objectif de cette approche est de s’affranchir des limitations des modèles de propagation semi-analytiques et de tenir compte de la géométrie réelle de la nacelle ainsi que d’un écoulement réaliste. Des ondes de choc régulières et irrégulières sont directement injectées dans un plan proche de la soufflante et se propagent en remontant l’écoulement. Ces ondes de choc sont injectées par l’intermédiaire d’une condition limite de non-réflexion qui nécessite d’imposer le champ conservatif. La signature des chocs peut provenir d’un RANS, de mesures ou d’un signal analytique. Étant donné que les mesures ou le signal théorique ne permettent d’obtenir que la pression, une méthode de reconstruction du champ conservatif à partir des variations de pression induites par le choc a été élaborée. Cette méthode d’injection est tout d’abord appliquée à un conduit annulaire infiniment mince et validée par la méthode de propagation semi-analytique de McAlpine & Fisher. Ensuite, les effets de propagation 3D sont étudiés en augmentant l’épaisseur du conduit. Enfin, la méthode CAA est appliquée à des configurations de turboréacteurs modernes et des ondes de choc régulières et irrégulières sont propagées numériquement. Les résultats sont comparés aux solutions RANS ainsi qu’aux mesures disponibles. / Whereas the sound radiated from the inlet of turbofans is mainly due to rotor–stator interactions in approach flight, the shock waves (or N-waves) emitted by the rotor at transonic rotation speeds can be a dominant noise source during takeoff and climb. The study of N-waves needs to take account of two main processes: 1) the generation of N-waves for a perfect rotor (in which all blades are identical) and for a real rotor (considering small geometrical blade dispersion), and 2) the N-wave propagation through the inlet duct producing the blade passing harmonics for a perfect rotor, and the multiple pure tones (harmonics of the rotation frequency) for a real rotor. Several analytical and numerical approaches have been investigated for the past 40 years.This thesis first intends to relate the main propagation theories and to address the foremost MPT generation method hypotheses. The links between fluid dynamics equations and practical non-linear theories currently adopted are emphasized and discussed. In a second step, the main relevant semi-analytical methods are cross-checked by applying them to representative turbofan configurations. Moreover, a novel model of irregular N-wave generation based on geometrical considerations is investigated thanks to test data related to in-duct pressure signatures and blade stagger angle measurements during the engine operation. Then, a second part of the work investigates a numerical strategy based on elsA ONERA code, solving the full Euler’s equations (CAA approach). The objective is to prevent from the limitations of 2D analytical models and to take into account actual inlet geometry and realistic convection flow. Regular and non-regular shock waves are directly injected in a plane close to the fan and propagated through the inlet. These shock waves are injected through a non-reflective boundary condition which requires the conservative field. The initial shock description near the fan is provided either by a RANS computation or by experiment, or else from analytical model. As experiment or analytical signals only provide pressure signatures, a theory is set up to re-built the whole conservative field from the basis of a pressure shockwave. This injection method is firstly applied on an infinitely narrow annular duct and validated through the comparison with the McAlpine & Fisher analytical method. Then, the 3D propagation effects are pointed out by increasing the duct height. Finally, the CAA method is applied on actual intake geometry of modern turbofan demonstrators, and propagation of regular and irregular shock-waves are simulated. The numerical results are compared to RANS solutions and to available measurements.

Value Added Services (VASs) have become one of the major revenue generators in the telecom industry. Most of the telecom subscribers have started using VAS and it has become an important service for the customers. The objective of the project is to evaluate and analyse the need for value added services in India. The report begins with a discussion of existing VAS provided by 2G wide area cellular technologies and how these will change with the introduction of 3G technology. Following this the value chain of VAS is discussed. Next new trends, drivers, and challenges of the VAS are discussed in detail. The impact of content developers and software development on VAS are discussed. Then a method to analyse VAS is discussed, followed by method of analysing the ringback tones with respect to a company is provided followed by the method to analyse the importance of the content providers in the value chain. Then the Mobile commerce VAS is analysed in detail and ringback tone service provided by OnMobile Company is analysed in detail, followed by an analysis of the role of content providers in value chain. A survey on different services provided through VAS is taken among few of the VASs users in India and the results are included with graphs in the report. The thesis analysis results are very important in the modern telecommunication industry as VAS plays a major role in generating huge revenue and currently many industries are focusing on to provide mobile commerce services to its customers. The thesis answers various questions like, what are the different M-commerce services that are provided to the customers in the telecom industry. Why OnMobile Company provides different varieties of ringback tones to the user? Why the role of content providers is very important in the Value chain? The report concludes with conclusions explaining the different insights that are gained from the analysis of the VAS (M-Commerce), Ringback tones provided by OnMobile, role of content providers in the Value chain and the survey results. It is followed by the some suggestions and possible future work concerning Value Added Services in India. / Value Added Services (VASs) har blivit en av de största inkomst generatorerna i telekombranschen. De flesta av Telecom abonnenter har börjat använda VAS och det har blivit en viktigare service för kunderna. Målet med projektet är att utvärdera och analysera behovet av mervärdestjänster VAS i Indien. Rapporten inleds med en diskussion av befintliga VAS från 2G stort mobil teknik område och hur dessa kommer att förändras med införandet av 3G-tekniken. Efter detta kommer värdekedjan för VAS att diskuteras. De nästkommande nya trenderna, drivrutiner och utmaningar inom VAS diskuteras mer i detalj. Effekterna från innehållsutvecklare och mjukvaruutvecklingen inom VAS diskuteras också. Sedan kommer metoden för att analysera VAS att diskuteras, följt av en analys av ringsignaltjänsten med avseende på företag och en metod för att analysera betydelsen av innehållsutvecklare inom värdekedjan. Då mobil handel VAS analyseras i detalj och tillbaka ringningston tillhandahålls av OnMobile företag analyseras i detalj, följt av en analys av den roll som leverantörsrollen av innehåll i värdekedjan. En undersökning om olika tjänster som tillhandahålls via VAS tas bland några av de VASS användare i Indien och resultaten visas i grafer i rapporten. Avhandlingen analysresultaten är mycket viktiga i den moderna telekomindustrin som VAS spelar en viktig roll i att genererar stora inkomster och för närvarande många branscher fokuserar på att tillhandahålla mobil handel tjänster till sina kunder. Avhandlingen besvarar frågor som: Vilka är de olika mobila-handelstjänster som tillhandahålls inom telekomindustrin, varför OnMobile tillhandahåller olika typer av ringsignaltjänster till användaren? och Varför innehållsutvecklare är viktiga inom värdekedjan? Rapporten avslutas med slutsatser som förklarar de olika insikter som erhålls från analysen av VAS (M-Commerce), tillbaka ringningstoner från OnMobile, den roll som leverantörer av innehåll i värdekedjan och enkätresultat. Det följs av några förslag och möjliga framtida arbete om Value Added Services i Indien.

Cette thèse vise à caractériser le traitement auditif des informations spectro-temporelles impliquées dans la perception de la parole au cours du développement précoce. Dans ce but, les capacités de discrimination de contrastes phonétiques sont évaluées à l’aide de deux méthodes comportementales chez des enfants âgés de 6 et 10 mois. Les sons de parole sont dégradés par des « vocodeurs » conçus pour réduire sélectivement les modulations spectrales et/ou temporelles des stimuli phonétiquement contrastés.Les trois premières études de cette thèse montrent que les informations spectro-temporelles fines de la parole (les indices de modulation de fréquence et détails spectraux) ne sont pas nécessaires aux enfants français de 6 mois pour percevoir le trait phonétique de voisement et de lieu d’articulation. Comme pour les adultes français, les informations de modulation d’amplitude les plus lentes semblent suffire pour percevoir ces traits phonétiques. Les deux dernières études montrent cependant que les informations spectro-temporelles fines sont requises pour la discrimination de tons lexicaux (variations de hauteur liée au sens de mots monosyllabiques) chez les enfants français et taiwanais de 6 mois. De plus, ces études montrent l’influence de l’expérience linguistique sur le poids perceptif de ces informations de modulations dans la discrimination de la parole chez les jeunes adultes et les enfants français et taiwanais de 10 mois.Ces études montrent que les mécanismes auditifs spectro-temporels sous-tendant la perception de la parole sont efficaces dès l’âge de 6 mois, mais que ceux-ci vont être influencés par l’exposition à l’environnement linguistique dans les mois suivants. Enfin, cette thèse discute les implications de ces résultats vis-à-vis de l’implantation précoce des enfants sourds profonds qui reçoivent des informations de modulations dégradées. / The goal of this doctoral research was to characterize the auditory processing of the spectro-temporal cues involved in speech perception during development. The ability to discriminate phonetic contrasts was evaluated in 6- and 10-month-old infants using two behavioral methods. The speech sounds were processed by “vocoders” designed to reduce selectively the spectro-temporal modulation content of the phonetically contrasting stimuli. The first three studies showed that fine spectro-temporal modulation cues (the frequency-modulation cues and spectral details) are not required for the discrimination of voicing and place of articulation in French-learning 6-month-old infants. As for French adults, 6-month-old infants can discriminate those phonetic features on the sole basis of the slowest amplitude-modulation cues. The last two studies revealed that the fine modulation cues are required for lexical-tone (pitch variations related to the meaning of one-syllable word) discrimination in French- and Mandarin-learning 6-month-old infants. Furthermore, the results showed the influence of linguistic experience on the perceptual weight of these modulation cues in both young adults and 10-month-old infants learning either French or Mandarin.This doctoral research showed that the spectro-temporal auditory mechanisms involved in speech perception are efficient at 6 months of age, but will be influenced by the linguistic environment during the following months. Finally, the present research discusses the implications of these findings for cochlear implantation in profoundly deaf infants who have only access to impoverished speech modulation cues.

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Le bruit généré par la détente d'un écoulement sous pression à travers des plaques multi-perforées ou des diaphragmes est étudié expérimentalement. Cette analyse est menée sur deux configurations géométriques distinctes dans lesquelles la plaque perforée est placée à la sortie d'un conduit cylindrique (configuration de jet libre) ou à l'intérieur de celui-ci (configuration de jet confiné).Dans un premier temps, une étude paramétrique acoustique est effectuée pour ces deux configurations en variant les caractéristiques géométriques des plaques perforées et les points de fonctionnement dans des régimes subsoniques et supersoniques. Les différentes sources de rayonnement pouvant apparaitre sur de tels systèmes de détente, sont alors identifiées. Par ailleurs, les effets acoustiques de chacun des paramètres géométriques sont mis en lumière, offrant ainsi une aide à la conception silencieuse de tels systèmes. Dans un second temps, l'intérêt est porté sur l'analyse de la composante à large bande dominante: le bruit de mélange. Cette étude est menée sur la configuration de jet libre et s'appuie sur des visualisations strioscopiques ainsi que sur des mesures de vélocimétrie par image de particules couplées à des acquisitions acoustiques en champ lointain. Dans le cas des diaphragmes, les différents résultats mettent en évidence des mécanismes sources du bruit de mélange similaires à ceux observés dans la littérature pour les jets isolés issus de tuyères. Le rayonnement à l'aval, dominant, est généré par l'interaction de grosses structures turbulentes cohérentes à la fin du cône potentiel du jet, tandis que dans les autres directions, le bruit est généré par la turbulence de petite échelle dans les couches de cisaillement du jet.Pour les plaques multi-perforées, des mécanismes comparables sont également identifiés. Néanmoins, selon la géométrie de ces plaques, deux zones sources distinctes du rayonnement aval sont identifiées favorisant l'apparition de deux bosses dans les spectres en champ lointain. Dans le cas de perforations éloignées, la bosse à plus haute fréquence domine le spectre aval et l'interaction des grosses structures turbulentes se produit au niveau de la fin du cône potentiel des jets. Lorsque les perforations sont en revanche proches, c'est la bosse à basse fréquence qui domine et l'interaction des grosses structures turbulentes cohérentes semble se produire près de la fin du cône potentiel du gros jet équivalent formé à l'aval à partir du mélange de l'ensemble des jets issus des perforations. Dans les autres directions, l'espacement des perforations joue également un rôle important sur le rayonnement acoustique, du fait d'une interaction plus ou moins rapide des jets entre eux. Cela a alors pour effet de modifier les zones de cisaillement et en conséquence le rayonnement acoustique de la même manière que dans la direction aval. / The noise generated by the expansion of a pressurized flow through multi-perforated plates or diaphragms is experimentally investigated. The analysis is conducted on two distinct geometrical configurations in which the perforated plate is placed at the outlet of (free jet configuration) or inside (ducted jet configuration) a cylindrical duct.Firstly, an acoustic parametric study is carried out on these two configurations for various perforated plate geometries and for a number of operating points ranging from subsonic to supersonic. The different acoustic sources that can arise from such systems are thus identified. Furthermore, the effect of each geometrical parameter onto the radiated sound field is highlighted, thus providing guidelines for the silent design of such pressure release devices.In a second step, the focus is on the dominant broadband component, that is, the mixing noise. This part of the study is dedicated to the free jet configuration and is based on Schlieren imaging, as well as on Particle Image Velocimetry measurements, both coupled far-field sound measurements.In the diaphragm cases, the aerodynamic results show that the source mechanisms are similar to those reported in the literature about isolated jets from conventional nozzles. The downstream radiation is generated by the interaction of large coherent structures at the end of the jet potential core, while in the other directions it is generated by the small-scale turbulence from the shear layer.For multi-perforated plates, comparable mechanisms are also observed. However, depending on the plate geometry, two distinct source regions contributing to the downstream radiation are identified. They explain the presence of two broadband humps in the far-field spectra. In the case of widely spaced perforations, the higher frequency hump in the downstream spectrum increases and the interaction of the large turbulent structures occurs mainly at the end of the potential core of the small jets issuing the perforations. Conversely, when these perforations are close to each other, the small jets rapidly merge into a single larger one that has a longer potential core. As a result, larger coherent structures interact downstream of the small jet mixing region and therefore, a low-frequency hump dominates the downstream spectrum. In the other directions, the perforation spacing has also a significant impact on the acoustic radiation, due to a more or less rapid interaction of the jets. Consequently, the turbulence, as well as the shear zones of the various mixing layers, are modified. The geometric parameters thus have similar effects on the cross-stream as on the downstream radiation.

論文提要內容：（共一冊，17770字，分六章） 本研究用雙音節詞來探討不同音段和聲調在臺灣華語的口語詞彙辨識歷程中的重要性。Cohort模型（1978）非常強調詞首訊息的重要性，然而Merge模型（2000）認為訊息輸入和音韻表徵的整體吻合才是最重要的。因此，本研究企圖探索不同音段和詞首詞尾在臺灣華語的口語詞彙辨識歷程中的重要性。然而，聲調的問題並無在先前的模型裡被討論。因此，聲調在臺灣華語的口語詞彙辨識歷程中所扮演的角色也會在本研究中被討論。另外，詞頻效應也會在本研究中被探索。本研究的三個實驗均由同樣的十五名受試者參加。實驗一是測試不同音段在臺灣華語的口語詞彙辨識歷程中的重要性。實驗一操弄十二個雙音節高頻詞和十二個雙音節低頻詞，每一個雙音節詞的每一個音段都分別被噪音擋住。實驗二是在探索詞首和詞尾在臺灣華語的口語詞彙辨識歷程中的重要性。實驗二操弄十二個雙音節高頻詞和十二個雙音節低頻詞。這些雙音節詞的詞首CV或詞尾VG/N都分別被雜音擋住。實驗三操弄二十四個雙音節高頻詞和二十四個雙音節低頻詞。這些雙音節詞的聲調都被拉平到100赫茲。在這三個實驗中，受試者必須聽這些被操弄過的雙音節詞，並且辨認它們。受試者的反應時間和辨詞的準確率都用E-Prime來記錄。實驗結果顯示，傳統的Cohort模型不能被完全支持，因為詞首訊息被噪音擋住的詞仍能被受試者成功的辨識出來。強調聲音訊息和音韻表徵的整體吻合度的Merge模型，比較能解釋實驗的結果。然而，Merge模型必須要加入韻律節點才能處理臺灣華語的聲調辨識的問題。本研究也顯示，雙音節詞的第一個音節的母音在口語詞彙辨識歷程中是最重要的，而雙音節詞的第二個音節的母音是第二重要的。這是因為母音帶了最多訊息，包括聲調。另外，雙音節詞的詞首和詞尾在臺灣華語的口語詞彙辨識歷程中是扮演差不多重要的角色。母音對於聲調的感知是最重要的。詞頻效應也完全表現在臺灣華語的口語詞彙辨識歷程中。 關鍵詞：口語詞彙辨識歷程、臺灣華語、華語聲調、音段、Cohort模型、Merge模型 / The present study investigated the importance of different segments and the importance of tone in spoken word recognition in Taiwan Mandarin by using isolated disyllabic words. Cohort model (1978) emphasized the absolute importance of the initial information. On the contrary, Merge (2000) proposed that the overall match between the input and the phonological representation is the most crucial. Therefore, this study tried to investigate the importance of different segments and the importance of onsets and offsets in the processing of Mandarin spoken words. However, the issues of tone were not included in the previous models. Thus, the importance of tone was also investigated in this study. The issues about frequency effect were also explored here. Three experiments were designed in this study. Fifteen subjects were invited to participate in all three experiments. Experiment 1 was designed to investigate the importance of different segments in Taiwan Mandarin. In experiment 1, 12 high-frequency disyllabic words and 12 low-frequency disyllabic words were selected. Each segment of each disyllabic word was replaced by the hiccup noise. Experiment 2 was designed to investigate the importance of onsets and offsets. In experiment 2, 12 high-frequency disyllabic words and 12 low-frequency disyllabic words were chosen. The CV of the first syllable and the VG/N of the second syllable were replaced by the hiccup noise. Experiment 3 was designed to investigate the importance of Mandarin tones. In experiment 3, 24 high-frequency disyllabic words and 24 low-frequency disyllabic words were selected. The tones of the disyllabic words were leveled to 100 Hz. In the three experiments, subjects listened to the stimuli and recognized them. The reaction time and accuracy were measured by E-Prime. The results indicated that traditional Cohort model cannot be fully supported because words can still be correctly recognized when word initial information is disruptive. Merge model, which proposed that the overall match between the input and the lexical representation is the most important, was more compatible with the results here. However, Merge model needs to include the prosody nodes, so that it can account for the processing of tones in Taiwan Mandarin. In addition, the current study also showed that the first vowel of the disyllabic word is the most crucial and the second vowel of the disyllabic word is the second influential since the vowel carries the most important information, including tones. The results of experiment 2 demonstrated that the onsets and offsets are almost the same important in Mandarin. Furthermore, vowel is the most influential segment for the perception of Mandarin tones. Finally, frequency effect appeared in the processing of Mandarin words. Keywords: spoken word recognition, Taiwan Mandarin, Mandarin tones, segments, Cohort, Merge