China has achieved unprecedented economic growth and consequent successes in poverty alleviation over the past three decades of economic liberalization and market-oriented reforms. Yet, in order to continue its progress in poverty reduction, while addressing pressing environmental and sociopolitical concerns, it is crucial for China’s leaders to achieve and sustain green, equitable, and robust economic performance in all parts of China. This thesis argues that a reconceptualized and strengthened rural industrialization program would enable China to maintain economic growth and assist with the transition to a domestically driven consumer economy. Moreover, rural industrialization, coupled with targeted administrative and institutional policy modifications, will enable the Chinese government to provide support to millions of its rural poor, thus avoiding social instability and potentially severe internal conflicts. Such a program would also lessen pollution and its associated costs on China’s densely populated cities, by shifting heavy urban industries to relatively less contaminated areas while adopting cleaner, environmentally sustainable technologies, introduced in a participatory manner in consultation with local communities. This approach would concurrently address regional, rural-to-urban, and intra-communal disparities, provide opportunity for “green growth” initiatives, and better equip rural populations to address growing vulnerabilities as a result of climate change.

早期政府倡導「客廳即工廠」產業發展政策，卻在土地使用分區劃分不明確、法令規範與管制不嚴謹之下，工廠直接將含有毒性與重金屬廢水，排入灌溉系統，導致農地與其生產的農作物遭到污染，威脅到社會大眾食品安全。截至民國100年底，依環保署公告資料顯示，將近8成的污染農地，整治完成並解除列管，故宣稱污染農地之改善，已達一定成效。然而，目前研究指出，台灣污染農地的整治方式，大多以翻土法進行，僅將污染土壤埋入地底，並非真正清除污染物質。另一方面，政府亦無積極改善污染源，使得部分農地即使整治後再度污染，而必須重新整治。如此情況，不禁讓許多學者質疑這樣整治的實質意義何在。 　　近年來，由於整治技術的侷限，以及龐大整治經費的壓力，對污染土地已不再以整治為唯一考量，而是透過風險的概念，藉由轉變土地利用模式，讓受污染土地得以再利用。目前台灣關於污染農地再利用之研究，大抵建議污染農地變更為非農業使用，甚至認為污染農地整治後恢復農用，效益偏低。然而，本研究認為，此等研究未考量到農地維持農用之多功能性，除商品價值外，仍有許多非商品價值，包括環境、生態、景觀等效益。 　　基此，本研究以污染農地整治後再利用，朝向種植非食用作物為主軸，並分為污染農地為何需要再利用，與污染農地如何再利用二大部分進行論述。首先以污染土地再利用的風險原則，融合多功能性之觀點，建立污染農地再利用之理論基礎。而後，進一步研擬三項污染農地再利用方案，包括「植樹造林」、「種植能源作物」、「種植花卉景觀作物」等。本研究認為整治後的污染農地，若推行此三項再利用方案，可兼顧風險原則、發揮農地農用多功能性，並避免繼續種稻威脅食品安全，以及節省政府後續管理成本等。接著，以彰化縣和美鎮作為個案，採用深度訪談的方式，針對和美鎮污染農地農民，與彰化縣污染農地相關承辦人，檢視實際整治與後續利用的困難，以及對於污染農地再利用之想法與建議。 　　最後，透過文獻分析與深度訪談結果，可獲得以下結論：（1）台灣污染農地整治方式以翻土工程為主，對農地造成破壞；（2）污染農地即使整治後，仍可能再度被污染；（3）污染農地整治完成後，以長期休耕為主；（4）台灣處理污染農地，違反再利用之基本原則。有鑑於此，本研究對於污染農地如何再利用，提出以下之政策建議：（1）推動污染農地轉作非食用作物，可創造諸多效益；（2）以中央層級確立污染農地再利用政策；（3）劃設高污染風險農地專區，優先輔導種植非食用作物。此外，必要配套措施包括：（1）依區域條件評選合適的再利用方案，提供技術與後續產銷輔導；（2）重視污染源頭管制，使工業生產者擔負污染責任。 / In the past, government advocated "living room factories" industrial development policies, but without clear land zoning and strict regulations, the factories discharged toxic and heavy metal wastewater into the irrigation system, resulting in agricultural land and the crops were contaminated, and threatened the public food safety. EPA 2011 announcement data shows that nearly 80% of contaminated agricultural land is completely remediated, and it is claimed that the improvement in contaminated agricultural land has reached some success. However, current research indicates that most Taiwan's contaminated agricultural land remediation methods, only buried the contaminated soil into the ground, not really cleaned away the pollutants. On the other hand, the government nor actively improve pollution sources, and therefore some of the agricultural land even after remediation polluted again, which must be remediated again. This situation, many scholars can't help but question what the real significance of such remediation. 　　In recent years, because of technical limitations and remediation　funding pressure on contaminated land, there is no longer only consideration in remediation, but through the concept of risk, by changing land-use patterns, so that contaminated land can be reused or revitalized. The researches on reuse of contaminated agricultural land in Taiwan, most suggest contaminated agricultural land change for non-agricultural use, and even think the benefit of contaminated agricultural land after remediation if keep agricultural use is low. However, this study suggests that past researches neglect the multifunctionality of agriculture, in addition to the value of goods, but there are still many non-commodity values, including environmental, ecological, landscape and other benefits. 　　For this viewpoint, this study concentrates on the reuse of contaminated agricultural land after remediation, and gives first place to grow non-food crops. There are two parts to discuss, including why contaminated agricultural land need to reuse, and how to reuse. First, the study establish the theoretical foundation of contaminated agricultural land reuse, which based on the risk principles of contaminated land reuse and multifunctionality of agriculture. Then, to further develop three contaminated agricultural land reuse programs, including the "trees", "energy crops", "flowers or landscape crop", etc. This study suggests that if contaminated agricultural land after remediation can implement the three reuse programs, it can not only take into account the risk principle and multifunctionality of agriculture, but also avoid threats to food safety, as well as saving the government follow-up management costs. Next, Hemei Township, Changhua County, as a case study, using depth interview for the Hemei town contaminated agricultural land's farmers and Changhua County public servant who deal with contaminated agricultural land remediation. Survey the actual situation and subsequent use difficulties of contamination agricultural land after remediation, as well as their ideas and suggestions of contaminated agricultural land reuse. 　　Finally, through a literature review and interviews results obtained the following conclusions: (1) the main remediation method of contaminated agricultural land in Taiwan is to bury the contaminated soil into the ground, and it causes damage on agricultural land; (2) contaminated agricultural land even after remediation may still be contaminated again; (3) contaminated agricultural land after remediation is mainly long-term fallow; (4) dealing with contaminated agricultural land in Taiwan is in violation of basic reuse principles. Therefore, this study suggests the following policy recommendations for how the contaminated agricultural land to reuse: (1) promote contaminated agricultural land grow non-food crops, it can create many benefits; (2) the central level government establish contaminated agricultural land reuse policies; (3) the designation of the high risk of contaminated agricultural land area, give the first place to help grow non-food crops. In addition, the necessary supporting measures include: (1) select the appropriate reuse program by regional conditions, and provide technical help and sales counseling; (2) emphasize the control of pollution sources, and make industrial producers shoulder the responsibility for the pollution.

China has achieved unprecedented economic growth and consequent successes in poverty alleviation over the past three decades of economic liberalization and market-oriented reforms. Yet, in order to continue its progress in poverty reduction, while addressing pressing environmental and sociopolitical concerns, it is crucial for China’s leaders to achieve and sustain green, equitable, and robust economic performance in all parts of China. This thesis argues that a reconceptualized and strengthened rural industrialization program would enable China to maintain economic growth and assist with the transition to a domestically driven consumer economy. Moreover, rural industrialization, coupled with targeted administrative and institutional policy modifications, will enable the Chinese government to provide support to millions of its rural poor, thus avoiding social instability and potentially severe internal conflicts. Such a program would also lessen pollution and its associated costs on China’s densely populated cities, by shifting heavy urban industries to relatively less contaminated areas while adopting cleaner, environmentally sustainable technologies, introduced in a participatory manner in consultation with local communities. This approach would concurrently address regional, rural-to-urban, and intra-communal disparities, provide opportunity for “green growth” initiatives, and better equip rural populations to address growing vulnerabilities as a result of climate change.

Thesis (M.A.)--Slippery Rock University, 2002. / Title from screen. Includes bibliographical references.

The increase in global population and high urbanisation rates characterised by high resource consumption and waste generation levels has led to challenges in waste management around the world. Waste management remains one of the most critical challenges faced by local governments in developing countries. Informal business enterprises have come under the spotlight for their high waste production and poor waste management practices. Many arguments have been put forward as to the real environmental impacts caused by informal business enterprises due to their waste practices. This research aimed at assessing the waste management practices in the informal business sector in Olievenhoutbosch Township, Pretoria. Data collection was carried out between March 2016 and September 2016. The research utilised both qualitative and quantitative methods. The methodology employed techniques that included structured questionnaires, structured interviews and field observations. Semi- structured face to face interviews were carried out with key informants. These interviews provided information on the frequency of waste collection, available waste management awareness and challenges faced in delivering the service. The research also involved 230 field observations to study the pattern and frequency of waste collection and waste behaviours by informal business enterprises. Questionnaires were administered to 120 informal business enterprises with a response rate of 84.17%. Data from questionnaires and field observations indicated that waste generated by informal business enterprises (plastic bags, card board, packaging plastics, glass bottles and plastic bottles) was mainly recyclable waste. The most preferred disposal methods were use of refuse plastic bags (31%), open space dumping (20%) and burning (30%). Analysis of the results showed that there was lack of information on waste management and that also influenced waste behaviours. Preferences for waste disposal methods were influenced by many factors including lack of information, shortage of waste disposal facilities and waste collection frequency by the local town council. The research found that waste collection in various sections of the township was done once per week which has led to increased indiscriminate waste dumping and burning of waste. It was recommended that waste management information be provided to informal business enterprises especially on waste separation and recycling. The municipality should increase frequency of waste collection or provide central point waste facilities to business operators. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Science)

Dissertation / The aim of this study is to investigate teacher stress and to identify factors that contribute to the stress experienced by township secondary school teachers. Based on an extensive literature study, an inventory, the Teacher Stress Identification Test was developed. The inventory was completed by 368 teachers who live in townships and work in township secondary schools in the Free State. Information thus gained was analysed with the use of a statistical computer programme. It appears from the research that the inventory has both a high reliability coefficient and construct validity. The empirical research revealed that township secondary school teachers experience moderate to high levels of stress. It also gave a clear indication of the factors contributing to the stress experienced by these teachers, allowing the researcher to make several recommendations. Lastly, the manifestations of stress as well as the coping mechanisms of these teachers were briefly investigated. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Psychology of Education)

The study commenced by identifying existing forms of Christian education using top-down education within South African Baptist Convention churches. The research established that current models of education were unsatisfactory, as they were individualist, spiritualised and lacking contextual insight A need for Christian education showing greater sensitivity to context was highlighted. A descriptive study ensued implementing Osmers'descriptive-empirical tasks within the field of Practical Theology. Informed by literature relating to liberation theology, critical pedagogy and South African contextual theology, Groome's Shared Praxis Approach (SPA) to education was selected for exploration as a type of contextual Christian education.The research had two objectives.Firstly it explored the five educational movements of SPA, as they were outworked in the township church. Secondly, it sought to establish whether SPA could potentially serve as a type of contextual Christian education within the South African context. SPA was therefore outworked within a Baptist Convention church in the township of Munsieville. Following a qualitative approach, the research observed two Bible Studies implementing SPA and undertook six semi-structured interviews.These were recorded and analysed. Conceptualisation of the data involved content analysis from which codes and categories emerged, as well as drawing on the literature as a lens to analyse and interpret that data. Inter-linked characteristics of contextual Christian education emerged from the data. These related to:contextual stories told by participants; cultural understandings of the Christian Story, and; critical reflection concerning praxis. The findings highlighted that SPA encouraged participants to engage in a participatory, praxis approach to education. Participants read the Christian Story dialogically; in community 'with' each other, as well as in relation to their context. Accordingly, the Christian education process emerged from the bottom-up, enabling participants and facilitator to co-create knowledge. The consequences of this education process indicated liberativc characteristics. The implications ofthese findings were explored. The study's pra xis cycle concludes by offering recommendations for both implementation and further study. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / D. Th. (Practical Theology)

The aim of this study was to determine the impact that learner mobility has on teaching and learning. Although many factors affect teaching and learning, these factors need to be looked at in the context of the present situation. In South Africa, parents have freedom of choice to quality schools for their children in any area. The quest for quality schools has led to an unexpected increase in learner mobility around the country. Despite this, learners have to travel long distances to and from school daily which has an effect on learning and teaching. The researcher applied a qualitative research approach using an exploratory case study. Data was collected at only one secondary school by interviewing learners, educators, a School Management Team member and parents. Findings indicate that learner mobility has a direct and indirect impact on learning and teaching. Directly it results in exhaustion, increased late-coming, poor effort, poor results and bad behaviour of learners as well as frustration and demotivation of educators. Indirectly management of the school becomes difficult and there is also a lack of parental involvement in learners schooling. The outcomes of this study provided valuable awareness of the effects learners mobility has on learning and teaching. For quality education to be effective, it needs to be available at the learner’s doorstep. / Die doel van hierdie studie was om die invloed van leerders se mobiliteit op hulle onderrig en leer te bepaal. Die talle faktore wat onderrig en leer tans beïnvloed, moet ondersoek word. In Suid-Afrika kan ouers hulle kinders na ʼn goeie skool in enige gebied stuur. Die gewildheid van goeie skole het landswyd ʼn onverwagte toename in leerdermobiliteit tot gevolg gehad. Die groot afstande wat leerders elke dag skool toe en huis toe moet reis, het ʼn uitwerking op hulle onderrig en leer. Die navorser het ʼn kwalitatiewe navorsingsbenadering gevolg en ʼn verkennende gevallestudie onderneem. Data is by slegs een sekondêre skool versamel deur onderhoude met leerders, onderwysers, ʼn lid van die skoolbestuur en ouers te voer. Daar is bevind dat hul mobiliteit leerders se onderrig en leer sowel regstreeks as onregstreeks benadeel. Hulle mobiliteit lei regstreeks daartoe dat leerders moeg is, meer en meer laat kom, hulle skoolwerk afskeep, swak gedrag openbaar, en dat hulle punte teleurstel. Dit frustreer onderwysers en maak hulle moedeloos. Die onregstreekse nadeel van leerdermobiliteit is dat dit die bestuur van die skool bemoeilik. Daarbenewens is ouers nie by hulle kinders se skoolopleiding betrokke nie. Hierdie studie bevorder ʼn bewustheid van die nadele wat leerdermobiliteit vir onderrig en leer inhou. Goeie onderrig raak ondoeltreffend as die skool ver van die leerder se huis af is. / Sepheo sa phuputso ene ele ho fumana tshusumetso eo ho kgona ho tsamaya habonolo le ka ka ho lokoloha ha baithuti ho nang le hona ho ithuteng le ho ruteng. Leha ele hore ho na le mabaka a mangata a amang ho ithuta le ho ruta, mabaka ana a lokela ho shejwa maemong a boemo ba hajwale. Mona Afrika Borwa, batswadi ba na le tokoloho ya ho kgetha dikolo tsa boleng bakeng sa bana ba bona sebakeng sefe kapa sefe. Tabatabelo ya dikolo tsa boleng e lebisitse ho keketseho e sa lebellwang ya ho kgona ho tsamaya habonolo le ka ho lokoloha ha baithuti ho potoloha le naha. Ho sa tsotellehe sena, baithuti ba tlameha ho tsamaya maeto a malelele ho ya le ho kgutla sekolong letsatsi le letsatsi, e leng se nang le phello ho ho ithuta le ho ruta. Mobatlisisi o sebedisitse mokgwa wa boleng wa dipatlisiso ka ho sebedisa phuputso e ikgethang e hlalosang. Datha e ile ya bokellwa sekolong se le seng se bohareng ka ho botsa baithuti, matitjhere, setho sa moifo wa tsamaiso ya sekolo le batswadi dipotso. Diphumano di bontsha hore ho tsamaya habonolo le ka ho lokoloha ha baithuti ho na le tshusumetso e tobileng le e sa tobang ho ho ithuta le ho ruta. Ka tsela e tobileng,e lebisa ho mokgathala, ho fihla kamora nako ho eketsehileng, boiteko bo fokolang, diphetho tse seng hantle le boitshwaro bo bobe ba baithuti hammoho le ho nyahama le ho fokotseha ha boikemisetso ho matitjhere. Ka tsela e sa tobang, tsamaiso ya sekolo e ba thata mme ho ba le kgaello ya bonkakarolo ba batswadi ho ithuteng ha baithuti. Diphetho tsa phuputso ena di fana ka tlhokomediso ya bohlokwa eo diphello tsa ho tsamaya habonolo le ka ho lokoha ha baithuti di nang le tsona ho ithuteng le ho ruteng. Hore thuto ya boleng e be e atlehileng, e lokela ho fumaneha monyako wa moithuti. / Curriculum and Instructional Studies / M. Ed. (Curriculum Studies)

Ce mémoire met en lumière les différentes trajectoires en emploi de réfugiés établis à Sherbrooke. Peu discuté dans la littérature scientifique québécoise, le sujet est exploré à l’aide du cadre conceptuel pour l’étude de facteurs de migration et d’intégration de Victor Piché (2013). Les entrevues avec les participants ont mis en lumière que l’intégration en emploi ne repose pas sur un seul facteur, tel que la maitrise de la langue du pays d’accueil, ou encore l’obtention d’un diplôme du pays d’accueil. Au contraire, les participants ont fait sens de leur trajectoire en emploi en mobilisant une multitude de facteurs qui n’étaient pas toujours directement associés à l’intégration économique. L’ouverture de la communauté d’accueil, l’implication citoyenne, l’attachement à la ville d’accueil ou encore la présence d’un réseau social fort sont tous des facteurs ayant été identifiés comme ayant eu un impact positif sur l’intégration économique et l’intégration à la nouvelle communauté. Ainsi, nous constatons l’importance de chercher à comprendre l’intégration en emploi de manière multidimensionnelle, c’est-à-dire mettant de l’avant l’implication de facteurs micro, méso et macrosociaux. / This master thesis explores how refugees established in Sherbrooke perceive their work trajectories. This subject, which has not been research on a great extent by the scientific literature in Quebec, is analyzed through the factors of migration and integration within the conceptual framework of Victor Piché (2013). The interviews conducted with participants have demonstrated that the economic integration cannot be achieved with only one component, as for example, the mastering the language of the country of arrival, or the obtention of a degree in the country of arrival. In fact, the participants have mentioned that some other components can have an important impact on their work trajectories, as for instance: a positive climate toward refugees in their new community, their involvement in the community, the creation of a strong social network as well as their attachment to their city. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that economic integration should be studied through multiple lens, with the help of macrostructural, microstructural, mesostructural and even the temporal components.

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