Abstract The age of knowledge-based economy industry is coming. The advantages in competition among enterprises lie in the differences of their intangible assets. The old laws on intelligent property right have been failed to keep pace with the advancement of science and technology, rapid circulation of information as well as development of economy. Hence, the range of intelligent property tends to be extended gradually. Among the newly emerged laws on intelligent property right, the Trade Secret Law has the greatest influence on the industrial circles. Since the promulgation of the law, it has brought about new impacts on the existing labor-administration relationship. The Trade Secret Law of the Republic of China, with reference to the legislation of the United States and our Patent Law, was promulgated by the President on January 17, 1996 after they were passed in the third reading in the legislative session of the Legislative Yuan. The Law consists of only 16 articles, including the definition of trade secret; ownership, transfer and authorization of trade secret, obligations of confidentiality of trade secret, infringement of trade secret, relief for infringement, civil responsibilities for infringement of trade secrete, range of claim for damages, etc. All of those regulations are just made in principle, especially, they are not detailed enough to explain the ownership of property right. According to the existing Trade Secret Law, the trade secret is divided into technical information and business information. The definition of the technical information is more explicit, while the definition of business information is ambiguous. For instance, whether the strategic resources of a company such as list of customers, report of failed experiments, marketing and pricing policies, ideas of advertisements, secret of salary, etc. can be regarded as trade secrets or not? There are little practical examples related to trade secrets in Taiwan or foreign countries, so it still waits for the accumulation of legal precedents and supplements of the court to form a common and clear-cut awareness. Besides, the trade secrets are classified into three major types based on the reason of their occurrence: employment, engagement and share. The trade secret accomplished by employees can be further divided into trade secrets researched or developed in or out of the performance of their duties. The clarification of definition of duty related or non-duty related trade secrete, the core of the Trade Secret Law, shall have great concern with the ownership of the property right. But, the standard and concepts for distinguishing the duty related trade secret from the non-duty related trade secret are lacking. For this reason, I discusses in this paper if the strategic information of a company can be deemed as a trade secret based on the definition of trade secret by clarifying the concepts of duty related or non-duty related trade secrets. I also took examples from literatures and raised 12 questions for the purpose of study to start a series of discussion on a whole. In experimental study, the interviews of business owners and enterprise operators coming from engineers of basic level, researchers, lawyers and former officials of Ministry of Justice, and people engaged in information technology, traditional industries, logistic industry, and service industry, government employees, as well as people of all walks of life were conducted in order to collect information. After completion of the interviews, I made a comment from a professional angle and then made induction and arrangement of those collected information. From induction of the experimental study, the conclusion and suggestions I obtained give a new explanation on some problems: If the strategic information can be regarded as a trade secret? The clarification of duty and non-duty related trade secret, standards for payment of reasonable remunerations, reasonable time limit on transfer and authorization for use, etc. This study is a little different from the discussion in the past literatures. I hope that the results of this study will be helpful to the interpretation of relevant laws and regulations or any judgement to be passed by the court or any amendment of laws in the future. Keywords: (1) Trade secret; (2) duty; (3) non-duty

Protection of trade secrets (with a focus on Directive 2016/943) Abstract The subject of this diploma thesis is to assess the protection of trade secrets in the context of Czech legislation with the comparison of the requirements of the Directive on the protection of trade secrets. The diploma thesis is based primarily on the valid legal regulations and Czech case law, which is associated with the regulation of the protection of trade secrets. Individual subjects of competition invest in research and development to gain a competitive edge or maintain their competitiveness. The results of their innovative activities are often subjected to dishonest practices aimed to disrupt or abuse them. The institute of trade secrets is one of the important ways to protect the results of innovative activities. Its importance is confirmed by the adoption of Directive (EU) 2016/943 of the European Parliament and of the Council. The first part of this diploma thesis focuses on the definition of the concept of trade secrets according to the Czech legislation, its comparison with the concept of the Directive and evaluation of their mutual compliance. The second chapter is devoted to the main theme of the diploma thesis, which is the protection of trade secrets under the law against unfair competition. I consider its regulation...

Corporate espionage is a multifaceted problem causing hundreds of billions of dollars in losses to businesses each year. Health care managers have a wide variety of options available to prevent theft of their organizations' trade secrets and other proprietary information. Organizations should protect their confidential and trade secret information by taking various security measures to limit access to protected material and by using appropriate types of restrictive covenants such as nondisclosure, noncompetition, and nonsolicitation agreements. This article provides helpful guidance for managers to maximize protection against theft of proprietary information.

This thesis explores the reform of intellectual property regulation policies with respect to computer software within two advanced industrial nations after 1980. A comparative case analysis of the United States and Japan will provide insight as to how advanced industrial nations have responded to market forces, competing private interests, and international pressure for policy harmonization in the construction and implementation of intellectual property regulation reforms. This study will show that ideological and structural arrangements of state institutions have influenced the extent of liberalization in intellectual property policy, and the preservation of equilibrium between individual rights and public interests in the establishment of intellectual property. / Master of Arts

隨著科技與網路之進步，不當竊取他人營業秘密之情況越趨嚴重，因此實務上開始出現對營業秘密加強保護的聲浪，法制上也不斷往加強營業秘密排他性之方向修法，但在此趨勢下，市場上不當使用營業秘密保護之情況也逐漸盛行。美國學界便提出警告，若給予營業秘密過強的排他權，導致營業秘密保護成為權利人限制競爭之武器，將阻礙社會的進步，社會福利並受到嚴重的危害。本文藉由討論營業秘密之保護理論與不當使用營業秘密保護規範之情況，探討其間之關係，研究不當使用營業秘密保護之根本原因，並嘗試提出解決辦法，作為預防潛在或解決目前已發生的問題。 本文於第二章先從營業秘密之保護理論談起，藉由探討各種營業秘密之保護理論，並分析其優點與缺點，作為之後分析不當使用營業秘密保護之素材。第三章，配合美國實務案例、法制情況說明不當使用營業秘密保護之主要態樣，並以法學及經濟學方法討論其與營業秘密保護理論之關聯，試圖找出營業秘密保護受到不當使用之原因。第四章及第五章，藉由檢視我國目前的法制規範、行政與司法實務操作方式，配合實務上曾發生過案例，提出我國現存及潛在的問題，並提供改善或法制方向之建議。 / As the progress of technology and internet, the trade secret misappropriation cases become more severe nowadays. Therefore, the trade secret owners began to agitate for strengthening the protection of trade secret, and to keep legislators busy amending the law toward enhancing the exclusivity of trade secret. However, under the trend of strengthening trade secret protection, the situation of misusing trade secret protection has increased drastically. In addition to that, some American scholars have warned that once the legal systems of trade secret protection become the weapons to restrict competition, it will not only impede social progression but it will also do harm to the social welfare. This study reviews various theories of trade secret protections and cases that misused those protections, and provides analyses of the relation between them. Moreover, this study seeks to propose some suggestions to prevent the potential problems and offer some possible solutions for the problems which have occurred. In Chapter II, the study reviews the trade secret protection theories and analyzes the pros and cons of each theory. In chapter III, this thesis introduces the major types of misusing trade secret protection with the U.S. cases and U.S. legal systems. Furthermore, in this chapter, the study applies different methods of the laws and economics in order to analyze the relation between trade secret protection theories and different types of misusing trade secret protection. Moreover, this chapter aims to find the fundamental reasons why the trade secret protection was being misused. In chapter IV, the study addresses the actual and potential misused problems in Taiwan by examining Taiwanese law systems, practices, and cases. Lastly, in chapter V, several suggestions for solving the present problems and improving future legal direction were made to conclude in the current study.

Magistro baigiamajame darbe, remiantis Lietuvos ir užsienio valstybių teisės aktais, teismų praktika bei teisine literatūra, analizuojama komercinės ir profesinės paslapties samprata bei požymiai, nagrinėjamos teisinės atsakomybės už šių paslapčių atskleidimą taikymo problemos bei atleidimo nuo atsakomybės pagrindai. Šio darbo tikslas – analizuojant Lietuvos ir atskirų užsienio valstybių teisės normas bei praktiką įvertinti komercinės paslapties ir profesinės paslapties apsaugos problemas. Darbą sudaro trys dalys. Pirmasis skyrius skirtas atskleisti komercinės ir profesinės paslapties terminologijos problemas. Antrajame šio darbo skyriuje aptariami komercinės paslapties požymiai, jos santykis su kitais intelektinės nuosavybės objektais, nagrinėjamas teisės į komercinės paslapties apsaugą turinys bei teisinė atsakomybė už šios paslapties panaudojimą ar atskleidimą. Trečiajame skyriuje analizuojama profesinės paslapties sąvoka, atskirų profesijų atstovams patikėtos ir jų saugotinos informacijos turinys, nagrinėjama teisinė atsakomybė už profesinės paslapties atskleidimą. / The final paper to obtain the Master’s degree, which is written on the grounds of legislation, judicial practice and legal literature of Lithuania and foreign countries, deals with conception and attributes of trade secret and professional secret, the problems of legal responsibility for disclosure of trade or professional secrets, grounds of release from responsibility. The purpose of this paper is to estimate the problems of protection of trade and professional secrets analysing laws and legal practice of Lithuania and foreign countries. This paper consists of three parts. The first part is intended to develop the problems of terminology of trade and professional secrets. In the second part author discuss about attributes of trade secret, it’s relation to other objects of intellectual property, analyses content of right to trade secret’s protection, legal responsibility for use or disclosure of trade secret. The third part deals with concept of professional secret, content of for several practitioner trusted information, legal responsibility for disclosure of professional secret. At the first sight after analysis of Lithuanian laws it seems that confidential information is protected good enough, but whether these rules will be effective or will they become only declarative, it depends on developing practice of implementation of these legal rules. Information is one of the most important resources of contemporary society. It can take certain advantage in business relations... [to full text]

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A revolução tecnológica transformou, de maneira determinante, as relações de emprego. Com as novas tecnologias, o fluxo de informações entre empregado e empregador, que já era acentuado, ficou ainda mais intenso. Essa é a razão, de um lado, para a crescente preocupação de se garantir os direitos à privacidade e à intimidade do empregado, garantidos constitucionalmente, os quais justificam seu direito ao segredo e, de outro lado, o maior número de esforços realizados pelo empregador para proteger seus segredos de empresa, como elemento impulsionadores de inovação e competividade, utilizando-se de seu poder de controle para tal proteção. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo examinar a proteção jurídica do segredo e a obrigação de confidencialidade sob dois pontos de vista: o do empregado e o do empregador. Iniciamos com o estudo do direito da privacidade do empregado, no qual se insere o direito ao segredo. Serão delineados os limites ao poder de controle do empregador em face desse direito, especificamente quanto às formas de investigação sobre a vida privada e vigilância da atividade laboral, assim como das consequências da violação do direito de privacidade do empregado pelo empregado. Sob a outra perspectiva, será analisado o segredo sob a ótica do empregador. Pretende-se averiguar como se dá a proteção do segredo de empresa. Serão examinadas as obrigações acessórias dos empregados e, entre elas a de sigilo na vigência do contrato de trabalho e após o seu término e, com mais detalhe, os limites à proteção do segredo de empresa relacionada às criações dos empregados e ao direito destes à liberdade de trabalho. Por fim, serão feitas breves notas a respeito das consequências da violação dos segredos de empresa pelos empregados. / The technological revolution has transformed employment relations in a decisive way. With the new technologies, the flow of information between employee and employer, already pronounced, has become even more intense. This is the reason for, on one hand, the growing concern with the employees rights to privacy and intimacy, that are protected constitutionally and justify their right to confidentiality and, on the other hand, the greater efforts by the employers to protect their trade secrets, as possible drivers for innovation and competitiveness, using their power of control for such protection. This study examines the legal protection of secrets and the obligation of confidentialy from two points of view: the one of the employee and the one of the employer. We begin with the study of the employees right to privacy, which incorporates a right to confidentiality. We outline the limits of the power of control of the employer, specifically with regard to forms of research on privacy and surveillance of labor activity, as well as the consequences of the infringement of employee privacy by the employer. From the other perspective, we analyze the protection of the trade secrets of company, its limits when the secret results from a creation by an employee, and the opposition between the protection of trade secrets and the employees freedom to work. We examine the incidental obligations of employees related to confidentialy in the presence of an employment contract and after its termination and we describe in more detail the limits to the protection of the secrecy of company related to the creations of employees and in view of the employees right to freedom of work. Finally, we make brief notes about the consequences of violation of company secrets by employees

The Law of Supression of Unfair Competition, approved by Legislative Decree 1044, tries to avoid confusions about what is protected as a trade secret and what cases of misappropriation should be sanctioned.In this article, the author questions the interpretation and application that has beenconsistently employed, in many cases, to some of the terms contained in the aforementioned law.For that purpose, the author explains the meaning of the trade secret and other related terms, such as prohibited competition and concurrent purposes. He then proceeds to elaborate an analysis about the economic function of protecting trade secrets and what should be the correct application of the Law of Supression of Unfair Competition. / La Ley de Represión de la Competencia Desleal, aprobada por el Decreto Legislativo 1044, trata de evitar confusiones acerca de qué se protege comosecreto empresarial y qué supuestos de apropiación indebida deberían sancionarse.En el presente artículo, el autor cuestiona la interpretación y aplicación que se le ha venido dando, en muchos casos, a algunos de los términos contenidos en dicha ley. Para ello, explica el significado del secreto empresarial, y de otros términosrelacionados como la competencia prohibida y la finalidad concurrencial. Luego, pasa a elaborar un análisis sobre la función económica de proteger los secretos empresariales y de cuál debería ser la correcta aplicación de la Ley de Represión de la Competencia Desleal.

營業秘密係全球化時代下重要的產物，若接觸過此營業秘密的員工在離職後，將此高度價值的商業機密洩漏出去，公司將會蒙受極大的損失，因此公司會想防範離職員工竊取或利用其營業秘密，其中，競業禁止即著重於與員工事先先簽訂好相關的條款，予以箝制員工恣意洩漏其極具經濟價值的商業資訊，以保障公司能更努力投入研發等創新活動，並且活絡市場促進科技和商業發展。 營業祕密之保護和競業禁約款都在於維持雇主之競爭力，但從其構成要件和性質來觀察卻不盡相同，本文在競業禁止部分係著重在僱傭關係結束後之討論，而營業秘密之部分則是包括在職期間和離職後兩種情況，而競業禁止和營業秘密這兩者在某程度之關聯上，除了基本之理論介紹，本文亦會從台北地方法院近三年之相關判決加以探討，藉由統計方法中的量化和質化研究，分析並了解營業秘密和競業禁止之互動關係，並結合理論和實務之運作，提出一些有關於實務上運作之建議。 / Business secrets are the production under the era of globalization. In addition, it start playing an important role on business development. After employees who have been touched the business secrets had left their jobs might lead to leaking out highly valuable commercial secrets making the company suffer great losses. Company will protect their trade secrets and prevent economic losses by asking employees to sign non-competition clauses. With the protection, companies are willing to invest more assets and money on research and development, making market more active. Eventually, these kinds of clauses and precautions can promote technological and commercial environment and development. Trade secret protection and non-competition clauses can maintain competitiveness of employers. But trade secret and non-competition are not the same due to the original source of law and elements. This thesis related to the non-competition clauses are focusing on the periods of the end of the employment relationship. But trade secrets divided into two situations including employment periods and after-service periods. In fact, non-competition and trade secrets have a certain extent of connections. In addition to the basic theoretical introduction, the thesis explored and extracted judgment from the Taipei District Court ruling during the past three years. With methods of Statistical Analysis. We can understand the relationship and interaction between trade secrets and non-competition. By combining the theories with empirical research, we can speculate the results and conclude the suggestions about the operation of the practice.