Varumärkesrätten innefattar en bred definition av vilka kännetecken som kan konstituera ett varumärke, vilken inkluderar formen på en vara. När kännetecknet består av en varuform utgör således varan i sig kännetecknet och därmed varumärket. Vid en varumärkesregistrering ska bedömningen av olika kategorier av kännetecken inte skilja sig åt, men för varuformer finns ytterligare hinder vid registrering jämfört med andra typer av kännetecken. Ett sådant registreringshinder avser specifikt funktionella former. Många former tenderar att vara funktionella till viss grad, vilket aktualiserar art. 7.1 e) ii) VmF. Artikeln föreskriver ett absolut registreringshinder mot att registerna former som endast består av ”en varas form eller annan egenskap hos varan som krävs för att uppnå ett tekniskt resultat”. Om en varuform hindras registrering enligt artikeln, är uteslutningen från registrering permanent. Det innebär att registreringshindret inte kan övervinnas även om formen förvärvar särskiljningsförmåga på marknaden. EUD har uttalat att det inte vore skäligt att neka registrering av varuformer endast på grund av att de innehar några funktionella element. För att ett kännetecken ska falla inom ramen för artikeln behöver således en forms alla väsentliga särdrag falla inom ramen för bestämmelsen. Detta medför viss problematik när det kommer till hybridkännetecken vilka innehar vissa element som är funktionella, men även andra element som är icke-funktionella. Enligt gällande rätt kan hybridkännetecken registreras som varumärken om de innehar icke-funktionella särdrag som anses vara väsentliga. Hela formen av ett hybridkännetecken kan således registreras som ett varumärke under förutsättning att endast några av de väsentliga särdragen krävs för att uppnå den tekniska funktionen. Genom en undersökning av rättspraxis konstateras att EUD utför en fri och långtgående undersökning vid bedömning av vad som utgör en forms väsentliga särdrag och dessa särdrags eventuella funktion. EUD är inte bunden till vad som anges i varumärkesansökan, utan undersöker även den faktiska varan på marknaden för vilket kännetecknet är ämnat att användas. EUD verkar generellt vara restriktiv med att låta tredimensionella former registreras, inte minst när de innehåller funktionella element. Möjligen beror den negativa inställningen till att registrera hybridkännetecken på bristen av effektiva lösningar att tydligt undanta de funktionella elementen från registrering. Vid en registrering av hybridkännetecken uppstår även intressanta aspekter ur intrångssynpunkt eftersom formen är registrerad som en helhet, även om vissa väsentliga särdrag inte är ämnade att omfattas av ensamrätten. Vid analoga tillämpningar av rättspraxis framstår det som att dessa element, utan att det explicit framgår av exempelvis en disclaimer, ska vara undantagna från den ensamrätt som erhålls varumärkesinnehavaren. / The trade mark law includes a very broad definition of signs that can constitute a trade mark, which includes the shape of a product. When a sign consists of the shape of a product, the product itself becomes the sign and thus the trade mark. In the case of a trade mark registration, the assessment should not differ between different categories of signs. However, when it comes to registration for signs consisting of the shape of a product, there are further obstacles to overcome before protection can be granted compared to other types of signs. Many shapes tend to be functional to some extent, which brings relevance to the absolute ground for refusal found in art. 7.1 e) ii) EUTMR. The article prohibits registration of signs which consist exclusively of “the shape, or another characteristic, of goods which is necessary to obtain a technical result”. If the registration of a sign is prohibited by the article, the exclusion from registration is permanent. This means that the ground for refusal cannot be overcome even if the sign acquires distinctiveness on the market. The CJEU has stated that it would not be reasonable to deny a shape registration only on the sole ground that it has some functional elements. Therefore, in order for a sign to fall within the scope of the article, all the essential characteristics of a shape must fall within the scope of the provision. This causes certain difficulties when it comes to hybrid signs, which possess some elements that are functional, but also other elements that are non-functional. Under current law, hybrid signs can be registered as trade marks if the non-functional elements are considered as essential. The entire form of a hybrid sign can thus be registered as a trade mark only if some, but not all, essential characteristics are required to achieve the technical function. By examining case law, it can be stated that the CJEU carry out a free and extensive examination when assessing what constitutes the essential characteristics of a shape and the possible function of these elements. The CJEU is not bound to the trade mark application but also examines the actual goods for which the sign is intended to be used. The CJEU generally seems to be restrictive in allowing registration for three-dimensional shapes, especially in regard to those incorporating functional elements. This might be the case since there is no good way to clearly exclude the functional elements from the registration. However, when registering a hybrid sign, interesting aspects also arise from the infringement point of view since the shape is registered as a whole but contains certain essential features, which are not intended to be covered by the exclusive right granted. In analogous applications of case law, it appears that these elements, without being explicitly stated in e.g. a disclaimer, must be excluded from the exclusive right granted to the proprietor.

The thesis in its theoretical part deals with problem of a domain name and alternative dispute resolution definitions. The view on the domain name definition is described both in Czech legal order and the international context. Rules of registration and using domain names are defined not only by the state law but also and above all by private rules formed by generic and country code top level domain administrators. Analyses of these legal sources and theirs comparison is necessary presumption for legal discretion of further development. Missing legal definition causes many problems which are shown in the context of concrete court and administrative decisions in the Czech Republic. Especially important are relations between domain names and trade marks, trade names, right to protection of person and the law of unfair competition. For definition of an alternative dispute resolution a special method of Aristoteles' logical square was used and applied on conditions of disputes resolution. The object of interest in the second practical part of the thesis is a legal regulation of .eu domain names. After necessary definition of legal sources, especially on secondary law level of the European Community, follows in practical part analysis of decisions concerning .eu domain name disputes issued by alternative procedure provided by the Czech Arbitration Court attached to the Economic Chamber of the Czech Republic and Agricultural Chamber of the Czech Republic, in the year of 2007. Essential part of this analysis is formation of domain name "case law".

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:30:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Antonio Rogerio Cazzali.pdf: 1554479 bytes, checksum: 729af519ce9d57377a2818632df2193a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-04-11 / This dissertation aim to enlarge the discussion about environment and communication to strengthen trade marks and consolidation of corporation good image. This study was based on qualitative researches with some of the most active companies in Brazil, representing significant sectors, that demonstrated not only to utilize the nature preservation support but, in a great array, in to accomplishment of social responsibility, gain credibility in the presence of the consumer and the society, on a symbolic exercise to surpass, where there are no guilty. The change of focus occurred in the ´80s decade, when the companies decided to reinforce their trade marks instead of the goods production, revealed, from the corporation view, being a very interesting alternative to raise earns. This strategy has made the companies to linking their trade marks to the good social action environment, what has begotten some improvement and signalized that this posture is already a market differential. Even though all the planed symbolism and the capital power, there is still the cities devastation by the nature anger, on an obligated conscience matter exercise that will dictate better and transparent human relations in a near future. / Esta dissertação visa ampliar a discussão sobre comunicação e meio ambiente no fortalecimento de marcas e na consolidação da boa imagem das corporações. O estudo foi feito por meio de pesquisas qualitativas com algumas das mais importantes empresas em atividade no Brasil, representantes de segmentos emblemáticos, e que demonstraram já se utilizar não apenas dos apoios à preservação da natureza, mas, de uma maneira mais ampla, do cumprimento da responsabilidade social para ganharem credibilidade perante o consumidor e a sociedade, num exercício de transcendência simbólica em que não há culpados. A mudança de foco ocorrida na década de 1980, quando as companhias decidiram fortalecer suas marcas, e não mais a produção de bens, mostrou-se, do ponto de vista das corporações, ser uma alternativa muito interessante para elevar ganhos. Essa estratégia fez com que as empresas associassem suas marcas às boas ações socioambientais, o que tem gerado algumas melhorias e sinalizado que esta postura já é um diferencial de mercado. Mesmo assim, acima de todo simbolismo planejado e da força do capital, ainda está a ira da natureza devastando cidades, num exercício forçado de conscientização que deverá ditar relações mais humana s e transparentes em futuro próximo.

1 Abstract Trademarks and their territorial limits The purpose of my thesis is to analyze the ways that are used for overcoming territorial limits of trademarks, to point out the pros and cons of these methods. Likewise, I'd like to point out the fact that the various systems of trademarks - national and international systems and system of Community trade mark are interconnected and they complete each other. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on the quality of national legislation, to match the European Union standards and international standards, as well. I chose this topic, because the issue of trademarks is in my opinion very interesting, I like the fact that they can connect designers and businessmen, I am fascinated by their overlap into the art sphere, too. The topic of marks is very broad and quite specific, for understandable reasons it cannot be given so much time within the subjects taught at the Faculty. Also this was one of the reasons I chose this topic. My work is divided into six major thematic units, together there are 25 chapters, some of them are further divided into subchapters and sections. In the first part, which corresponds to the first and the second chapter, I try to out the trademarks as an institution in a wider context of intellectual property rights and industrial property...

SANTRAUKA Šiame darbe analizuojama Europos Teisingumo Teismo ir Lietuvos teismų praktika, siekiant identifikuoti prekių ženklų tapatumo ir panašumo nustatymui reikšmingus kriterijus, šių kriterijų taikymo sąlygas bei įtaką vertinant bendrą prekių ženklų įspūdį, taip pat atkreipiamas dėmesys į teorinius ir praktinius probleminius prekių ženklų tapatumo ir panašumo nustatymo klausimus ir siūlomi jų sprendimai. Pirmojoje dalyje labai koncentruotai nurodomas su prekių ženklų tapatumu ir panašumu susijęs teisinis reglamentavimas. Antrojoje dalyje atskleidžiama prekių ženklų tapatumo sąvoka bei prekių ženklų tapatumo vertinimas buvusio Pirmosios Instancijos Teismo, dabartinio Bendrojo Teismo ir ETT praktikoje, taip pat, siekiant tapatumo klausimą išnagrinėti visapusiškai, pasiremiant pavyzdžiais ir iš Vidaus rinkos harmonizavimo tarnybos praktikos. Trečioji darbo dalis skirta aptarti prekių ženklų panašumą bei išnagrinėti jam nustatyti reikšmingus kriterijus. Šioje dalyje Bendrijos ir Lietuvos teismų sprendimų analizė atlikta pagal bendriausius prekių ženklų panašumo nustatymo kriterijus: skiriamuosius ir dominuojančius elementus, vaizdinį, fonetinį bei konceptualų lyginimą. Darbo pabaigoje atskirai aptariama netradicinių prekių ženklų panašumo nustatymo specifika. / SUMMARY Establishment of Identity and Similarity of Trade Marks in the Case Law of the European Court of Justice and Lithuanian Courts This master thesis is dedicated to analyze case law of the European Court of Justice and Lithuanian courts, with the aim to identify criteria significant for establishment of identity and similarity of trade marks, conditions for application of those criteria as well as influence upon evaluation of the general impression created by trade marks. In addition, attention is drawn to theoretical and practical problem issues in establishment of identity and similarity of trade marks and suggestions on their solution are made. In the first part, a list of condensed references is made to laws pertinent to the identity and similarity of trade marks. The second part reveals the concept of identity of trade marks and judgment of identity of trade marks in the case law of the former Court of First Instance, currently the General Court, and the European Court of Justice, supplemented by additional illustrations from the practice of the OHIM, in attempt of painting the full picture of the identity issue. The third part of the thesis focuses on the discussion of the similarity of trade marks and analysis of criteria for establishment of similarity of trade marks. Herein the analysis of case law of the European Court of Justice and Lithuanian courts has been carried out based on general criteria of similarity of trade marks: distinguishing and dominating... [to full text]

Le présent travail propose une étude sur l’étendue de la protection spéciale de la marque renommée. Dans le cadre de l’examen du régime actuel, il convient d’analyser la notion fondamentale de marque renommée, ainsi que celle de marque notoirement connue. Ensuite, sont examinées les conditions de l’atteinte à la marque renommée communes à toutes les formes d’atteinte : premièrement les conditions positives, et notamment celle de l’existence d’un lien dans l’esprit du public entre la marque renommée invoquée et le signe litigieux, deuxièmement, les conditions négatives, et en particulier l’exception du juste motif. L’étude présente les différentes formes d’atteinte à la marque renommées reconnues en l’état actuel du droit : la dilution, l’avilissement et le profit indûment tiré du caractère distinctif ou de la renommée de la marque. Selon la thèse défendue dans le travail, toutes ces formes d’atteinte à la marque renommée ont des finalités distinctes et sont indépendantes les unes des autres, en permettant de sanctionner différentes hypothèses d’usages de marques renommées par des tiers. Par ailleurs, l’étude situe le régime spécial par rapport au droit commun, d’une part, au droit commun des marques, en distinguant la protection élargie de l’hypothèse du risque de confusion, et, d’autre part, au droit commun de la responsabilité civile qui sanctionne le parasitisme susceptible de compléter la protection conférée aux titulaires sur le terrain de la protection de la marque renommée. Enfin, le travail présente une analyse de la problématique de la réparation des atteintes à la marque renommée en fonction de la forme d’atteinte établie par le titulaire. / The work offers a study on the scope of the special protection of the trade mark with a reputation. In the context of the assessment of the current regime, it is necessary to analyse the fundamental concept of the trade mark with a reputation, as well as the concept of the well known trade mark. Then, the conditions for infringement of the trade mark with a reputation common to all forms of infringement are examined: firstly, the positive conditions, in particular the existence of a link established in the public mind between the mark invoked and the sign in dispute, secondly, the negative conditions, in particular the exception of due cause. The study presents the various forms of infringement of trade marks with a reputation: dilution by blurring, dilution by tarnishment and unfair advantage taken of the distinctive character or the repute of the trade mark. According to the thesis of the work, all those forms of infringement have distinct purposes and are independent of each other, allowing to sanction various uses of trade marks with a reputation by third parties. In addition, the study places the special regime in relation to ordinary law, on the one hand, to the ordinary law of trade marks, by distinguishing between the extended protection and the likelihood of confusion, and, on the other hand, to the ordinary law of civil liability which sanctions the free-riding likely to complete the protection conferred on the right holders by the special regime. Finally, the work presents an analysis of the problem of repairing infringements of the trade marks with a reputation according to the form of infringement established by the right holder. / Rozprawa stanowi studium zakresu szczególnej ochrony renomowanego znaku towarowego. Pracazawiera pogłębioną analizę ewolucji ochrony znaku poza granicami specjalizacji. W ramach ocenyaktualnie obowiązującego reżimu wprowadzonego przez ustawodawcę unijnego w dyrektywieo znakach towarowych oraz w rozporządzeniu o znaku towarowym Unii Europejskiej wypadadokonać analizy fundamentalnego pojęcia znaku renomowanego, jak i pojęcia znaku powszechnieznanego. Następnie analizie poddano przesłanki naruszenia prawa do znaku renomowanegowspólne dla wszystkich postaci naruszenia: w pierwszej kolejności przesłanki pozytywne,w szczególności przesłankę powstania w świadomości odbiorców związku pomiędzy znakiemrenomowanym i spornym oznaczeniem, w drugiej kolejności, przesłanki negatywne, w szczególnościwyjątek uzasadnionej przyczyny używania znaku. Rozprawa przedstawia poszczególne postacinaruszenia prawa do znaku renomowanego uznane w obecnym stanie prawnym: szkodę dlaodróżniającego charakteru (rozwodnienie), szkodę dla renomy (degradację) oraz nienależnąkorzyść czerpaną z odróżniającego charakteru lub renomy znaku. Zgodnie z tezą bronioną w pracy,wszystkie postaci naruszenia prawa do znaku renomowanego służą odrębnym celom i są niezależnewobec siebie, pozwalając sankcjonować różne przypadki używania znaków renomowanych przezosoby trzecie. Ponadto reżim szczególnej ochrony jest w rozprawie sytuowany na tle ogólnychprzepisów prawa, z jednej strony, ogólnego prawa znaków towarowych, poprzez odróżnienierozszerzonej ochrony od hipotezy ryzyka konfuzji, z drugiej strony, przepisów ogólnychprzewidujących sankcje wobec działań charakteryzujących pasożytnictwo, które uzupełniająochronę przyznaną uprawnionym na gruncie prawa do znaku renomowanego. W pracy poddanorównież analizie problematykę odpowiedzialności majątkowej za naruszenie prawa do znakurenomowanego, biorąc pod uwagę postać naruszenia wykazaną przez uprawnionego.

The Thesis shows theoretical approaches of brand management and compares it with best practices used in international and czech companies. There is a picture of brand management impact of brand management into consumption behaviour of university students in Czech republic documented by own desk research.

The Food Safety and Quality Control System in Czech RepublicThe thesis describes the way how is the food safety control and quality protection provided in Czech republic. There is the law definition of the all forms of food during the food production chain from the primary production up to sale to the consumer in the work. The thesis focuses on the requirements laid down in the Czech and European food law on the food producers and sellers. The thesis also deals with the food contamination and quality aspects - nutrition value and quality branding. There is also chapter about the quality management system certification and chapter about the current cases related with the safe food area in the Czech republic in 2012 (Methanol, Polish technical salt and horse lasagne).