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As a lucrative tourism sector, the meetings, incentives, conventions, and exhibitions (MICE) sector has been significantly affected by crises in recent years, from the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, to the SARS and bird flu epidemics, to the tsunami of late 2004. One of the key effects of such crises has been growing safety concerns when it comes to crisis-struck MICE destinations. In turn, this has impacted on both MICE customers’ perceived risk in terms of purchasing MICE products, and their decision to follow through on planned MICE events. In addition, the MICE sector reveals noticeably differing levels of crisis vulnerability when compared to other tourism sectors; in particular, one of the clear differences lies in the decision making process itself, given that MICE sector buyers sponsor the endusers of MICE products, and are thus heavily liable for the safety of attendees. Not surprisingly, any life-threatening situation in MICE destinations discourages buyers from taking the decision to purchase. In contrast to other tourism sectors where the buyer and end-user are generally one and the same, in MICE tourism customers and consumers remain distinct. Taken together, both the impacts of crisis and crisis vulnerability suggest that crises can affect business continuity in the MICE sector significantly. In turn, MICE suppliers need to understand the impacts of crisis on tourism demand in the MICE sector, and come to terms with the key factors contributing to crisis vulnerability in order to better cope with, and sustain, their MICE businesses through crisis situations. To this end, the core aim of this research is to identify the critical success factors responsible for effective crisis management in the MICE sector. To achieve this, this research has developed three research questions, and investigated these questions through qualitative data collection and analysis of thirty-seven in-depth interviews with MICE suppliers in Thailand. The findings of these interviews provide both rich and substantively meaningful understandings of pertinent crisis management issues. More specifically, through detailed analysis of this data, this research examines the impact of crises on tourism demand in the MICE sector; the factors contributing to crisis vulnerability in the sector; and finally, the critical success factors of crisis management as they apply to the sector. In sum, this research achieves its research aims by providing ten critical success factors (CSFs) which organizations need to implement to successfully manage crisis situations. In summary, the findings of this research provide a contribution to knowledge by highlighting that the characteristics of the MICE product market not only contribute to fragmentation within the MICE sector, but also to both crisis vulnerability and crisis management approaches in a context of MICE tourism. Both the contributions and implications of this research have the potential to contribute to better crisis management in the MICE sector and tourism industry as a whole.

Η παρούσα διατριβή πραγματεύεται τη διαδικασία διαμόρφωσης ενιαίας τουριστικής πολιτικής στην Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση, παρακολουθώντας την πορεία της από την ίδρυση των Ευρωπαϊκών Κοινοτήτων μέχρι σήμερα και εξετάζει τις επιδράσεις των ευρωπαϊκών θεσμικών εξελίξεων και πιο συγκεκριμένα των ευρωπαϊκών πολιτικών στον ελληνικό ξενοδοχειακό κλάδο Στο πρώτο μέρος παρουσιάζεται σε αδρές γραμμές το ιστορικό πλαίσιο εξέλιξης του τουριστικού φαινομένου και εν συνεχεία αναπτύσσεται ο τουρισμός στην παγκόσμια, ευρωπαϊκή και εθνική του διάσταση. Ακολούθως, αναλύεται ο ξενοδοχειακός κλάδος στην Ελλάδα μέσα από τις πιο σημαντικές πτυχές του, δεδομένου ότι θα αποτελέσει στις επόμενες ενότητες το όχημα διακρίβωσης των επιδράσεων των ευρωπαϊκών πολιτικών στις λειτουργίες του. Το δεύτερο μέρος εστιάζει στην πορεία της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης από την ίδρυσή της μέχρι τη Συνθήκη της Λισαβόνας και επικεντρώνεται ειδικά στις περιόδους, όπου θεσμικές μεταβολές διαδραμάτισαν καθοριστικό ρόλο στην ένταξη του τουρισμού στις Συνθήκες και στη διαδικασία διαμόρφωσης ευρωπαϊκής τουριστικής πολιτικής. Το τρίτο μέρος εξετάζει τις πολιτικές της Ε.Ε., που έχουν ειδικό βάρος για τον τουριστικό τομέα και επιχειρεί να αναδείξει το θεσμικό αποτύπωμά τους στον τομέα και ιδιαίτερα στον ελληνικό ξενοδοχειακό κλάδο. Στο τέταρτο μέρος αναλύεται η μετάβαση από το εθνικό πρότυπο τουριστικής πολιτικής στο ευρωπαϊκό και επιχειρείται παράλληλα να προσεγγιστεί ο βαθμός διείσδυσης των μέτρων των ευρωπαϊκών πολιτικών στον ελληνικό ξενοδοχειακό κλάδο με εργαλείο τις επιπτώσεις των πολιτικών αυτών στην ίδρυση και τη λειτουργία της ξενοδοχειακής επιχείρησης. / The present thesis deals with the tourism policy-making in the European Union, following its steps from the birth of the European Communities to date . It traces the impact of the European institutional developments and more precisely of the European policies on the Greek hotel sector. The first part is dedicated to the historical framework of the evolution of tourism and to the presentation of the global, European and national dimensions of tourism development. A profile of the Greek hotel sector is then provided , since it will be the vehicle for screening the European policies that are affecting the daily operation of the hotel enterprises. The second part addresses the process of European integration from the establishment of the European Communities up to the Lisbon Treaty and highlights the periods when institutional changes played a key role to the foundation of European tourism policy The third part focuses on European policies that have a significant impact on the tourism sector and on the Greek hotel industry. The fourth part provides the context of the national tourism policy model and the transition from the national model to the European one, seeking to estimate the impact of the European measures on the Greek hotel enterprises.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar as políticas públicas de turismo desenvolvidas pela São Paulo Turismo, empresa oficial de turismo e eventos da cidade de São Paulo, com foco nos programas e ações de lazer que possibilitem o morador conhecer a própria cidade. Essa perspectiva trata do Lazer em estreitas relações com a cultura, a educação e a cidadania, bem como o turismo enquanto vivência de lazer, trabalhado a partir de sua dimensão social e de seus impactos gerados à população local. A discussão centrou-se na necessidade de políticas de turismo que despertem um novo olhar do morador sobre sua própria cidade, história e cultura, sendo capaz de gerar vivências que possibilitem o alcance dos níveis mais altos de participação, crítico e criativo, pensando na superação de inúmeras barreiras socioculturais presentes no lazer e na possibilidade de mudança da ordem social vigente. A metodologia utilizada foi composta pela combinação de pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e empírica, com a realização de estudo de caso histórico-organizacional da São Paulo Turismo. Dentre as técnicas de coleta de dados utilizadas na pesquisa empírica estavam a realização de entrevistas centradas com os gestores e responsáveis pelo desenvolvimento dos programas e ações da instituição e de entrevistas estruturadas com moradores da capital paulista que frequentam as Centrais de Informação Turística. Como resultados, identificou-se a necessidade de ações mais representativas, considerando a grandiosidade da cidade de São Paulo, e de ações descentralizadas, com atendimento a regiões mais periféricas do munícipio, assim como a importância de iniciativas que permitam ao morador se apropriar dos fixos e fluxos de sua cidade, possibilitando o estabelecimento de vínculos afetivos com o local de moradia e a superação do desconforto em espaços que, na visão dos moradores, são somente destinados aos turistas. Para isso, muitos são os desafios, dentre eles ultrapassar os limites dos conceitos de turismo a partir de suas relações com o lazer, a fim de garantir a elaboração de leis e políticas de turismo desenvolvidas próximas das realidades locais, avaliando-se o contexto social no qual as políticas são formatadas e gerenciadas, bem como a cidade de São Paulo e suas múltiplas facetas / This study aims to analyze the tourism policies developed by São Paulo Tourism, official tourism and events organization in São Paulo, focus on leisure programs and activities that allow the resident to know their own city. This perspective understands leisure in close relations with culture, education and citizenship, as well as tourism, considered as a leisure activity, worked from its social dimension and impacts in the local population. The discussion focuses on the need for tourism policies that stimulate a new look of the city, it history and culture, by their residents, that can be able to generate experiences that enable the achievement of higher levels of participation, critical and creative. This can support the search to overcome numerous socio-cultural barriers present in the leisure, and the chance to change the current social order. The methodology consists of the combination of bibliographic, documentary and empirical research, with the development of a historical-organizational case study of São Paulo Turismo. The data collection techniques used in empirical research were focused interviews with managers and responsible for the development of programs and actions of the institution and structured interviews with residents of the state capital, patrons of the Tourist Information Centers. As result, it is possible to identify the need for more representative policies, considering the greatness of the city of São Paulo and the need of decentralized actions that can serve more remote areas of the municipality. The importance of efforts to enable the resident to appropriate fixed and flows of their own city, as well as allows them to establish affective bonds with the place of residence. It also can help to overcome discomfort in spaces that, in the view of the residents, has only intended for tourists. For this, there are many challenges, among them to overcome the boundaries of tourism concepts, from its relations with leisure, in order to ensure the development of laws and tourism policies close to the local realities, considering the social context in which policies are developed and managed, as well as the city of São Paulo and its many facets

This thesis deals with comparison of the quality of tourism structure and tourism policy and their influence on tourism outputs. The thesis is divided into five chapters. The analysis of the tourism structure and tourism policy in the Czech Republic was carried out, as well as in the chosen countries - Slovakia, Austria, Germany and Hungary. Then the comparison was done. The result was to draft an efficient tourism structure in the Czech Republic.

The aim of this master's thesis is the analysis of the structural and investment funds of the European Union for the development of tourism in the Czech Republic. The aim is to clearly and concisely acquaint the reader with an analysis of the disbursement of funds in the programming periods 2004-2006 and 2007-2013 and its impacts success. The thesis is divided into four chapters. The first chapter is devoted to tourism policy, the second is devoted to issue of European Union funds. The third chapter analyses the position of tourism and tourism policy in the European Union and the impact of joining the European Union on the Czech Republic. The last chapter is devoted to analysis of the use of EU funds in tourism sector and evaluation of its success in the Czech Republic.

<p>With the increased role of local authorities in creating cultural policy, gathering information on how successful and sustainable local heritage conservation programs are established will be very valuable in crafting future policies. This dissertation investigated the development of local government heritage conservation policies in the City of San Fernando, Pampanga in the Philippines in order to determine (1) predictors of community support for heritage conservation policy – why communities support heritage conservation policy and what characteristics or elements of communities lead them to support heritage conservation policies, (2) factors that lead to the adoption and implementation of heritage conservation policies or policy drivers of heritage conservation policy, and (3) given the deeper understanding of community support and policy drivers, the relationship between these predictors and drivers with heritage conservation policy management and sustainability. It did this by being cognizant of the lack of homogeneity across communities, with actors, factors, contexts, and nuances specific to each community.</p><p>Implementing two component studies, the dissertation used mixed methods, which interprets and integrates information drawn from the combined strength of both quantitative and qualitative data, following the convergent design (Creswell and Plano Clark, 2018; Harrison et al., 2020) and guided by the Rigorous Mixed Methods framework (Harrison, Reilly and Creswell, 2020). This first study used a self-administered online survey to collect data from stakeholders and ordinary residents of the City of San Fernando, Pampanga which was analyzed using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). In the second study, guided by the naturalist paradigm (Guba and Lincoln, 1982; Lincoln and Guba, 1985), transcripts of semi-structured interviews conducted by City Tourism and Investment Promotion Office (CTIPO) were coded and analyzed using the grounded theory approach. It combined several coding approaches, specifically a blended approach (Skjott Linneberg, and Korsgaard, 2006), with the the Gioia Methodology (Gioia et al., 2012) and Ünlü-Qureshi instrument (Qureshi and Ünlü, 2020)</p> <p>The integration of qualitative and quantitative data and results was guided by the dimensions of the mixed methods research integration trilogy (Fetters and Molina-Azorin, 2017). The dissertation identified predictors for community support for heritage conservation policy, policy drivers of the heritage conservation policy process, and the relationship between these predictors and drivers and within the heritage conservation policy process and produced three models: (1) predictors of community support for local heritage conservation policy, (2) heritage conservation policy drivers, and (3) managerial implications for heritage conservation policy sustainability, and a framework for heritage conservation, management, and sustainability. The data suggested that in the case of San Fernando, (1) knowledge and awareness, (2) sense of belonging and attachment, (3) place image and community identity, and (4) evaluation of value are predictors of support for heritage conservation policies, with evaluation of value as a mediator for the first three. It also identified two major policy drivers: (1) good governance, and (2) heritage consciousness, and six specific policy drivers: (1) understanding the dynamics of heritage conservation, (2) addressing program sustainability, (3) stakeholder integration in the policy process, (4) appreciation of process-oriented governance, (5) manifesting pride and attachment, and (6) awareness of long-term outcomes of policies, that serve as factors leading to the adoption and implementation of heritage conservation policies. The predictors and policy drivers were incorporated into a single framework for heritage conservation policy management and sustainability.</p>

This study aims to explore policy implications, production and consumption processes between the airline and tourism industries. In particular, policy initiatives, product developments, innovation and consumption patterns are taken into consideration in order to identify the relationship between the two industries within the context of Cyprus. The airline industry, after the implementation of liberalization, has changed considerably in terms of market size, type of airlines and operations. In the case of destination management, innovation and policy planning are key parameters of success. Additionally, new business production methods are imperative, given the emergence of a ‘new-tourist’ who is educated, seeking shorter breaks and more frequent and cheaper trips in unique and unexplored destinations. Both quantitative and qualitative methods of analysis are employed. In particular, 26 interviews of ‘power-elite’ policymakers and stakeholders in Cyprus are used to explore policy implications for the identification of implementation outcomes and their impact on product developments and innovation. Furthermore, 300 self-administered questionnaires were distributed to British travellers to Cyprus, so as to identify the role of the airlines and the extent of the importance attributed to destination. The results of the study suggest a gap in the relation of the tourism and airline industries’ interaction at policy level, outcome, and implementation. More specifically, the airline policy enables the industry to become more adaptive and creative, and innovation is depicted via low-cost carriers (LCCs). The tourism industry has developed a policy that reflects the post/neo-Fordism trends of consumption and production, which refers to niche products. However, there is a dearth of policy theory and implementation, with consistent failures and delays. Thus, tourism is at the stage of renovation without essential innovation in contrast to the airline industry, which is a leader, and a proponent of innovation. In terms of consumption, Factor Analysis suggests that British tourists tend to book their holiday trips based on three categories of airline attributes: ‘Customer service’, ‘Price-sensitive & Internet’ and ‘Selection in travel behaviour’. Cluster analysis suggests three main categories of tourists, namely, ‘Traditional’, ‘Demanding/Opportunists’ and ‘Ambivalent’. The results confirm that consumers have changed and tourism destinations must be able to adapt to their demands and to offer a variety of services and products in order to survive in a competitive global market. In the case of the airline industry and holiday trips, convenience and the airport that the airline is flying from is more important than the cost of the ticket.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de GoiÃs / Uma das caracterÃsticas do processo de constituiÃÃo da atividade turÃstica, nÃo sà no Brasil, à a sua estreita relaÃÃo com as aÃÃes de cunho pÃblico-governamental, aliada à expectativa quanto aos seus desdobramentos sobre os territÃrios turÃsticos locais. Tendo em vista essas mÃximas, esta tese esforÃa-se para compreender o processo histÃrico que engendrou a polÃtica de turismo no estado de GoiÃs, articulando as escalas de intervenÃÃo federal, estadual e municipal, assim como busca dimensionar os efeitos na ordem da renda e do emprego formal sobre os territÃrios turÃsticos goianos. Como postulam os discursos governamentais, espera-se, da atividade turÃstica, uma dinamizaÃÃo prÃpria, com resultados visÃveis no Ãmbito da economia dos municÃpios. Para esta investida, a tese constitui-se de uma teoria formada no tempo e no espaÃo sobre a participaÃÃo do Estado como ator fundamental na polÃtica de turismo nas Ãltimas quatro dÃcadas. O estudo pautou-se na pesquisa bibliogrÃfica nos campos das polÃticas pÃblicas, da polÃtica de turismo e do planejamento do Estado, no inventÃrio e na anÃlise de documentos oficiais voltados para o turismo, no levantamento de dados quantitativos sobre emprego e renda municipal e no trabalho de campo. As conclusÃes desta tese recaem sobre a assertiva de um embriÃo de uma polÃtica no estado voltada para o turismo desde a dÃcada de 1960, e, muito embora exista ainda hoje uma atribuiÃÃo supervalorizada à espontaneidade do desenvolvimento turÃstico nos destinos goianos, a anÃlise histÃrica comprovou que o Estado federal à o protagonista. Por outro lado, os impactos sociais e econÃmicos almejados pelos investimentos pÃblicos nÃo se materializam em quantidades nem em qualidade projetados quando se trata da escala municipal, como costuma ocorrer na execuÃÃo de polÃticas pÃblicas. Por esse aspecto, conclama-se a corresponsabilidade mais efetiva dos atores locais no processo de planejamento do turismo. / One of the characteristics of the development of tourism, not only in Brazil, is its close relation to public and governmental actions, as well as the expectation surrounding its effects on local tourist territories. In view of this, the present thesis attempts to understand the historical process which promoted the tourism policy in GoiÃs State â by establishing a link between federal, state, and municipal scales of intervention â, in addition to assessing the effects on income and formal employment in local tourist territories. As claimed by governmental discourses, tourist activities are expected to produce their own dynamics, leading to clear results in the economy of cities. Therefore, this thesis proposes a time- and space-oriented theory concerning the State's role as a crucial actor in the tourism policy over the last four decades. This study included bibliographical research in the fields of public policies, tourism policy, and State planning; inventory and analysis of official documents on tourism; survey of quantitative data regarding municipal employment and income; fieldwork. The conclusions reached by this thesis claim the existence of an embryo State policy for tourism that can be traced back to the 1960s; also, despite the current overrated nature of spontaneity of tourism development in GoiÃs, the historical analysis reveals that the federal State is the leading character. On the other hand, social and economic impacts sought by public investments do not materialise in the expected quantities and quality within the municipal scale, as is usually the case in the execution of public policies. Hence local actors need to show a more effective shared responsibility within tourism planning.

Despite the fact that innovation is rapidly emerging as an important topic in tourism policy there is still a gap between work on tourism policy and that on innovation outcomes which tend to be disconnected. In particular, this study bridges that gap by bringing together knowledge on tourism, innovation and policy. It connects a range of concepts from these fields and brings them into tourism studies using them to explore a number of significant innovation practices and processes. The aim of this research was to gain insight into the innovation outcomes of the tourism policy process and governmental strategies to encourage innovation by observing the implementation process and innovation outcomes of selected tourism innovation programmes in Spain. The study approaches this aim from different angles. It examines from a longitudinal perspective the outcomes of tourism policy changes in order to identify innovation. It also observes the expectations and limitations of governmental stimuli for tourism innovation. Additionally, it examines the relationship between innovation policy and tourism policy, particularly where they intersect. Finally, more specific and operative aspects of programme implementation and innovation outcomes are addressed through the exploration of two tourism innovation programmes targeting different agents and forms of attaining innovation: one is a clusters programme targeting cooperative innovation and the other a young entrepreneurs programme with innovation being at the heart of enterprise startups. The entrepreneurs’ case study additionally addresses a major gap in understanding the process of innovation. The study adopts a multi-methods approach combining different methodologies according to the research aims: contents analysis, supervision and policies evaluation and a participatory methodology for the selected case studies. It employs different qualitative research methods to actively engage policy programmes’ participants and, where possible, policy administrators in order to construct an in-depth portrayal of innovation outcomes and policy programmes’ effectiveness. Through this multi-methods approach, the study makes a number of contributions. First, it provides evidence of how innovation outcomes of tourism policy are difficult to attain and therefore infrequent being highly influenced by factors such as crisis or periods of significant change. The analysis also confirms the rarity of policy innovation and the predominance of incremental adaptation and policy succession. Second, the study provides a longitudinal view of the governmental stimulus to tourism innovation through a mix of policy instruments. Innovation has gradually gained importance since its first introduction in the 90s as a goal in the tourism policy albeit with an evident technological bias. Third, subtle and not always evident interactions have been found between tourism policy and innovation policy, even though tourism is still not considered as a national priority for the innovation policy. Fourth, the innovative clusters case study provides evidence of the difficulties in translating policy ideals like innovation into action and the questionable effectiveness of these types of systemic instruments to promote tourism innovation. Finally, by exploring the entrepreneurs’ innovation journey, the study had a privileged look inside the “black box” which constitutes the innovation process in tourism, its characteristics and the multiple factors which positively influence the success of the journey. In summary, through all the different case studies selected, the research has contributed to understanding the phenomenon of innovation from the point of view of those initiating and managing the innovation process. It has provided evidence of the implementation of this abstract concept by multiple-scale agents and thus being introduced in different specific contexts: government policy, clusters and entrepreneurs. It has also shown evidence of how the innovation process works in practice in all these different settings, its limitations and the difficulties involved in conducting the process successfully to make innovation happen. All the different obstacles found confirm that innovation is a complex process and indicate why it is rare to find it in practice.