Background. In Sweden 10 percent (550,000) of the labour force, aged 18 to 65 years are disability pensioners and about four percent are on sick leave. The knowledge of the course from healthy individual to disability pensioner is not well known and was the theme of this thesis. Objectives, Material and Methods. The aims of the thesis were to follow the study population regarding sickness absence, health care utilisation, quality of life, and survival. Population based data including 14,538 women and men from three cities in Sweden were used, of whom 1,952 were granted a disability pension at baseline or received one during follow up. Register data, including sickness spells, health care utilisation, and mortality data during 30 years of follow up, and questionnaire data including socio-economic and quality of life data were used. Results. The most powerful determinant for being granted a disability pension was cumulative annual sick leave days, more powerful than all other tested determinants together. The degree of explanation for all determinants combined was 96%. Health care utilisation among disability pensioners continued to be high also after disability pension, 2.3 times higher for hospital admissions and 8 times higher for primary health case appointments than among referents. Disability pensioners had lower quality of life than non-pensioners and old age pensioners. For those who became disability pensioners after the baseline measurements quality of life measures decreased progressively until disability pension was granted and were then stabilised on a low level. During follow up 525 (7.6%) subjects died. Compared with subjects who did not become disability pensioners the hazards ratio was 2.78 among women and 3.43 among men, even when the effect of a number of other outcome affecting variables were taken into account. The mortality differences were not explained by underlying disease. Conclusions. The risk of disability pension may be predicted but only late in the course of events. Disability pensioners continue to have a high level of health care utilisation, and have a worse quality of life development and a higher mortality rate than non-pensioners. Given the unfavourable outcome of disability pension, other means of managing the reduced work capacity might be considered.

Real estate financing is one of the key figures for financial success and fundamental to a successful business. Funding will come in several different ways , from existing cashflows and assets to new capital requirements which are aimed at different markets. These markets are constantly changing and since the recent financial crisis , there have been adjustments and austerity measures which led to that the banks have become more restrictive in their lending. The real estate industry is characterized by both long-term and short-term thinking that is characterized by a solid continuity. Our thesis discuss how the demand is in the real estate business and how mature the Swedish market is for junior financing with focus around mezzanine debt and where are we headed in the near future. We've reached out to the key players in the industry on both the buy and sell side of real estate financing but also people between lenders and borrowers that handles transaction advice . To have been able to implement the analysis a survey and simulation of an investment calculation was created . This questionnaire was answered by many real estate companies with senior people that had operational positions most associated with corporate commitments. These companies are active in growth areas and especially in the Stockholm area of commercial real estate. After conducting the study , we have determined that the Swedish market is mature and ready for junior financing and it tends to be a gap between the smaller and the larger real estate companies in terms of demand for mezzanine debt . / För fastighetsbolag är tillgång till f inansiering en av nyckelfaktorerna för att uppnå en framgångsrik verksamhet. Finansiering sker på flera olika sätt, allt från befintliga kassaflöden och tillgångar till nytt behov av kapital där man vänder sig till olika marknader. Dessa marknader förändras hela tiden och sedan den senaste finanskrisen har det skett regleringar och åtstramningar vilket lett till att banker blivit mer restriktiva i sin utlåning. Fastighetsbranschen präglas av både långsiktighet och kortsiktighet som kännetecknas av en gedigen kontinuitet och vår uppsats behandlar hur efterfrågan ser ut i fastighetsbranschen och hur mogen den svenska marknaden är för juniorfinansiering med fokusering kring mezzaninekapital och om vi därigenom kan dra någon slutsats vart vi är på väg. Vi har lokaliserat de viktigaste aktörerna i branschen på både köp- och säljsidan vid fastighetsfinansiering men också personer mellan långivare och låntagare som sköter transaktionsrådgivning. För att ha kunnat implementera analysen gjordes en enkät och simulering av en investeringskalkyl. Denna enkät besvarades av flertalet fastighetsbolag med högt uppsatta personer med operativa befattningar samt flertalet bolagsengagemang knutna till sig. Dessa bolag är verksamma i tillväxtorter och framförallt i Stockholmsområdet mot kommersiella fastigheter. Efter att ha genomfört studien har vi fastställt att juniorfinansiering är något den svenska marknaden är mogen för och det tenderar till att uppstå en klyfta mellan de mindre och de större fastighetsbolagen när det gäller efterfrågan på mezzaninekapital.