基於法律之制定乃反映社會堅固的價值觀，又營業秘密的保護建立在營業秘密法制之規範上，故就其國內、外法制之定義、立法目的（包含國際條約、美、德、我國）、性質、構成要件、範疇、侵害類型與權利歸屬之探討，使對營業秘密法所以施行之來龍去脈能有粗淺而廣泛的認識。 次從私法自治到契約自由，討論營業秘密之概念落實在規範勞資關係之定型化契約、工作規則中，輔以民法中僱傭關係之拘束力，探討經濟弱勢者：勞工，因締約力量不平等之疑慮，在勞動契約實體上及程度上所受之影響；又企業要求員工簽署保密契約或是在一般的僱傭契約當中加上競業禁止條款，是目前存在於業界普遍的作法；然就保護營業秘密於憲法基本權之互為矛盾下，又涉及對員工流動性的限制，保密與競業禁止兩大條款在勞資關係所造成之衝突、難題和後續妥當性的問題。 最後以個案分析之研究方法對文獻之蒐集和理論邏輯之推演作一印證：希望藉由法制爭議、司法實務及社會觀察之角度探討當政府為企業於國際社會之立足之地而實施營業秘密法，又在「服務經濟」將取代「製造經濟」，「知識工作者」也取代傳統勞工，逐漸形成「知識社會」之際，其涉及勞工之勞動權益、就業自由與生存權為何，僱傭關係之轉變又是怎樣的趨勢。 在文獻整理與司法個案之相互映證後，能對營業秘密法實施的必要性、勞動權益的影響範圍及在勞動契約中之面貌以及與其他法律之比較、競合等研究目的有一清晰的思考邏輯及論證，並能有所領悟：近二百年來的無形資產觀瀰漫於企業與個人間，透過國族主義的施壓、國際條約的規範、立法而逐漸在勞工與雇主心中建立了知識有價的鞏固觀念，更賦予了雇主對受雇人非職務上營業秘密的法定實施權，然云云眾生（勞工）處於都市叢林之零和遊戲中，富裕的資本、優渥的條件是可望而不可及的，只為圖溫飽卻必須出賣自我之時間、體力、精神甚或人格顯而易見的，足以證明勞工處境之困窘愈發嚴重。

隨著科技與網路之進步，不當竊取他人營業秘密之情況越趨嚴重，因此實務上開始出現對營業秘密加強保護的聲浪，法制上也不斷往加強營業秘密排他性之方向修法，但在此趨勢下，市場上不當使用營業秘密保護之情況也逐漸盛行。美國學界便提出警告，若給予營業秘密過強的排他權，導致營業秘密保護成為權利人限制競爭之武器，將阻礙社會的進步，社會福利並受到嚴重的危害。本文藉由討論營業秘密之保護理論與不當使用營業秘密保護規範之情況，探討其間之關係，研究不當使用營業秘密保護之根本原因，並嘗試提出解決辦法，作為預防潛在或解決目前已發生的問題。 本文於第二章先從營業秘密之保護理論談起，藉由探討各種營業秘密之保護理論，並分析其優點與缺點，作為之後分析不當使用營業秘密保護之素材。第三章，配合美國實務案例、法制情況說明不當使用營業秘密保護之主要態樣，並以法學及經濟學方法討論其與營業秘密保護理論之關聯，試圖找出營業秘密保護受到不當使用之原因。第四章及第五章，藉由檢視我國目前的法制規範、行政與司法實務操作方式，配合實務上曾發生過案例，提出我國現存及潛在的問題，並提供改善或法制方向之建議。 / As the progress of technology and internet, the trade secret misappropriation cases become more severe nowadays. Therefore, the trade secret owners began to agitate for strengthening the protection of trade secret, and to keep legislators busy amending the law toward enhancing the exclusivity of trade secret. However, under the trend of strengthening trade secret protection, the situation of misusing trade secret protection has increased drastically. In addition to that, some American scholars have warned that once the legal systems of trade secret protection become the weapons to restrict competition, it will not only impede social progression but it will also do harm to the social welfare. This study reviews various theories of trade secret protections and cases that misused those protections, and provides analyses of the relation between them. Moreover, this study seeks to propose some suggestions to prevent the potential problems and offer some possible solutions for the problems which have occurred. In Chapter II, the study reviews the trade secret protection theories and analyzes the pros and cons of each theory. In chapter III, this thesis introduces the major types of misusing trade secret protection with the U.S. cases and U.S. legal systems. Furthermore, in this chapter, the study applies different methods of the laws and economics in order to analyze the relation between trade secret protection theories and different types of misusing trade secret protection. Moreover, this chapter aims to find the fundamental reasons why the trade secret protection was being misused. In chapter IV, the study addresses the actual and potential misused problems in Taiwan by examining Taiwanese law systems, practices, and cases. Lastly, in chapter V, several suggestions for solving the present problems and improving future legal direction were made to conclude in the current study.

營業秘密係全球化時代下重要的產物，若接觸過此營業秘密的員工在離職後，將此高度價值的商業機密洩漏出去，公司將會蒙受極大的損失，因此公司會想防範離職員工竊取或利用其營業秘密，其中，競業禁止即著重於與員工事先先簽訂好相關的條款，予以箝制員工恣意洩漏其極具經濟價值的商業資訊，以保障公司能更努力投入研發等創新活動，並且活絡市場促進科技和商業發展。 營業祕密之保護和競業禁約款都在於維持雇主之競爭力，但從其構成要件和性質來觀察卻不盡相同，本文在競業禁止部分係著重在僱傭關係結束後之討論，而營業秘密之部分則是包括在職期間和離職後兩種情況，而競業禁止和營業秘密這兩者在某程度之關聯上，除了基本之理論介紹，本文亦會從台北地方法院近三年之相關判決加以探討，藉由統計方法中的量化和質化研究，分析並了解營業秘密和競業禁止之互動關係，並結合理論和實務之運作，提出一些有關於實務上運作之建議。 / Business secrets are the production under the era of globalization. In addition, it start playing an important role on business development. After employees who have been touched the business secrets had left their jobs might lead to leaking out highly valuable commercial secrets making the company suffer great losses. Company will protect their trade secrets and prevent economic losses by asking employees to sign non-competition clauses. With the protection, companies are willing to invest more assets and money on research and development, making market more active. Eventually, these kinds of clauses and precautions can promote technological and commercial environment and development. Trade secret protection and non-competition clauses can maintain competitiveness of employers. But trade secret and non-competition are not the same due to the original source of law and elements. This thesis related to the non-competition clauses are focusing on the periods of the end of the employment relationship. But trade secrets divided into two situations including employment periods and after-service periods. In fact, non-competition and trade secrets have a certain extent of connections. In addition to the basic theoretical introduction, the thesis explored and extracted judgment from the Taipei District Court ruling during the past three years. With methods of Statistical Analysis. We can understand the relationship and interaction between trade secrets and non-competition. By combining the theories with empirical research, we can speculate the results and conclude the suggestions about the operation of the practice.

本研究在探討汽車零件商智慧財產相關議題與經營模式，汽車產業長久以來屬一個封閉的產業，傳統的供應鏈一直以來由製造商所主導，由中心廠根據其設計理念、市場需求、法規規範，安全性與舒適性及環保等多功能需求下，制訂規範與認證方式。儘管各車廠的認證體系與規範各有所不同以及零件商之屬性不同，對於汽車零件供應商來說，共同特點即無論是何種零配件的開發設計與製造，光是簡單的模具設計，動輒開發費用就需五、六百萬，以及經過連續性的試產與樣品送至中心廠之研發測試中心與第三單位等種種繁雜的與冗長之程序認證，這場競賽就像是馬拉松式之賽跑，需要高精密技術、資金、與人力密集。 由於全球化之經濟組織例如WTO引導市場逐漸開放，中心廠採購逐漸以全球市場為採購導向，專屬零件商之模式已不存在，台灣廠商由於全球化一則可藉由此一潮流拓展市場版圖，二則所面臨到的危機不再只是歐美等技術專業大廠，廠商原本慣用的低價之紅海策略，已不敵新興國家或是中國大陸挾帶著廉價人工及土地、水電等之成本優勢。 綜觀台灣的零件商，有多年產業經驗，這些寶貴的無形資產包含研發、生產know-how、以及客戶關係與管理等等，然而，觀察智慧財產長久以來不被台灣的汽車零件商所重視與輕忽之下，往往無形資產之流失，實在可惜，導致許多傳統企業，所面臨的是在人員的替換之下，呈現技術斷層。在內憂與外患之雙重威脅下，如何提升台灣傳統產業，以創新之專業知識為主，台灣豐富之產業經驗為輔，找出一條藍海策略，將是本研究起草之動機。 本研究以汽車零件-鋁輪圈為案例分析，由如何通過嚴格的認證進入汽車產業，成為供應鏈體系下之家族，並經由輪圈之開發、結構以及製程等技術，探討其智慧財產之相關議題，運用創新經營之方式於核心技術下做智慧財產之管理，在OEM/ODM之代工模式下或是自由品牌之模式作品牌之規劃與管理。 欲瞭解鋁圈產業之生態，必定先介紹汽車產業之整體規模與情形。 一、汽車產業之生態 本研究發現，近年來，原本百家爭鳴之汽車品牌，藉由整併進而共用品牌且整合資源之優勢下，增加市場之市佔率、提昇技術、增加品牌之價值，也因交叉持股或併購而達到多角化之經營。因整併所造成的優勢如下： （一） 供應商因增加經濟規模，增加營收。 （二） 供應商遵循之各車廠規範與認證方式，汽車廠也因整併之故，統整其規範，供應商也因此減少其開發與管理成本。 （三） 藉由中心廠之整併，供應商由原先之供應鏈體系進而擴展其新市場。 未來可見的是歐美地區車市漸趨飽和之下，新興之中國市場與印度市場，也因政府之開放與需求量遽增，將成為下一個汽車產業之後起新秀。 二、汽車供應鏈體系複雜且長 汽車零件銷售管道，主要可分為OEM，由車廠與成車一同銷售，或與保險公司或零售業作自由品牌之售服零件。本研究將針對兩種不同方式的認證與合作模式，作一系列之套探討，並以輪圈業為輔助說明。 由原物料之管理至產品製造，物流之配送，實屬高度垂直整合之行業，本研究將剖析汽車產業供應鏈，延伸探討其價值鏈，並以輪圈產業作為個案分析，探討如何管理與整合不同層次之供應商，以及對於輪圈廠如何創造有利之價值鏈，並作垂直整合或是企業聯盟之方式。以降低交易成本並減少其零組件採購之交易風險。 三、輪圈市場智慧財產行銷與管理之現況 本研究以輪圈個案作為智慧財產經營為案例，探討專利佈局、行銷策略、市佔率之分佈等等。國外專業大廠貫以專利做其技術保護方式，然而由專利分析可發現有些歐美專業廠在過度專利化情形下，反而將公司內部之機密洩漏及不當之公開，而導致競爭對手有機可乘，反觀台灣，有些廠商不重視核心技術而導致競爭力之流失，或是實施營業秘密之予以保護，但無完整支配套措施導致技術外流時有所聞。 因此，本文將藉由台灣之兩大輪圈廠為例：巧新科技與源恆工業，兩家個案不僅是值得探討的輪圈個案，更是台灣典型的傳統產業之廠商，由個案廠商來解析台灣輪圈產業於國際輪圈業之市場定位;源恆工業進入輪圈市場已近三十年，藉由國內中心廠與國外之大廠接軌，以成熟之鑄造技術聞名輪圈業，但近十年來由於大陸與印度廠商挾著廉價之人工與材料，帶給源恆工業之威脅，侵蝕原本之市佔率與產品毛利，本研究將剖析此個案之競爭優、劣勢，並剖析在已發展成熟之鑄造技術下，源恆工業如何利用原有之智慧資本，例如選擇產品難度偏高但毛利較高之產品、經營自有品牌、或是以自有之豐富經驗協助新興地區建廠做整廠輸出之服務性等業外收入，以創新方式，有別於大陸廠商繼續生存。 巧新科技以鍛造高爾夫球頭起家，近五年來轉型為汽車零件商，於今年更獲選為未上市股營收前五十強之排行榜，以技術門檻高贏得先機，如何維持此競爭優勢，以保存無形資產之管理，將是本研究之重點。 儘管智慧財產之管理行之有年，輪圈業也因法規與客戶之需求，創新之技術日新月異，許多長久之know-how 並未妥善之管理，輪圈業者今後需加快建立完整的智慧財產管理，並實際應用其作為行銷之手法。 試圖由研究個案建立起一套完整的管理流程，針對核心技術之管理與行銷之商業模式，建構流程和步驟。並延伸將核心技術受專利或營業秘密保護之後，對內以技術人員專門管理之規範，對外以專利，內部know-how 進而經營輪圈業之品牌。 / This research aims to discuss the intellectual property management in automotive industry. For a long time, the value chain of automotive industry is controlled by the automotive manufactures. Specification and plant certification are different according to each manufacture’s requirement, such as market, regulations, safety and so on. However, it needs to takes lots of time and money to be the one of the automotive family. This expensive prolonged process involves high technology, investment and man-power. Besides, the international market becomes open under the influence of many global economic organizations, for example WTO. Therefore, the Taiwan’s suppliers are the threatened by not only the US or European’s suppliers, but also the China or India suppliers with cheaper labor cost and raw material. Taiwan’s suppliers had abundant experiences, including R&D, know-how and customer relationship management. However, those intangible properties were ignored for a long time by most suppliers and the information was not treated as important trade secrets and preserved properly. Those suppliers are situated in a crucial moment. From one side, the prices competition becomes intensified in the market. From the other side, without proper preservation, there will be a gap of professional technology in the company. Therefore, this thesis will focus on how to promote Taiwan manufacture industry on the basis of the abundant experiences of Taiwan and develop a route into the blue ocean strategy. This research will be focus on the automotive suppliers. We will apply alloy wheel industry as case study. The thesis will describe how a company can pass the certification and participate in the group of automotive family. Besides, the discussion will connect product R&D, wheel structure, and production technology to brand management. How to make innovations into intellectual property and the IP management would be the main concerns of this research. Before the discussion on the wheel industry, we will need to know about the current condition of automotive industry. A. The automotive industry The research discovers that the automotive market were controlled by the biggest ten automotive manufactures due to company merger and acquisition. The action of merge and acquisition can increase the market share and the brand value and bring new product technology by sharing trademark and resource to the manufactures. The merger and acquisition by manufactures also changes the supplier’s situation and bring suppliers the following success in the future: 1. The supplier increase the sales due to new market expanded. 2. The supplier could decrease the management cost of specification and certification due to the merger and acquisition between automotive makers. 3. The supplier increases its market share due to the manufacture’s merger. Besides, China and Indian will become the biggest market of automotive industry because of the economic growth in both countries. B. The supply chain of automotive industry is long and complicated. The sales channels of automotive components can be divided into two ways, OEM and After Market. This research will explain the different certification and collaboration between those two ways and apply alloy wheels as case study. The automotive industry is a highly vertical integrated industry from the raw material management to product logistic. This research will elaborate the automotive supply chain and further discuss the value chain between tier 1 and tier 2. We will also discuss about how to manage the supply chain and to create profits from the value chain. It can be done through the decrease of the exchange cost, the purchase low-risked components, the vertical integration of industry and the joint venture. C. The intellectual property management in alloy wheel industry In this research, the patent strategy, marketing management and market share of each alloy wheel manufacture will be analyzed to elaborate the patent situation of alloy wheel industry. Form the analysis, we can find that over-filing patents in some American alloy wheel manufactures caused the disclosure of trade secret to their rival companies. On the other hand, some Taiwan suppliers ignore the protection of intellectual property. As a result, their core competence will not be developed. This research will choose two famous alloy wheel companies, Super Alloy and Rosta as case study. Both companies are typical companies of traditional manufacturers in Taiwan. From the analysis of the two cases, we can understand the position of Taiwan’s suppliers of the world. The Rosta Group has been in the alloy wheel industry over 30 years. It maintains its international business through the connection with foreign manufactures. Except for the customer relationship, the excellent foundry technology is well-recognized by its customers. However, in past 10 years, China and Indian suppliers offer cheaper price by their lower manufacturing cost. The low cost strategy brought the impact of the market share and original profits of Rosta Group. The research will analyze the Rosta Group by SWOT. The advantage of Rosta group will be its abundant experience and excellent production technology. How to transform the intangible capital into the profitable intellect property will be the main concern of this case study. The thesis suggests to choose the products of higher production technology and high profits, to well apply the trademark value or to offer technology consulting for new suppliers who want to start its alloy wheel business. The conclusion will be a advice of the market strategy for Rosta Group to differentiae from China suppliers. The Super Alloy was a manufacture of golf iron head in the beginning. In 2003, it started its automotive business. The Super Alloy is strong at its forge technology. It was also chosen as the best 50 profit private companies in 2008. How to maintain the competency and manage the intangible asset would be the key point of this case study. Though the concept of intellectual property has been promoted for years, it is more practiced in the high technology industry. For the alloy wheel industry, the know-how of design, structure and production technology was not maintained and managed properly. It is suggested that the wheel suppliers should develop an intellectual property management and apply it in marketing strategy. Through the case study, the thesis will try to build a complete managing process of intellectual property, step by step, including protection of core technology and marketing strategy of business model. Besides, the trade secret management, the patent management, the management and promotion of trademark will also be involved in discussion.

近年來，國內營業秘密相關侵害問題爭迭不休，使國內產業之營業秘密權人危機意識提高，因為營業秘密本是企業取得產業競爭力的關鍵要素，若遭到洩漏，影響範圍除自身公司外，甚至遍及整個產業鏈，都將遭受動盪，因此為使營業秘密能受到更有效的保護，期能嚇阻侵害營業秘密之行為，立法院於2013年1月11日修訂完成營業秘密法，並於同月30日公布之，增加刑事與民事責任，自始營業秘密之保障將更為周全，因此如能建立完善的智慧財產管理，加上營業秘密法賦予營業秘密權人之保障，將能提升產業競爭力。然要受到營業秘密法律之保護，需符合營業秘密法規範之三大要件，而其中要件之一「合理保密之措施」究為所指，綜覽學界與實務之見解，尚未有一致之看法，除相關「完善」之保密措施論述外，並無明確闡釋「合理」此一要件之見解，但對國內中小企業而言，建立完善之合理保密措施的成本高，非其所能負擔。 因而本文嘗試整理國內與美國學說之見解，並進一步蒐集我國法院營業秘密法判決，加以歸納統整，期從中找出「合理」保密措施之參考依據，以作為我國企業所能參考之依據。詳言之，係以國內司法判決之實證研究為主，並加以美國法制體系及相關實務判決作為比較法研究之基礎，嘗試能從中統整出「合理」之保密措施，讓企業得以在成本規劃與洩密風險承擔此二者間，尋找一平衡點，方能使國內各企業在能力所及範圍內，亦達保護公司營業秘密之目的，維持整體產業公平競爭之秩序。 / A trade secret is a form of intellectual property that gives the firm who owns it an advantage over its competitors as long as the firm manages to keep it. Recently, Trade secret infringements occur more than thought. For example, employees thieve the firm’s secret and intend to sell it to competitor., therefore the Legislative Yuan passed the amendments to the completion of the Trade Secrets Act On January 11, 2013, and was released on the 30th of the same month, the proposal has increased in criminal and civil liability, the Legislative Yuan expect the amendments have more comprehensive protection of trade secrets.A secret.under Trade secrect protection have to satisfy three requirements, and one of the requirement is “reasonable measures”, therefore this paper attempts to sort out the domestic and U.S. doctrine of insights and further to collect court judgment in Taiwan, try to be summarized integration "reasonable" security measures. Expect to figure out what is common definition of “reasonable measures”,as the basis for Taiwan’s enterprises can reference. In particular, empirical studies of domestic judicial decisions based, and the U.S. legal system and related practices judgment as the basis for the study of comparative law, to try from integration in a "reasonable" measures, to enable enterprises to cost planning bear both the risk of disclosure, to find a balance point, can the domestic enterprises in the abilities within up to protect the company's trade secrets, to maintain the overall industry fair competition order.

客戶資訊對於企業而言是重要資產，其為企業帶來許多競爭上優勢。為了解消費者之需求及喜好，以提供合適之商品或服務，企業多半會將其彙整並建置成資料庫。然而，該等資訊多涉及客戶個人之資訊隱私，企業在蒐集、處理及應用時，應特別注意各該法規之要求，故本文將美國針對個人資訊隱私保護之各類判決及專法加以介紹，並與台灣之「個人資料保護法」(以下簡稱個資法)相互對照，提醒跨國企業在客戶資訊的蒐集及應用上所應注意之事項，並降低企業之遵法成本與違法風險。 另外，客戶資訊若符合法定要件，可構成企業之營業秘密而受保護。美國「統一營業秘密法」、「經濟間諜法」及「反不正競爭法」中提供數種判斷標準，而這些標準已逐漸被各州法院所採納。相較之下，台灣營業秘密法於民國85年制訂施行後，近期亦參考美國經濟間諜法而增訂刑事責任，用以嚇阻惡意侵害營業秘密之行為。至於我國公平交易法就營業秘密之保護，則集中在該法第19條第5款的規定，其與營業秘密法之適用上競合，亦為本文探究之重點。 因此，本文基於台美法制之比較目的，將研究範圍限於美國之個人資訊隱私保護專法及判決、統一營業秘密法、經濟間諜法及反不正競爭法等層面；台灣法亦限於個人資訊保護法、營業秘密法及公平交易法之探討，以及各該法規之交錯適用，並以表格的方式，將違反上述法規時所應負之民事責任、刑事制裁或行政罰之異同作出比較，便利讀者參考。 另一方面，個資法之「安全措施」及營業秘密之「合理保密措施」兩者雖皆屬保護客戶資訊之措施，但實務上之認定標準並不相同。企業應如何妥善保管其所擁有之客戶資訊，方能符合上述兩種措施之要求，亦為本文討論之重點，故本文將針對台美兩國就上述兩種措施之認定標準進行介紹並相互比較，以提供業界一套具體之管理措施，便利跨國企業維護其所擁有之客戶資訊，提升企業營運效能，並增加客戶之信賴度。當客戶個人資料不幸被他人盜取時，企業得以控管損害之範圍，甚而可對客戶資訊之盜取者主張營業秘密侵害之損害賠償及相關罰則，以便公司順利經營，避免不必要的損失。

在歐美國家的強大貿易談判壓力下，我國立法院於民國九十四年一月二十一日完成藥事法第四十條之二的立法，同年二月五日由總統公布實施，進入實施資料專屬權制度的時期。 資料專屬權乃以處方藥品試驗資料為保護對象，由美國首先立法，利用貿易談判、國際協定向外推動的法律制度；美國對於新成分新藥及非新成分新藥、補充申請之試驗資料，分別賦予五年及三年的保護，於此資料專屬權期間內，其他藥廠不得使用或援引試驗資料權利人的試驗資料提出新藥上市申請。本文參酌美國最高法院於EPA v. Monsanto案例之見解，認為資料專屬權制度之法理基礎，乃係對於試驗資料權利人營業秘密之保護，以防止來自其他藥廠之不公平競爭；這項制度之經濟上意義，則在於藉由賦予藥品試驗資料權利人一段資料專屬權期間，要求學名藥廠必須進行其考量本身資力及市場後，不可能自己實施的藥品安全性及有效性試驗，使因而間接獲得市場獨占利益的試驗資料權利人，得到足以回收其藥品試驗資料投資之機會。 TRIPS第三十九條第三項規範保護藥品試驗資料的國際最低標準，它的保護標的限於藥廠為了取得於申請國第一次提出之「新化學成分」藥品之上市許可，所提出其花費相當時間、金錢始取得，而未經揭露之必要試驗或其他資料。會員國對於符合此項條件之資料，負有避免其被不公平商業使用之義務。本文認為所謂「不公平商業使用」，係指未提供藥品試驗資料權利人回收其對於試驗資料所為投資之機會，所為客觀上足以使得他人自其試驗資料獲得商業上利益的一切使用或應用試驗資料的行為；所以如果政府機關於「參考」藥品試驗資料權利人所提出藥品試驗資料時，未提供任何使其得以回收對於試驗資料所為投資之機會，即應認為政府機關此等參考行為，屬於「不公平的商業使用」行為。因此，資料專屬權制度可謂符合TRIPS第三十九條第三項所規範保護藥品試驗資料之標準；但如果會員國能夠建立另外一套賦予藥品試驗資料權利人回收其對於藥品試驗資料所為投資機會之制度，同樣也可以符合TRIPS第三十九條第三項的最低保護標準，並不一定必須採取資料專屬權之保護模式。 我國新修正藥事法第四十條之二採行資料專屬權制度，相關條文規定多有闕漏，本文認為新修正藥事法第四十條之二第一項之保護客體，應以「新成分新藥」之查驗登記申請人本身享有權利，為通過查驗登記所提出，且支付相當成本所取得之尚未公開營業秘密資料為限。第四十條之二第二項、第三項之保護方式，則係規定學名藥品於原廠藥品上市後滿三年，始得引據其查驗登記申請資料提出查驗登記申請，且滿五年之後，始能取得藥品許可證。至於第四十條之二第四項有關外國上市新藥的准用規定，可謂缺乏法理依據及執行可能，且實際上也不會發生任何效用的條文，建議應予刪除。 藥品試驗資料屬於原廠所有無形資產，提供適當保護以維公平競爭，有其正當性，但無論自藥品試驗資料之公益屬性、重複試驗的人道問題、重複試驗與獨占市場缺乏經濟效益等觀點來看，資料專屬權制度都有相當的負面影響，所以一套可以提供藥品試驗資料權利人回收其對於藥品試驗資料所為投資，且可以避免重複試驗或市場壟斷之「補償」制度，應有必要。 依據哈佛大學Aaron教授對於學名藥廠應分擔原廠藥品試驗資料投資之補償金，所提出的可重新調整補償金模式，每個學名藥廠都可以依據當時在市場上的學名藥廠總數，平均分擔其當年度應支付原廠的補償金比例，每個適用這套計算補償金架構的國家，都可以依據其國家學名藥產業及藥品市場的發展狀況，設定適當之參數，本文以為，乃足以替代資料專屬權制度之最佳選擇。 至於應該如何計算藥品試驗資料之成本，本文則提出下列公式： ( S ) C = --------------------------------- x ( N ) + H S +S1+S2+˙˙˙ C：學名藥廠應分擔原廠試驗資料成本之範圍。 N：原廠於第一個申請上市國家所花費的試驗資料成本。 H：原廠於學名藥申請上市國家所花費的試驗資料成本。 S：學名藥申請上市國家的國民生產毛額(GDP)。 S1+S2+˙˙˙：由主管機關所核定包括第一個申請上市國家的世界主要藥品市場國的GDP總和。 亦即本文認為，發生在學名藥申請上市國家的藥品試驗資料成本，應該全額列入學名藥廠應分擔成本的範圍；發生於第一個申請新藥上市國家的藥品試驗資料成本，則應該由每個學名藥申請上市國家的學名藥廠，依據該國GDP(表彰藥品支出費用)占世界主要藥品市場(包括第一個上市國家)各國GDP總和的比例，分攤其應負擔之部分。 因此，本文認為，以本文建議之計算公式核算各國應分擔之藥品試驗資料成本，並以「可重新調整補償金模式」之公式計算各學名藥廠每年應支付之補償金，應係較佳之保護藥品試驗資料模式。

台灣模具產業具有交期短、品質好、價格具有競爭力、製程安排彈性大等優勢，因此在高科技產業供應鍊中扮演關鍵性的角色。唯近年來，台灣許多高科技產業的外移，造成模具業產值最近連續三年呈現下降與核心技術外流，成為模具業所面臨的嚴重考驗。如何留住核心技術人才，加強研發新的關鍵技術並將研發成果取得智慧財產權相關法律保護，並以必要的組織、制度、人才、措施等妥善加以管理，已經成為模具業以及關連高科技產業必須面對的重要課題之一。 本研究以策略管理的角度切入，探討由策略前提所形成之策略，與智慧財產權管理實際運作下，對「台灣模具業及其關連高科技產業的智慧財產權管理發展現況及當前問題」提出適當建議與解決之道。 研究對象為台灣五家經營績效良好之模具業者及關連高科技業者。模具業者包含金屬沖壓、塑膠射出成型、與壓鑄模具業者；關連高科技業者則包含連接器、筆記型電腦、與行動電話業者。其中三家模具業者尚未擁有專利保護，而兩家關連高科技業者之專利保護已有相當成效。本研究主要發現如下： 一、不同的企業規模，對改善技術能力作法有其差異： （一）共同研發新技術：中小企業傾向與國內研發機構共同研發，並取得新技術之全部或部份智慧財產權或取得授權使用新技術；大型企業則傾向自行研發為主。 （二）自國外引進新技術：中小企業傾向委託財團法人或智財科技服務公司從技術先進國家引進技術；大型企業則傾向自行引進技術為主。 （三）向技術相對落後國家移轉技術方面： 1.中小企業傾向透過財團法人或智財科技服務公司之協助移轉技術，對於較單純之案件可自行為之。 2.大型企業可自行為之或採上述方法，委託專業之單位或公司為之。 3.台灣企業對大陸投資之子公司，大部分並未針對技術移轉收取權利金，僅由子公司之獲利盈餘分配取得回饋，尤以持股比例較大者最為普遍。 二、國內模具業及關連高科技產業智慧財產權管理現況為： （一）制定「營業秘密管理辦法」，規範各業務或利害關係人之營業秘密保護要項： 1.影響製造精度之技術 2.訪客參訪流程與動線 3.與供應商相關之營業秘密 4.顧客之營業秘密 5.矯正預防措施單 （二）制訂「專門技術管理辦法」，加強專門技術保護 1.規範「提案改善制度」 2.培養技術專家 3.掌握專門技術人力資源，塑造： （1）尊重專業 （2）對等報酬 （3）生涯規劃等制度完善之企業文化。 （三）專利管理制度： 1.建立提案與獎勵制度： 對創新提案、申請專利、專利核准、與達成技術移轉等階段均核發獎金，以鼓勵員工技術創新。 2.專利維護： 對專利佈局同時重質與量之提升，專利權之維護，則以成本效益為主要考量，以具市場價值者為優先申請與維護對象。 （四）技術授權考量有二： 1.視技術生命週期採行不同之授權策略，如導入與成長期採技術引進、成熟期採交互授權、衰退期技術則對外移轉。 2.以對子公司持股比例，調整技術移轉之權利金分配，持股較高則以盈餘分配取代權利金，持股較低則傾向依市場機制收取權利金。 由本研究之策略意涵得知，個案公司目前所採行之策略，均能適當地反映出其目前所處環境。如鴻海精密以綿密之專利佈局保護其技術，鉅祥、竣盟、谷崧則實施營業秘密與專門技術管理，神達機構則是專利保護與營業秘密管理兼具。 由此可知，模具業及關連高科技產業之智慧財產權管理作法具有多種不同之形式，專利保護並非模具業與關連高科技產業智慧財產權管理之唯一解答。尤其對中小企業而言，注重營業秘密與專門技術保護，塑造良好的企業文化、工作環境，設計合理對等報酬、制度完備的人力資源管理措施，亦不失為智慧財產權管理的良好解決方案之一。 目前大型之關連高科技企業非常重視智慧財產權，並已發展出一套以專利保護為主軸的管理制度。展望未來，模具業與關連高科技產業之連動性將逐漸加深，模具業者今後亦必須加快建立智慧財產權管理制度之腳步。 / Taiwan's mold & die industry plays a very important role of the supply chain for the high-tech industry around the world due to its advantages of short delivery time, good quality, competitive price and production flexibility, etc. However, in recent years, the continuing migration of the high-tech industry is resulting in production decreases and movement of core technology out of Taiwan. How should we keep the core technology, human and financial resources left in Taiwan; what can be done to strengthen research and development (R & D) on new and core technology; how can the core technology be protected by patents managed by a sever system. This is a matter of great urgency and an important issue that Taiwan’s mold & die industry and its related high-tech industry are facing. In view of the above, this study offers Taiwan's mold & die industry and its related high-tech industry some suggestions and solutions for the problems that they faced, based on their current Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) management development situation. This study was researched from the strategy management view and included five (5) outstanding mold & die manufacturers and their related high-tech companies in Taiwan. These mold & die manufacturers are in the metal stamping die, plastic injection mold and die casting mold industries; these high-tech companies are in the connectors, notebook computer and cellular phone (telecommunication) industries. Three of the companies, the mold & die manufacturers, do not hold any patents, while the other two high-tech companies are well protected by their patents. The main finding of this research is as follows: 1.The strategy of technical improvement for companies of various sizes is different: 1) R & D for new technology- Small and medium companies prefer to cooperate with other local R & D institutes in developing, researching, and obtaining full or partial intellectual property rights protection; or obtaining the rights to use the new technology (invention). On the other hand, large companies tend to do the R & D in-house. 2) Technology transfer from overseas– Small and medium companies prefer to transfer the technology from high-tech orientated countries through local R&D institutes or an IPR service provider. However, large companies prefer to transfer the new technology by themselves. 3) Technology transfer to developing countries– (1) Small and medium companies tend to transfer the technology to developing countries through local R&D institutes or IPR service provider except in the case of simple projects. (2) Large companies tend to transfer their technology out by themselves or through a professional agency. 2.The IPR management situation of Taiwan’s mold & die industry and its related high-tech industries– 1) Establish “Trade Secret Management Regulations” to prevent the following trade secrets from being disclosed: (1) Technology that will influence the accuracy of machining. (1)-1 On site know-how – Limiting the visitors touring sensitive areas. (1)-2 Trade secrets of suppliers. (1)-3 Trade secrets of customers. (1)-4 Corrective action reports. 2) Establish “ Know-how Management Regulations” to: (1) Regulate “Proposal improvement systems” (2) Train and develop technical specialists (3) Retaining knowledgeable human resources by (3)-1 Professional appreciation (respect) (3)-2 Equal award (return) (3)-3 Good and complete system, employees’ career planning and enterprise culture. 3) IPR management system: (1) Establish a proposal and reward system: Encourage employees’ technology inventions by rewarding them for their proposals, applications, and completion of technical transfer for IPR. (2) Patent protection: Consider not only the number of patents, but also the quality of patents. 4) Technology transfer policy Different policy for different technique life cycle. From this research, we realized that companies apply different strategies in response to their recent situation. For example, “Hong Hai” is applying the practice of IPR management in protecting his technology; G-Shank, Giant Union and Coxon are applying the practice of trade secret and know-how management; MiTac is applying the practice of both IPR management and trade secret management. From the above, we also realize that patent protection is not the only solution for IPR management in the mold & die industry and it’s related high-tech industries. Trade secret management and know-how protection, a good corporate culture, good business and human resource management, an improved working environment, reasonable and rewarding work are also the major solutions for IPR management. For the time being, large high-tech companies highly respect IPR and have developed a good management system, especially for patent protection. Therefore, due to the close relationship between the mold & die industry and high-tech industries, speeding up the development of IPR management becomes an urgent issue for the mold & die industry.

近年來頻傳科技業高階主管跳槽到競爭對手，而我國於二〇一三年增訂營業秘密的刑事責任，營業秘密的保護與人才流動兩者之間的關係，越來越受到關注，特別是台積電與梁孟松案，智慧財產法院於二〇一二年三月台積電訴梁孟松案假處分裁定採納不可避免揭露原則，在後續的判決中亦論及不可避免揭露原則，使此一原則開始受到國內智慧財產權法實務及學術界之相當關注。 不可避免揭露原則係源自美國法上之司法實踐，本文首先介紹美國法上不可避免揭露原則的理論基礎，透過五個重要判決（Allis-Chalmers v. Continental案、PepsiCo v. Redmond案、Bimbo v. Botticella案、Whyte v. Schlage案和EarthWeb v. Schlack案）介紹不可避免揭露原則的發展，分析不可避免揭露原則的要素，包括兩間公司的競爭程度、營業秘密之認定、員工職務的近似程度、違反誠信的行為和與保密協議、競業禁止條款的關係，並且整理出四種不同的適用類型即完全適用、擴張適用、限縮適用和拒絕適用，繼而以之分析美國各州的適用情形。最後，回歸到我國台積電訴梁孟松案，分析該案是否適合導入或參考美國法之不可避免揭露原則之各項考量因素，並評析法院對於不可避免揭露原則的見解包括採納不可避免揭露原則的適用類型，輔以我國目前實務發展，探討不可避免揭露原則是否應該引入我國，包括是否違反我國法律規定、與美國法制的差異是否影響不可避免揭露原則的適用和價值衡平與政策考量。 / In recent years, hi-tech companies in Taiwan occasionally need to cope with crisis where their executives decide to join competitors’ firms. Along with the 2013 amendment in Trade Secrets Law, which crminizlized trade secrets infringemenet, the relationship between the trade secret protection and job mobility has drew wide attention from IP practitioers and academia. In the case of TSMC v. Liang, the Intellectual Property Court first applied the inevitable disclosure doctrine in an injunction relief. Since the inevitable disclosure doctrine originates from the judicial development of the United States (U.S) trade secret law, the thesis first introduces the basic idea of the inevitable disclosure doctrine in the U.S., and then through five representative cases, including Allis-Calmers v. Continental, PepsiCo v. Redmond, Bimbo v. Botticella, Whyte v. Schlage, and EarthWeb v. Schlack. It then investigates the overall development of the inevitable disclosure doctrine in the U.S.. Based on the case-law development, the thesis further analyzes the essential factors of the inevitable disclosure doctrine incluing the competition between rivals, indentification of trade secrets, job similarity, dishonest act and the relationship with non-disclosure agreement and covenant not to compete. It also catalgorizes four types of judicial application of the inevitable disclosure doctrine, including the original, extended, limited and rejected type. Furthermore, the thesis analyzes the type of application of the inevitable disclosure doctrine in each state in the U.S.. Last but not least, back to TSMC v. Liang, the thesis analyzes if the above-mentioned factors of the inevitable disclosure doctrine fit in the case, and reviews the court ruling about the inevitable disclosure doctrine. In conclusion, based on the current development of judicial practice, the thesis assesses the application of inevitable disclosure doctrine in Trade Secrets Law in Taiwan with the polict goal to balance various interests.