A presente dissertação trata da Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (SAN) entre os povos indí-genas sob a perspectiva do Direito Humano a Alimentação Adequada (DHAA) e da Soberania Alimentar (SA). Apresenta à experiência dos indígenas Asheninkas do Alto Rio Envira, nar-rada a partir deles mesmos, com o Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos (PAA) enquanto be-neficiários fornecedores, no Município de Feijó, Estado do Acre. O PAA invest igado é exe-cutado pelo governo do estado e a modalidade é a Compra com Doação Simultânea. Demons-tra-se, por meio do Estudo de Caso, que o PAA pode fortalecer a segurança alimentar e nutri-cional dessas sociedades diferenciadas com manutenção da sua autonomia cultural. Com isso, debate-se as questões sobre a prioridade legal conferida a estes segmentos e a valorização para a aquisição de produtos tradicionais, intrínsecos á cultura, alimentação e culinária indí-gena. A ressignificação e adequação do Programa localmente unida aos laços de reciprocidade e parentesco, típicos das comunidades indígenas, contribuem para o acesso e manutenção de famílias isoladas geograficamente no Programa. Argumenta-se ainda, que a participação indí-gena no PAA, uma vez seguido os princípios legislativos do Programa e o respeito à autode-terminação dos povos, fortalece o resgate e manutenção dos sistemas alimentares tradicionais dos povos indígenas em seus territórios e terras indígenas já conquistadas legalmente. Assim, o PAA constitui-se não apenas em uma politica geradora de renda, mas, reúne, principalmen-te, características opostas às politicas indigenistas praticadas no passado. / This dissertation discusses food security and nutrition between indigenous people under the consideration of The Human Right to Adequate Food and Food sovereignty perspectives. It presents the experience of the Asheninkas’ people from the high Envira River with the Food Acquisition Program (PAA) in Feijo municipality, from their narratives as suppliers-beneficiaries. The program studied is implemented by the state government in the modality of Buy with Simultaneous donation. It is demonstrated through this case study that the PAA can strengthen food security and nutrition of these diverse societies maintaining their cultural au-tonomy. By this means, questions about the legal priority given to these segments and the appreciation to the acquisition of traditional products, intrinsic to indigenous culture, food and cuisine, are raised and debated. The local reinterpretation and adaptation of the program com-bined with the reciprocity ties and parentage, typical of indigenous communities, contribute to the access and maintenance of geographically isolated families in the program. It is further argued that the indigenous participation on PAA, once its legislative principles and the respect for these people self-determination are observed, strengthens the recovery and maintenance of indigenous traditional food systems in indigenous territories and lands already occupied legal-ly. Therefore, the PAA is not just a income generation policy, but also, and specially, a policy with opposite characteristics from the old indigenous policies.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:30:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6760.pdf: 2504221 bytes, checksum: 45e64948f4a0d4d5a9beeab79feef1f1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-13 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Food with high sugar concentration exhibits relation with impulsive eating behavior and obesity. This research investigated the effect of different rates of reinforcement and compositions of food, traditional or light, on the choice responses pattern of four undergraduate students. Those foods have similar organoleptic characteristics and different sugar concentration. One study, whith three phases was did, in all of them, two stimuli representing the initial links of a chain-concurrent schedule were presented, simultaneously, to the participants in a computer screen. Choice response in the initial links was followed by the second link of the chain-concurrent schedule. In Phase 1, response in FR1 on the second link was followed by the delivering, in both alternatives, of juice samples with the same composition, flavor and magnitude, an inter-trial interval and another trial. In Phase 2, response in FR1 on the second link was followed by the delivering of samples of traditional juice composition on one terminal link of the chain-concurrent schedule or light juice composition on another terminal link of the chain-concurrent schedule, an inter-trial interval and another trial. In Phase 3, was added primarily contextual stimuli consistent with the structural arrangement indicating which composition would have the juice samples available for each alternative and later this contextual stimuli became inconsistent with the structural arrangement. The sessions presented varied in time. The maximum duration was 10 minutes and occurred, on average, three times a week. The results showed that human subjects have difficult to exhibit maximization in chain-concurrent schedule, have good sensitivity to the different reinforcement rates in chain-concurrent schedule and concentrations of sugar in samples of traditional and light juices composition. / Alimentos com alta concentração de açúcar apresentam relação com comportamento alimentar impulsivo e obesidade. Esta pesquisa investigou o efeito que diferentes taxas de reforçamento e composições de alimentos, tradicional ou light, exerciam no comportamento de escolhas de quatro universitários. Tais alimentos apresentavam características organolépticas similares e diferiam apenas quanto à concentração de açúcar. Um estudo, contendo três fases, foi realizado com dois estímulos representando os elos iniciais de esquemas de reforçamento concorrentes encadeados apresentados, simultaneamente, aos participantes na tela do computador. Respostas nos elos iniciais foram seguidas pelo segundo elo do esquema encadeado. Na Fase 1, respostas em FR1 no segundo elo foram seguidas pela apresentação, em ambas as alternativas, de amostras de sucos de mesma quantidade, mesmo sabor e mesma composição, um intervalo intertentativas e o início de uma nova tentativa. Na Fase 2, respostas em FR1 no segundo elo foram seguidas pela apresentação de amostras de sucos de mesma quantidade, mesmo sabor, porém de composição tradicional em um elo terminal e light no outro elo terminal, um intervalo intertentativas e o início de uma nova tentativa. Na Fase 3, foram adicionados, primeiramente, dois estímulos contextuais consistentes com o arranjo estrutural, indicando a composição das amostras de suco que seriam disponibilizadas em cada alternativa. Posteriormente, os estímulos contextuais se tornaram inconsistentes com o arranjo estrutural, indicando erroneamente a composição das amostras de suco que seriam disponibilizadas em cada alternativa. As sessões ocorreram em média três vezes na semana e apresentaram tempo variado, tendo 10 minutos de duração a mais longa. Os resultados mostram que humanos têm dificuldades de emitir padrão maximizado de escolhas em esquemas de reforçamento concorrentes encadeados, que apresentam alta sensibilidade em relação às diferentes taxas de reforço dos esquemas concorrentes e discriminam as concentrações de açúcar de amostras de sucos de composição tradicional e light.

A presente dissertação trata da Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (SAN) entre os povos indí-genas sob a perspectiva do Direito Humano a Alimentação Adequada (DHAA) e da Soberania Alimentar (SA). Apresenta à experiência dos indígenas Asheninkas do Alto Rio Envira, nar-rada a partir deles mesmos, com o Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos (PAA) enquanto be-neficiários fornecedores, no Município de Feijó, Estado do Acre. O PAA invest igado é exe-cutado pelo governo do estado e a modalidade é a Compra com Doação Simultânea. Demons-tra-se, por meio do Estudo de Caso, que o PAA pode fortalecer a segurança alimentar e nutri-cional dessas sociedades diferenciadas com manutenção da sua autonomia cultural. Com isso, debate-se as questões sobre a prioridade legal conferida a estes segmentos e a valorização para a aquisição de produtos tradicionais, intrínsecos á cultura, alimentação e culinária indí-gena. A ressignificação e adequação do Programa localmente unida aos laços de reciprocidade e parentesco, típicos das comunidades indígenas, contribuem para o acesso e manutenção de famílias isoladas geograficamente no Programa. Argumenta-se ainda, que a participação indí-gena no PAA, uma vez seguido os princípios legislativos do Programa e o respeito à autode-terminação dos povos, fortalece o resgate e manutenção dos sistemas alimentares tradicionais dos povos indígenas em seus territórios e terras indígenas já conquistadas legalmente. Assim, o PAA constitui-se não apenas em uma politica geradora de renda, mas, reúne, principalmen-te, características opostas às politicas indigenistas praticadas no passado. / This dissertation discusses food security and nutrition between indigenous people under the consideration of The Human Right to Adequate Food and Food sovereignty perspectives. It presents the experience of the Asheninkas’ people from the high Envira River with the Food Acquisition Program (PAA) in Feijo municipality, from their narratives as suppliers-beneficiaries. The program studied is implemented by the state government in the modality of Buy with Simultaneous donation. It is demonstrated through this case study that the PAA can strengthen food security and nutrition of these diverse societies maintaining their cultural au-tonomy. By this means, questions about the legal priority given to these segments and the appreciation to the acquisition of traditional products, intrinsic to indigenous culture, food and cuisine, are raised and debated. The local reinterpretation and adaptation of the program com-bined with the reciprocity ties and parentage, typical of indigenous communities, contribute to the access and maintenance of geographically isolated families in the program. It is further argued that the indigenous participation on PAA, once its legislative principles and the respect for these people self-determination are observed, strengthens the recovery and maintenance of indigenous traditional food systems in indigenous territories and lands already occupied legal-ly. Therefore, the PAA is not just a income generation policy, but also, and specially, a policy with opposite characteristics from the old indigenous policies.

The contamination of seafood with methylmercury (MeHg) is a global health issue, as MeHg is a well known neurotoxin. Since dietary nutrients may interact with MeHg toxicity, and oxidative stress is one of the primary mechanisms underlying MeHg neurotoxicity, we characterized dietary antioxidant-MeHg interactions. Firstly, we used an ethnobotanical study to confirm the antioxidant activity of Northern Labrador Tea, Rhododendron tomentosum ssp. subarcticum (Tea), for the Canadian Inuit, a population with elevated MeHg exposure. Secondly, we determined the ability of Tea to ameliorate MeHg-induced toxicity in a rat perinatal exposure study. MeHg exposure (2 mg/KgBW/d) was associated with perturbed development and behaviour, elevated brain N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, and serum lipid peroxidation. Surprisingly, Tea co-exposure (100 mg/KgBW/d) modulated MeHg’s effects on brain NMDA-R levels and lipid peroxidation, but also increased mercury serum concentrations. Thirdly, using a toxicogenomics approach we determined that MeHg exposure caused the down-regulation of Nr4a2 and its protein product Nurr1. These novel MeHg targets are implicated in developmental learning functions and were corrected with MeHg + Tea co-exposure. Lastly, we conducted a risk assessment survey and cross-sectional dietary epidemiology study in Costa Rica to further investigate dietary nutrient-MeHg interactions. Costa Rica is a Central American country with multiple sources of Hg and a high per capital fish consumption. Here, 5 of the 14 populations we studied exceeded the recommended MeHg provisional tolerable daily intake (pTDI) of 0.2 µg/KgBW/d. In Heredia the pTDI was exceeded by 34% of woman participants, primarily associated with canned tuna consumption. Interestingly, we detected that Hg body burden was significantly reduced by the consumption of antioxidant-rich dietary items. Considering our collective results, we hypothesized that MeHg toxicokinetics may be altered by dietary nutrients at the site of intestinal absorption from the disruption of gut flora, or at the site of cellular demethylation in tissues from the improvement of cellular redox state. The interaction of dietary nutrients on MeHg outcomes has a large impact on risk assessment and may provide a public health approach for managing the risk associated with MeHg exposure without reducing local fish consumption.

This thesis explores if and how an alternative certification system for agricultural products, the Participatory Guarantee System (PGS), could support small-scale farmers to preserve and promote biocultural and food heritage, linked to the landscape they inhabit, their identity as farmers and traditional knowledge. The PGS has been identified by Slow Food as an efficient low-cost and local 'bottom-up' quality assurance system, in order to develop their Presidia project and to re-embed agricultural productions within their traditional socio-ecological contexts. Small-holder farmers all over the world encounter problems in accessing conventional certification systems because of their complexity and strict quality compliance standards, which tend to marginalize this category of producers. I have critically analyzed the extent to which actors and stakeholders agree with the PGS core principles and if, and how, a well-formulated PGS certification can be regarded as a democratic process which fulfils its broader goals. In order to re-structure society from an agri-food perspective, towards a more democratic governance, the core problem lays in how standards and certifications are formed, assessed and applied. The crux of this study is to examine the degree to which a different type of governance, such as the PGS, can induce democratic and participatory methods of food certification. I have conducted semi-structured interviews with various local actors who belong to the social field of alternative food productions underneath the umbrella of Slow Food. Here I investigate the social dimension, the debate and comprehension of the PGS, and the concept of Governmentality by Foucault, as applied to Presidia. In the thesis I show that the PGS provide social benefits to local communities that undergo this certification process. The PGS is able to contribute to the creation of solidarity among actors within the food system, designing a transparent certification system against the logic of commodification.

The human diet of the local population in the province Uíge, Angola mainly consists of carbohydrate rich plants originating from America or Asia. Acidic soils lead to various deficiency syndromes and low livestock yield. The aim of this study is to evaluate the nutritional potential of 14 native plants from Africa (Aframomum alboviolaceum, Aframomum angustifolium, Aframomum giganteum, Antidesma venosum, Clitandra cymulosa, Landolphia buchananii, Landolphia lanceolata, Landolphia owariensis, Oncoba welwitschii, Parinari capensis, Piper umbellatum, Pseudospondias microcarpa, Tristemma mauritianum, Vitex madiensis subsp. madiensis). The amino acid composition, beta-carotene, vitamin B1, B2, C and E content was determined for the respective edible plant part. Fruits of P. capensis were found to be rich in beta-carotene. The pulp of O. welwitschii shows a high nutritional value (high in vitamin B1, B2, C, E and in indispensable amino acids). Leaves of P. umbellatum are determined as convenient substitutes for the human nutrition containing beta-carotene, vitamin B1, B2, C and E. The integration and cultivation of studied plants indicate positive health effects, supplying different amounts of frequently lacking vitamins and beneficial ratios of indispensable amino acids. Studies examining dependencies between site location, ripeness, storage or transportation are urgently needed as they directly influence the micronutrient content.

La nourriture traditionnelle compose une part essentielle de la culture Inuit. Néanmoins, la contamination de cette nourriture par les organochlorés et les métaux lourds fait l’objet d’une attention toute particulière, car elle excède dans certains cas les recommandations canadiennes. Le but de ce travail est, d’une part de mettre à jour les estimés d’exposition au chlordane, au BPC, au toxaphène et au mercure, et d’autre part d’en explorer certaines sources de variation. Pour ce faire, de nouvelles données sur la concentration de ces contaminants parmi les plus importants aliments traditionnels ont été combinées aux relevés alimentaires assemblés dans l’Arctique canadien en 1998 et 1999, la quantité et le type de nourriture traditionnelle consommés étant supposés ne pas avoir changé. D’après l’ensemble des nouveaux estimés obtenus, les changements dans la banque de données sur les contaminants affectent plus les extrémités des distributions que les mesures de tendance centrale. Les estimés d’apports en organochlorés peuvent être considérés comme toujours actuels étant donné que les cinq types d’aliments pour lesquels il y a des nouvelles données disponibles représentent la majorité de l’exposition totale. En ce qui concerne le mercure, toutefois, des données additionnelles sont nécessaires à propos du caribou, du narval, du muktuk du béluga et de la truite de lac pour générer des niveaux d’exposition plus exacts. Les sources de variations de ces estimés d’exposition ont été explorées en évaluant les coefficients de variation propres aux apports alimentaires et ceux propres aux concentrations de contaminants dans les aliments traditionnels. Il s’avère que la variation attribuable aux méthodes de collecte de données alimentaires est plus élevée que celle attribuable à la mesure des contaminants dans les banques de données. De nouvelles méthodes pour mesurer les niveaux de consommation d’aliments traditionnels devraient être développées. / Traditional food is a part of Inuit culture. Nevertheless, contamination of this food by organochlorines and heavy metals is the subject of constant attention since it’s exceeding Canadians guidelines in some cases. The purpose of this work is to do an update of the exposure estimates for chlordane, PCB, toxaphene and mercury and to explore sources of variation. To do so, new data on concentration of contaminants in traditional food have been combined to dietary recalls collected in the Canadian arctic in 1998 and 1999 assuming that the quantity and the type of traditional food consumed didn’t change. According to the new estimates, changes in the contaminant database affected more the extremes of the distributions rather than the measures of central tendency. The estimates of organochlorines intakes can be considered updated since the five types of food for which data are available represent the majority of total exposure. For mercury, additional data are necessary for caribou, narwhal, beluga muktuk and lake trout to generate more exact estimates of exposure. The sources of variation of the exposure estimates have been explored by evaluating the coefficients of variation related to the measure of the dietary intake and those related to the contaminant concentrations in traditional food. The variation attributable to the methods of collecting food intake data is higher than the variability attributable to the contaminant database. New methods to measure the levels of traditional food consumption should be developed.

La nourriture traditionnelle compose une part essentielle de la culture Inuit. Néanmoins, la contamination de cette nourriture par les organochlorés et les métaux lourds fait l’objet d’une attention toute particulière, car elle excède dans certains cas les recommandations canadiennes. Le but de ce travail est, d’une part de mettre à jour les estimés d’exposition au chlordane, au BPC, au toxaphène et au mercure, et d’autre part d’en explorer certaines sources de variation. Pour ce faire, de nouvelles données sur la concentration de ces contaminants parmi les plus importants aliments traditionnels ont été combinées aux relevés alimentaires assemblés dans l’Arctique canadien en 1998 et 1999, la quantité et le type de nourriture traditionnelle consommés étant supposés ne pas avoir changé. D’après l’ensemble des nouveaux estimés obtenus, les changements dans la banque de données sur les contaminants affectent plus les extrémités des distributions que les mesures de tendance centrale. Les estimés d’apports en organochlorés peuvent être considérés comme toujours actuels étant donné que les cinq types d’aliments pour lesquels il y a des nouvelles données disponibles représentent la majorité de l’exposition totale. En ce qui concerne le mercure, toutefois, des données additionnelles sont nécessaires à propos du caribou, du narval, du muktuk du béluga et de la truite de lac pour générer des niveaux d’exposition plus exacts. Les sources de variations de ces estimés d’exposition ont été explorées en évaluant les coefficients de variation propres aux apports alimentaires et ceux propres aux concentrations de contaminants dans les aliments traditionnels. Il s’avère que la variation attribuable aux méthodes de collecte de données alimentaires est plus élevée que celle attribuable à la mesure des contaminants dans les banques de données. De nouvelles méthodes pour mesurer les niveaux de consommation d’aliments traditionnels devraient être développées. / Traditional food is a part of Inuit culture. Nevertheless, contamination of this food by organochlorines and heavy metals is the subject of constant attention since it’s exceeding Canadians guidelines in some cases. The purpose of this work is to do an update of the exposure estimates for chlordane, PCB, toxaphene and mercury and to explore sources of variation. To do so, new data on concentration of contaminants in traditional food have been combined to dietary recalls collected in the Canadian arctic in 1998 and 1999 assuming that the quantity and the type of traditional food consumed didn’t change. According to the new estimates, changes in the contaminant database affected more the extremes of the distributions rather than the measures of central tendency. The estimates of organochlorines intakes can be considered updated since the five types of food for which data are available represent the majority of total exposure. For mercury, additional data are necessary for caribou, narwhal, beluga muktuk and lake trout to generate more exact estimates of exposure. The sources of variation of the exposure estimates have been explored by evaluating the coefficients of variation related to the measure of the dietary intake and those related to the contaminant concentrations in traditional food. The variation attributable to the methods of collecting food intake data is higher than the variability attributable to the contaminant database. New methods to measure the levels of traditional food consumption should be developed.

Cette étude a pour but de vérifier l’association entre l’insécurité alimentaire et les apports nutritionnels des Premières Nations vivant sur les réserves de la Colombie-Britannique, ainsi que la présence d’interactions de la nourriture traditionnelle dans la relation entre l’insécurité alimentaire et les apports nutritionnels. Un rappel de 24h et le questionnaire sur l’insécurité alimentaire du HFSSM adapté par Santé Canada provenant de la First Nations Food, Nutrition and Environment Study (FNFNES) ont servi pour les analyses statistiques chez 493 femmes et 356 hommes dans 21 communautés de Premières Nations de la Colombie-Britannique. Aucune association entre l’insécurité alimentaire et les apports nutritionnels totaux n’a été observée dans notre échantillon. Par contre, la nourriture traditionnelle interagissait dans la relation entre l’insécurité alimentaire et les apports nutritionnels pour plusieurs nutriments chez les hommes et chez les femmes. Chez les femmes, la qualité nutritionnelle pourrait jouer un rôle important dans la relation entre l’insécurité alimentaire et les apports nutritionnels. Chez les hommes, des différences dans les comportements alimentaires pourraient être associées au manque de nourriture traditionnelle chez ceux ayant manifesté une insécurité alimentaire grave. Enfin, les interactions de la nourriture traditionnelle dans la relation entre l’insécurité alimentaire et les apports nutritionnels laissent croire que les hommes et les femmes souffrant peu ou pas d’insécurité alimentaire ajoutent ce type d’alimentation à leurs apports quotidiens. À l’inverse, ceux et celles qui souffrent d’insécurité alimentaire grave utiliseraient la nourriture traditionnelle pour remplacer la nourriture commerciale. / The aim of this study was to verify the association between food insecurity and dietary intake of First Nations living on reservations in British-Columbia and to assess interactions of traditional food in the relationship between food insecurity and dietary intake. We analyzed data for 493 women and 356 men in 21 First Nations communities in British-Columbia using a 24h-food recall and the Health Canada adapted version of the HFSSM Food security questionnaire from the First Nations Food, Nutrition and Environment Study (FNFNES). We did not find any association between food security and total dietary intake for women and for men. However, traditional food was found to be interacting in the relationship between food security and total dietary intake for many nutrients for men and women. For First Nations women, diet quality could have a major impact in the relationship between food insecurity and dietary intakes. For men, differences in dietary behaviours could have been associated to a lack of traditional food in the worse cases of food insecurity. Moreover, interactions of traditional food in the relationship between food security and total dietary intake leave us to believe that men and women, from moderate food-insecure and food-secure households, add this kind of food to their daily intake whereas men and women from serious food-insecure households seem to replace commercial foods with traditional foods.

Cette étude a pour but de vérifier l’association entre l’insécurité alimentaire et les apports nutritionnels des Premières Nations vivant sur les réserves de la Colombie-Britannique, ainsi que la présence d’interactions de la nourriture traditionnelle dans la relation entre l’insécurité alimentaire et les apports nutritionnels. Un rappel de 24h et le questionnaire sur l’insécurité alimentaire du HFSSM adapté par Santé Canada provenant de la First Nations Food, Nutrition and Environment Study (FNFNES) ont servi pour les analyses statistiques chez 493 femmes et 356 hommes dans 21 communautés de Premières Nations de la Colombie-Britannique. Aucune association entre l’insécurité alimentaire et les apports nutritionnels totaux n’a été observée dans notre échantillon. Par contre, la nourriture traditionnelle interagissait dans la relation entre l’insécurité alimentaire et les apports nutritionnels pour plusieurs nutriments chez les hommes et chez les femmes. Chez les femmes, la qualité nutritionnelle pourrait jouer un rôle important dans la relation entre l’insécurité alimentaire et les apports nutritionnels. Chez les hommes, des différences dans les comportements alimentaires pourraient être associées au manque de nourriture traditionnelle chez ceux ayant manifesté une insécurité alimentaire grave. Enfin, les interactions de la nourriture traditionnelle dans la relation entre l’insécurité alimentaire et les apports nutritionnels laissent croire que les hommes et les femmes souffrant peu ou pas d’insécurité alimentaire ajoutent ce type d’alimentation à leurs apports quotidiens. À l’inverse, ceux et celles qui souffrent d’insécurité alimentaire grave utiliseraient la nourriture traditionnelle pour remplacer la nourriture commerciale. / The aim of this study was to verify the association between food insecurity and dietary intake of First Nations living on reservations in British-Columbia and to assess interactions of traditional food in the relationship between food insecurity and dietary intake. We analyzed data for 493 women and 356 men in 21 First Nations communities in British-Columbia using a 24h-food recall and the Health Canada adapted version of the HFSSM Food security questionnaire from the First Nations Food, Nutrition and Environment Study (FNFNES). We did not find any association between food security and total dietary intake for women and for men. However, traditional food was found to be interacting in the relationship between food security and total dietary intake for many nutrients for men and women. For First Nations women, diet quality could have a major impact in the relationship between food insecurity and dietary intakes. For men, differences in dietary behaviours could have been associated to a lack of traditional food in the worse cases of food insecurity. Moreover, interactions of traditional food in the relationship between food security and total dietary intake leave us to believe that men and women, from moderate food-insecure and food-secure households, add this kind of food to their daily intake whereas men and women from serious food-insecure households seem to replace commercial foods with traditional foods.