Bakgrund: Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) är ett nytt arbetssätt som används allt mer på olika vårdavdelningar. ERAS programmet består av vårdåtgärder som påskyndar återhämtningen av patienterna som genomgått en operation. Tidigare forskning visar på att ERAS programmet förkortar sjukhusvistelsen och minskar antalet komplikationer efter en operation. Patienterna uppger dock att ERAS programmet är komplicerat och lämpar sig endast för patienterna med rätt inställning. Det finns i nuläget sparsamt med forskning kring vårdpersonalens erfarenheter av att arbeta med ERAS programmet och hur det påverkar den dagliga verksamheten. Syfte: Att beskriva vårdpersonalens erfarenheter av att arbeta med ERAS. Metod: En kvalitativ systematisk litteraturstudie med beskrivande ansats, baserat på tio vårdvetenskapliga artiklar. Resultat: Under implementeringen upplevde vårdpersonalen delade känslor kring det nya arbetssättet och dess vårdåtgärder. Samarbete mellan medarbetare, andra professioner och patienterna ansågs grundläggande för att få ERAS programmet att fungera optimalt. Trots motgångar ansågs ERAS programmet som en vinst för alla inblandade parter. Slutsats: ERAS protokollet måste gå att anpassa och inte följas för strikt. Då finns risk att den individanpassade vården minskas. Ett bra samarbete med alla inblandade parter samt ett bra stöd från ledningen är viktigt för att ERAS programmet ska fungera optimalt.

The topic of my thesis was to design a sports and recreational complex in Komárov. Its main landmark is a cycling Stadium. This building will fulfill the functions of a modern Stadium in all of the required factors. Its capacity will be for 3 000 spectators. The stadium belongs to the category of buildings, where form follows function, which in this case is primarily to allow high-quality views of the playing surface for the large number of spectators. Specifies the appearance of the stadium facade with a regular deployment transparent concrete columns, which allows around to see what is happening in the stadium and at the same time provides interesting views.

Aim. The take-off is regarded as the most important phase of the pole vault yet there is an insufficient amount of research on the ground reaction forces of the pole vault takeoff. At this time there is not any scientific research comparing force and time between takeoffs that are out, on and under. The purpose of this study is to compare the differences in ground reaction forces between pole vault take-offs that are out, on or under. Methods. Over five days, 15 male and female college pole vaulters completed 226 vaults on a (AMTI Accupower) force plate. The jumps were put into categories of out, on and under and analyzed by Accupower, and Dartfish software. Separate mixed modal ANOVAs (SAS 9.3) were applied (P≤.05) for comparison between jump types. Conclusions. There is no significant difference between ground reaction forces of the three jump types.

The aim of this Master's thesis is characterization Programmable Logic Controllers, description of Industrial interface – AS-Interface, assembling electronic components at construction of model of bridge type track shifter and programming model. First part is focused to Programmable Logic Controllers their qualities, characterization and separation and describing AS-Interface and its components. Second part is describing equipment and locations of equipment. Third part is about software. Fourth part is describing programming. Next part is about visualization and last part contains instructions for laboratory work.

This thesis describes the design of steel structures footbridge over the track in Havířov. The total length of the bridge is 101.6 m footbridge consists of four parts. The basic structural system of the first part of the beam is solidified arc. Other parts are made girders. Free bridge width is 3.2 m Footbridge will be used to connect local area Havířov - Šumbark to the train station.

The development in society means that infrastructure like ballasted railway systems are facing challenges due to request for increased number of high-speed trains and heavier freight trains. This implies that ballasted railways get an increased impact from larger dynamic loads. The question is how the ballasted railways are today affected by dynamic loading and how will an increase in train speed and weight change the soil behaviour within the railway embankment.  A method of investigating dynamic soil behaviour is via geophysical measurements. Accelerometers are commonly used for vibration measurements and by installing them on trains are measurements possible to perform for complete railway sections. The knowledge of expected natural frequencies for various track components and soil layers are essential when considering frequency based analysis of vibration measurements. Thus, a frequency based analysis of accelerometer measurements from track recording coaches enables a possible method for analysing the impact of dynamic loads on underlying soil materials with means of a knowledge of expected natural frequencies for various track components and soil layers. Importance to study frequency content of ground motions became more relevant after the Mexico City earthquake 1985 i.e. studies on this specific earthquake revealed amplification of ground motions due to a long duration of shaking and resonance of soil deposits and furthermore causing damage to buildings whose natural period was the same as the period of ground motion. Thus, if we consider a railway with long train sets running along the railway line. Long durations of shaking of the ground can occur as well as a possible resonance of various soil layers leading to changes in material properties. An interesting finding regarding vibration measurements conducted on a track recording coach show that after Fast Fourier Transformation of the measured vibration data, a frequency spectrum analysis indicate possibilities to detect resonance of the ballast layer in the railway embankment. Therefore, this thesis focus on frequency based analysis of the ballast layer were indications of changes in shear modulus of ballast is seen with means of frequency spectrum and theoretical knowledge of the change in shear modulus in ballast material under cyclic loading and increased shear strain. The thesis consists of two main parts, first is the construction of the so-called frequency-based analysis method of track alignment measurements in a geodynamic perspective and the second part is application of the frequency-based method on a case study. Thus, the scientific contribution of this thesis is to increase knowledge of track alignment measurements in the geotechnical field and to provide a frequency based analysis method of track alignment measurements in a geodynamic perspective for evaluation of soil properties. For the actual case study two different railway sections in Sweden is chosen to enable a comparison, especially when these sections differ with respect to one having only a ballast layer and subgrade and one having ballast, sub ballast and subgrade. Thus, the section with only ballast and subgrade enable a clearer analysis since these layers have large difference in natural frequency. First section is located at Tolikberget in the north part of Sweden and second one between Stenkumla and Dunsjö in south of Sweden. From the analysis of the selected sections it is possible to see indications from the frequency spectrum that the vibration measurements capture the natural frequencies of ballast material associated to the maximum shear modulus and to varying degrees of reduced shear modulus due to increased shear strain. Thus, it can be concluded that vibration measurements conducted on track recording coaches have potential to be used for studies of changes in ballast materials dynamic properties.

<p>Earth-orbiting space debris poses a severe threat to current and future space missions. To combat the dangers of debris, countries (and companies) perform collision avoidance using catalogs of space objects. Better technology has also led to the detection of more space objects, increasing the amount of data in these catalogs. With this increase in data comes a greater need for a single comprehensive catalog without duplicates, and this work proposes two methods of catalog correlation to address this need. These methods are tested using the publicly available Space-Track (US) and Vimpel (Russian) catalogs. The first method, called direct catalog comparison, directly correlates the Space-Track and Vimpel catalogs to determine the same objects between them. This method is validated using the datefirst.txt file – a file from Vimpel which lists Space-Track and Vimpel object pairs. When correlating the Vimpel objects in the datefirst.txt file to the Space-Track catalog, the direct catalog comparison method produces over 90\% of these pairs. It is also found that the datefirst.txt file pairing for Vimpel 92400 should be NORAD 42075 and not NORAD 41879. The second method, arc correlation, uses optical observations received from the Purdue Optical Ground Station and the German Aerospace Center to correlate optical observations to both of the catalogs. By matching observations to objects in the catalogs, these catalog objects are indirectly correlated to each other. This method is validated using tracking data messages containing observation sets of tasked Space-Track objects in various orbits. For all tasked Space-Track objects, even ones in a cluster, the tracking data messages are appropriately matched to the Space-Track catalog. For the cases where Vimpel objects are associated with these Space-Track objects – as claimed by the datefirst.txt file (except for the case listed above) – the appropriate Vimpel objects are matched to the tracking data messages. When observation sets of unknown objects are tested, the arc correlation method produces distinct and viable candidate matches for both catalogs. Overall, the direct catalog combination and arc correlation methods can be used together to effectively correlate the Space-Track and Vimpel catalogs, aiding the development of a comprehensive catalog of space objects.</p>

Enligt dricksvattenföreskrifterna framtagna av Livsmedelsverket (SLVFS 2001:30), ska ett dricksvatten vara ”hälsosamt och rent” vilket avser att det är ”fritt från mikroorganismer, parasiter och ämnen i sådana antal eller halter att de kan utgöra en fara för människors hälsa”. WHO (2008) bedömer att den största hälsorisken kopplad till dricksvatten är sjukdomsutbrott orsakade av vattenburna patogener och har satt gränsvärdet på den årliga risken för sjukdom till 1/1000 personer. Det amerikanska naturvårdsverket (USEPA) har satt gränsvärdet för årlig infektion till 1/10 000.  Syftet med det här examensarbetet var att utföra en mikrobiologisk riskanalys för Norrvatten och dricksvattenproduktionen vid Görvälnverket vilka försörjer omkring en halv miljon personer i norra Stockholmsområdet med dricksvatten. Det innebar att studera kritiska punkter i reningsprocessen, undersöka hur känsligt Görvälnverket är mot en försämrad råvattenkvalité och vidare att utvärdera de riskanalysverktyg som använts i studien; MRA (Mikrobiologisk Riskanalys), ODP (Optimal Desinfektions Praxis) och Sea Track, framtagna av Svenskt vatten, Norsk Vann respektive SMHI. Jämförelsen visade att ODP och MRA kompletterar varandra. ODP kan användas för att få en översikt över vattenverkets sårbarhet vid normaldrift och sedan kan MRA användas för att simulera olika scenarier med driftstörningar och försämrad råvattenkvalitet. Vid normaldrift är reduktion av patogener enligt MRA och ODP, 7 respektive 8 log10 för bakterier, 6 respektive 7 log10 för virus och 6 log10 för parasiter. Enligt ODP-modellen är detta tillräckligt med befintlig råvattenkvalitet. Enligt MRA-modellen, vilken dock bygger på prover från vattendrag, är reduktionen av virus för låg. För att uppnå gränsvärdet på en årlig risk för infektion på 1/10 000 krävs en höjning av reduktionen för Norovirus och Rotavirus med 1 log10 och för Adenovirus med 3 log10.De mest kritiska reningsstegen är enligt MRA-modellen fällningen samt UV-desinfektionen. Störningar i fällningen påverkar reduktionen av samtliga patogener medan störningar i UV-anläggningen framförallt påverkar reduktionen av virus. Studien visade att det i första hand är förorenade utsläpp i närheten av intaget som har inverkan på dricksvattenkvaliteten. Detta på grund av Mälarens stora volym och därmed på den stora utspädning som mer avlägsna utsläpp genomgår. För att kunna dra definitiva slutsatser krävs dock fler studier. För att höja barriären för alla typer av patogener krävs att de båda tillgängliga åtgärderna (förhöjd UV-dos samt fritt klor) vidtas då en ökad UV-dos endast ger högre reduktion av Norovirus, Rotavirus och Salmonella samt troligtvis parasiter medan tillsats av fritt klor endast ger en förhöjd reduktion av virus och bakterier men inte parasiter. Andra åtgärder för att minska riskerna ligger i att fortsätta arbetet med att minska utsläpp av förorenat vatten i Mälaren (från dagvatten, enskilda avlopp och betesmarker) samt att införa restriktioner för båttrafik och framförallt tömning av septiktankar i Görvälnverkets närområde. / The regulations concerning water quality by the Swedish National Food Administration requires a drinking water that is “healthy and clean”. This implies that it should not contain microorganisms, parasites or other substances in quantities in which they could be harmful. WHO (2008) states that the greatest health risk associated with drinking water are outbreaks of waterborne disease. They have set the tolerable annual risk of disease to 1/1000 whereas the American Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has set the tolerable risk to a 1 /10 000 annual risk of infection. The objective of this thesis was to perform a microbiological risk assessment at Norrvatten and the water purification at “Görvälnverket” which supplies around half a million people in the northern suburbs of Stockholm with drinking water. The assessment involved analyzes of, critical points in the purification process as well as effects of a reduced water quality at the water source. The analysis also aimed to evaluate the features of the models involved in the study which included MRA (Microbiological Risk Assessment), ODP (Optimal Disinfection Praxis) and Sea Track provided by Swedish Water, Norwegian Water and SMHI respectively. MRA and ODP supplement each other. The ODP provides an initial overview of the weaknesses in the process at normal operational conditions and the MRA can then be used to simulate scenarios with parts of the process under sub-normal conditions or with a reduced raw water quality. The two models showed a sufficient microbiological barrier regarding the reduction of bacteria and parasites. The amounts of pathogens reduced at normal operational conditions were for bacteria 7 and 8 log10 respectively, for virus 5 and 7 log10 respectively and for parasites 6 log10. According to MRA, with raw water quality data based on literature values, the reduction of Adenovirus has to improve by 3 log10 and the reduction of Norovirus and Rotavirus with 1 log10 each. The most critical points in the purification process are according to MRA the coagulation process and the UV-disinfection. Disruptions in the coagulation process lower the reduction of all studied pathogens and disruptions in the UV-disinfection lowers the reduction of virus. The simulations showed that discharge near the raw water inlet could have an impact on the drinking water quality.  Discharge further apart from the raw water inlet did not result in critical pathogen concentrations at the inlet due to Mälarens’ great water volume and hence dilution factor. To enhance the reduction of all studied pathogens both available measures have to be applied. This is due to the fact that the UV-radiation only enhances the reduction of Norovirus, Rotavirus, Salmonella and parasites, while free chlorine only enhances the reduction of virus and bacteria. Other measures to reduce the microbiological health risks are to continue the work towards reducing the faecal contamination in Mälaren as well as to set up restrictions for nautical traffic, in particular for faecal discharge from boats with septic tanks in Görvälnverket’s near surroundings.

This dissertation proposes a novel and effective system for tracking high-speed skaters. A novel registration method is employed to automatically discover key frames to build the panorama. Then, the homography between a frame and the real world rink can be generated accordingly. Aimed at several challenging tracking problems of short track skating, a novel multiple-objects tracking approach is proposed which includes: Gaussian mixture models (GMMs), evolving templates, constrained dynamical model, fuzzy model, multiple templates initialization, and evolution. The outputs of the system include spatialtemporal trajectories, velocity analysis, and 2D reconstruction animations. The tracking accuracy is about 10 cm (2 pixels). Such information is invaluable for sports experts. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed system.

The aim of this work is to investigate the potential of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) for identification of visually unrecognizable braking tracks. Identification of these tracks is based on different chemical composition of tire tread in comparison to road surface. The investigation was divided in several sequential steps – selection of suitable chemical element and its spectral line for break tracks identification; determination of the limits of detection and threshold intensity respectively for the selected chemical element; verification of LIBS ability to detect braking tracks on a real braking track. This testing braking track was prepared by exactly defined and described conditions. The detection was performed in two ways – laboratory analysis of tire treads particles collected via adhesive tape and in situ analysis via mobile apparatus. Results of both measurements showed that LIBS is able to detect visually unrecognizable braking tracks. Concepts of the devices capable of routine braking tracks identification for both possibilities were introduced.