This thesis is an autoethnography based on a two week Trans-Siberian railway journey from Moscow to Vladivostok in October 2011. It explores the role of memory in our spatial surroundings, the effect remembering has on the way we move through and interpret the present and ourselves. In the chapters about community, rhythms, memory/imagination, and landscape the journey becomes a backbone for the personal narratives and the stories of others, which intertwining unveil the complex relationship between the self and the world, the present and the absent, and the imagined. Thesis explores the inevitable mobility of the mind, which sees us losing the ability to stay fastened to physical spaces, images and our own being, and opening the possibility to travel in time, space and memory. The physical landscape, landscape of Siberia gradually becomes almost invisible, disappears and re-emerges as a series of personal images and stories, feelings and dreams, suggesting that even moving through the vastest landscapes in the world we are always travelling inward, towards an understanding of ourselves and the world around us.

A Biomecânica Ocupacional procura aprimorar as condições de trabalho objetivando prevenir e reduzir as lesões, aumentar o desempenho dos operários reduzindo sobrecargas. Pesquisas nesta área indicam que não apenas a manipulação de materiais pesados, mas também posturas pouco naturais e movimentos súbitos e inesperados provocam lesões no sistema osteomuscular que afetam principalmente o pescoço, membros superiores e região lombar. Alguns profissionais apresentam alto risco ao aparecimento desses distúrbios envolvendo principalmente os membros superiores e região lombar, particularmente os digitadores, operadores de caixa de supermercados, dentistas, motoristas profissionais e operadores de trens metropolitanos. Este estudo teve como objetivo estimar a carga mecânica e a atividade muscular no membro superior esquerdo de maquinistas condutores de trens metropolitanos durante o trabalho. Especificamente, o estudo procurou estimar a carga mecânica sobre a articulação do ombro, avaliar a atividade muscular dos músculos tríceps e flexores do punho e verificar a ocorrência de fadiga muscular durante a realização da tarefa, para isto foram investigados o fator de risco relacionado a enfermidades dos membros superiores, o torque sobre a articulação do ombro e a freqüência mediana do sinal eletromiográfico. O método RULA indicou para atividade estudada um escore final quatro, que sugere mais investigações e mudanças podem ser requeridas, pois a postura adotada gera desconforto. O torque calculado sobre a articulação do ombro é aplicado por cerca da metade da jornada de trabalho e apresentou valor médio de -4,1 Nm com o manete na posição 0. A instauração de fadiga sobre os músculos Tríceps Braquial e flexores do punho não foi observada. Estudos futuros são recomendados para desenvolvimento de cabinas de trens metropolitanos com layout ergonômico e posicionamento de instrumentos que possibilite uma postura mais adequada dos operadores / Occupational biomechanics seeks to improve the conditions of work aiming to prevent and to reduce the injuries, to increase the performance of workers reducing overloads. Previous researches in this area indicate that not only handling the of heavy material, inadequate postures and unexpected and sudden movements provoke injuries in the musculoskeletal system that affect mainly the neck, upper limbs and the lumbar region. Some workers present high risk to the develop those disturbances involving mainly the upper limbs and the lumbar region, particularly the keyboarders, supermarket cashiers, dentists, professional drivers and operators metropolitan train. This study aimed to estimate the mechanical load and the muscular activity in the left upper limb of metropolitan train drivers during the work. Specifically, the study sought to estimate the mechanical load on the joint of the shoulder, evaluate the muscular activity of the muscles triceps and flexors of the wrist and verify the occurrence of muscular fatigue during the achievement of the task. For this purpose, it were investigated the risk factor related to the diseases of the upper limbs, the torque on the joint of the shoulder and the median frequency of the electromyographic signal. The method RULA indicated for activity a score final four, which suggests more investigations and changes may be required because the usual posture adopted generates discomfort. The calculated torque on the joint of the shoulder is applied by about half of the day at work and showed the average value of -4.1 Nm with the handle in position 0. The instauration of fatigue on the muscles Tríceps brachial the wrist flexor was not observed. Thus, future studies are recommended to the development of the metropolitan trains\' berths with ergonomic layout and positioning of instruments that enables an adequate posture of its users

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2017-05-25T14:57:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Clarice Eckert Zignani_pdf.pdf: 34154657 bytes, checksum: aad33bb169c92e697148f4ea44ff6ba7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-25T14:57:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Clarice Eckert Zignani_pdf.pdf: 34154657 bytes, checksum: aad33bb169c92e697148f4ea44ff6ba7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-01-12 / UNISINOS - Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos / No contexto urbano da cidade de Novo Hamburgo, surgiram, a partir da obra para implementação da linha férrea em 2014, diversos vazios urbanos ao longo do percurso do trem. Possivelmente devido ao contexto de construção em malha urbana consolidada, espaços que outrora foram funcionais passaram a não ter uso. A população não criou vínculos nem ocupou a área residual formada embaixo dos trilhos. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi o de buscar alternativas para reincorporar estas áreas na cidade e no cotidiano de seus habitantes. O trabalho iniciou com o referencial teórico acerca de conceitos necessários para a compreensão do tema de trabalho, sendo eles: vazios urbanos, cidades criativas, espaço público, mobilidade urbana, direito à cidade e lugar e não lugar. Na sequência, buscaram-se referências de transformações urbanas ocorridas, que pudessem ilustrar as possibilidades de mudança para o município hamburguense. Na continuidade, foi realizada uma pesquisa de campo, através da aplicação de um questionário com o intuito de identificar a percepção da população sobre o uso do espaço. A compilação de todas essas informações resultou em um projeto urbano para a área central da cidade, mais precisamente no entorno da Estação Novo Hamburgo. O princípio norteador deste projeto foi regido pela temática das cidades criativas, por entender-se que esse contexto é adequado à transformação urbana almejada. O resultado deste trabalho é, portanto, uma proposta projetual, passível de mudanças futuras e de continuidade ao longo de toda a extensão da linha férrea. / In the urban context of the city of Novo Hamburgo, Brazil, several vacant spaces emerged as a result of the implementation of an elevated railway track in 2014. Possibly due to its construction in a densely built-up area, spaces that were once functional to the city became useless. The residents did not create ties to this area, nor did they effectively occupy the area under the tracks. Our aim in this thesis is thus to seek alternatives to reintegrate such areas to the city and to the everyday life of its residents. Our thesis begins with a review of the concepts employed to grasp our object of study, including vacant spaces, creative cities, public space, urban mobility, right to the city, place/non place. After that, we reviewed urban interventions in other cities that could inspire an intervention in Novo Hamburgo. Following that, we carried out fieldwork that consisted in a questionnaire with the aim of identifying the residents’ perceptions on the use of space. After compiling all this information, we propose a project for the central area of the city, more precisely the area surrounding the city’s main train station. The guiding principle of this project is the idea of creative cities, which we believe frame the context of the urban transformations we are seeking. The result of our work is thus a proposal for intervention, open to future adjustments and to an extension to the rest of the rail track.

This thesis covers primarily the detection of operating emission of an old Škoda Felicia car and the emission produced during the manufacturing of a new Toyota Prius, as the selected representative of an ecological car. The thesis also touches on hybrid technology in itself, the question of the greenness of hybrid cars, sphere of emission, but also related problems so called "scrapping" and its influence on environment and also current situation in automobile industry. The target of this study is calculation of operation time of an old Škoda Felicia during which the CO2 emission will reach the same amount of emission produced during manufacturing of a Toyota Prius. The objective is to point out incompetent and therefore not always serious comparison of cars greenness when only the operating CO2 is being compared. Other energy consumption and therefore also the greenhouse gases production is related with the car manufacturing, raw material extraction, petroleum processing and other economic sectors affected by production. Emission laboratory measurement executed by TÜV SÜD Czech discovered that the old Škoda produces 260m/km CO2 during its real running time. For the emission calculation was used an American model EIO-LCA created by Green Design Institute at Carnegie Mellon University that records ecological influence of car production, in stated amount, on all economy sectors. The outputs are quoted in CO2 equivalent. According to this model during manufacturing of 1 hybrid car 13.5 t of CO2e (equivalent CO2). is produced. Recalculation found out that the old Škoda Felicia could run for more than 5 years in order to produce as much emission as the manufacturing of new Toyota Prius third generation.

Com o crescimento da população, os países, estados e cidades identificam a necessidade de realizar investimentos em infraestrutura, transporte e outros. A proposta do presente trabalho é apresentar uma ferramenta, utilizada para atender a demanda de um edital de licitação, expondo à Companhia de Trens Metropolitanos de São Paulo, um exemplo da parte de um edital internacional para aquisição de um meio de transporte rápido e eficiente. Para tal finalidade, são analisadas e filtradas as informações contidas no edital para realizar a simulação de marcha de uma composição ferroviária, através de um software específico. Por fim, na forma gráfica ilustram-se os cálculos cinemáticos e elétricos do comportamento que o sistema de potência irá desempenhar, mostrando que atende aos requisitos do edital de licitação. / With growing of population, countries, states and cities have identified the necessity to perform investiments in infrastructure, transportation, among others. The purpose of this dissertation is to present a tool, used to meet the request of a bidding document, presenting to Metropolitan Train Company of São Paulo one example of part of an international bidding to an acquisition of a rapid and efficient transportation. For this purpose, information of bidding document are analised and filtered to make a running simulation of a train composition throught a specific software. Finally, one application of this method is presented in a graphical form containing kinematic and electrical calculations of the behavior that power system will perform, showing that system meets the requiriments of bidding document.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:21:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Yara Cristina Labronici Baiardi.pdf: 8064364 bytes, checksum: 8664042ccd92c47a4df694b52870dae4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-01-29 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / Understanding urban mobility in large cities requires an analysis that goes beyond the vision of traffic engineering and vehicle traffic on the streets. And, facing the rise of the challenges of mobility, the issue has been widely debated in society. In this sense, from the case study of Santo Amaro Train station of Line 9 (located alongside the Pinheiros River) of Companhia Paulista de Trens Metropolitanos - CPTM, we seek understand the microaccessibility of this station combined with the different modes of transport. We start from the hypothesis that despite the recent modernization of the railway equipment, as well as the tariff integration between bus, subway and train, the microaccessibility at train stations is still ineffective, regardless of the mode by which the users access the station, thereby reducing the potential for attraction of the stations (representing a node on the metropolitan network), as well as the inefficiency of legibility in intermodality in public space. The methodological approach proposed in the study is exploratory, with qualitative approaches, based on a case study. So, was made a field survey whose results were summarized in a analitycal matrix for further indication of possible improvements about the different roles that the citizen plays during his around the city - sometimes pedestrian, sometimes cyclist, sometimes user of system public, sometimes even driver. This study aims to contribute to the discussion of improving microaccessibility around the public reference facilities in urban mobility, so that may come to occur effective linkage between transportation systems and urban territory, thereby expanding the quality of law comings and goings of citizens. / Entender a mobilidade urbana sustentável em grandes cidades requer uma análise que vá além da visão da engenharia de tráfego e da circulação de veículos nas vias. E, frente ao aumento dos desafios da mobilidade, o tema vem sendo amplamente debatido na sociedade. Nesse sentido, a partir do estudo de caso da Estação de trem Santo Amaro da Linha 9 (localizada paralelamente ao Rio Pinheiros) da Companhia Paulista de Trens Metropolitanos CPTM, procura-se compreender a microacessibilidade dessa estação articulada com os diferentes modos de transporte. Parte-se da premissa de que apesar da modernização recente dos equipamentos das linhas de trem, assim como da integração tarifária entre ônibus, metrô e trem, a microacessibilidade às estações de trem é ainda ineficaz, independentemente do modo pelo qual o usuário acessa a estação; reduzindo, portanto, o potencial de atração das estações (que representam um nó diante da rede metropolitana) e da legibilidade na intermodalidade no espaço público. O percurso metodológico proposto no trabalho tem caráter exploratório, com abordagens qualitativas, baseadas em estudo de caso. Assim, foi realizado um levantamento de campo cujos resultados foram sintetizados numa matriz analítica para posterior indicação de possíveis melhorias quanto aos diferentes papéis que o cidadão desempenha durante o seu locomover pela cidade ora pedestre, ora ciclista, ora usuário do sistema público, ora ainda motorista. Este estudo busca então contribuir para a discussão da melhoria da microacessibilidade do entorno de equipamentos públicos de referência na mobilidade urbana, a fim de que possa vir a ocorrer a articulação eficaz entre os sistemas de transporte e o território urbano, ampliando assim a qualidade do direito de ir e vir dos cidadãos.

Software testing is widely considered to be one of the most important parts of software development life-cycle. In this research, we investigated potential improvements in the testing process and design of automated test scripts inside Bombardier Transportation. For the creation of automated test scripts BT is using a group of programs called TAF (Test Automation Framework). These scripts are used for testing Train Control Management System (TCMS), software that is used for managing the train. TAF can export its test scripts in XML format. XML scripts are analyzed in order to identify the most frequent changes. To better understand the life cycle of automated Test scripts official documentation that defines the Verification and Validation process inside BT was analyzed. Also, an interview was conducted with one of the responsible persons for testing. We believe that we have found a possible solution for improving testing process and creation of automated test scripts in BT, and to evaluate it proof of concept tool was developed. The main idea behind the tool is to write the test script using keywords which are based on analysis that was conducted on test specification documentation. These keywords represent frequent actions that are being tested on the train. By storing those actions in keywords re-usability of test script is being increased. Also, because they are based on naturally language, they are having positive effect on readability and maintenance of the test script.

筆者有感於人力資源發展之重要性，以及訓練乃為現代企業組織人力資源之重要途徑之一，故為達以下諸目的而導引本項研究： 一、探討訓練相關名詞意義及其內容。 二、探討訓練相關概念、理論及模式。 三、探討訓練評估之理論模式。 四、訓練評估之實證調查與分析─探討中華電信國際分公司辦理員工訓練 之成效。 五、展望未來─透過訓練成效評估，發展人力資源之建議與結論。 我國電信三法通過後，百年老店的電信事業於民國八十五年七月一日起改為國營公司型態，其面臨產業間其他電信公司的競爭，角色由百年老店之獨佔者，蛻變為自由開放市場之競爭者，其所屬員工如何運用訓練途徑，培養第二專長訓練，以及如何藉由訓練途徑發展人力、發展組織，使能因應組織變遷，讓人力資源獲最佳之效用，乃是本文實證分析之重點。 為深入了解人力發展、訓練途徑以及訓練成效、訓練移轉現況，筆者採取實證調查方式，編製問卷於民國八十八年四月十六日至四月廿六日對中華電信國際分公司員工進行抽樣調查，樣本為450份，問卷回收336份，回收率為75%，並將調查所得資料進行統計分析及彙整，期了解訓練成效，並提出改進建議。 本研究特針對中華電信國際分公司所開辦之訓練課程，包括：1.資訊電腦類2.外國語文類3.通信技術類4.企業管理類，於課程結束後對受訓學員施予問卷調查之評估。經研究調查後，有以下主要發現： 一、在各種不同課程之整體滿意度方面 以通信技術類整體滿意度最高；其次為外國語文類；值得重視的 是，資訊電腦類，因為電腦設備不足，其成效打折扣。此外，將整體 滿意度與性別做交叉分析、卡方檢定，發現男性受訓者對訓練整體滿 意度較高。 二、在整體不滿意度訓練原因方面 本研究問卷針對訓練成效反應不滿意、沒意見者，開放複選題方 式填答，每人最多可勾選三項原因，統計分析如下：認為名額太少或 班次太少所佔比率最高；其次為工作忙無法全程參與；最後為未能配 合現在工作需要。此外，不滿意之其他原因，依受訪者自己填答者， 分別有：開課資訊未能普遍知會各單位、公司限制人數、次數，每班 上課學員太多，上課期間無人代理業務，時間過短，師資不夠專業、 缺專用訓練教室及訓練設備（電腦）等原因，頗值得決策當局重視與 改善。 三、在訓練需求分析方面 1.就未來訓練課程規劃方面，員工期待未來訓練課程須能配合公司未 來發展需要，員工個人現在工作技能之加強及員工個人未來工作轉 換之需要等均佔極高之百分比，其中尤以配合未來發展需要最高。 另外，由員工自行填答者，有加強對全體員工熟悉公司各項業務， 應對全體員工全面施行第二專長訓練而非特定對象（少數單位或少 數員工）等，足供該公司未來訓練方案規劃時之參考。 2.未來極需培訓訓練課程種類方面，員工期待未來亟需培訓訓練課程 種類，四種需求性均分佈相當，顯示國際分公司面臨組織變遷趨 勢，員工對於各種訓練課程之需求甚殷，其中以外國語文類領先， 其次為企業管理類、與資訊電腦類並列第二，再是通信技術類。 3.就極須培訓之外國語文課程方面，依次為英語、日語。 4.就極須培訓之通信技術課程方面，依次為數據通信、衛星通信、光 纖通信、線路交換。 5.就極須培訓之企業管理課程方面，依次為行銷能力、客戶服務、市 場調查分析與管理才能、商品廣告與企業形象、會議與談判技巧。 6.就極須培訓之資訊電腦類課程方面，依次為INTERNET 、電腦概 論、MS-WORD、 MS-EXCEL、MS-ACCESS、MS-POWERPOINT。 以上調查顯示受訪者對於未來訓練之需求性甚高，各類課程之需求分 析足供管理當局作為未來訓練方案規劃之參考。 四、在受訓者學習行為層次方面 就受訓者學習行為層次方面，整體課程中受訓者對於所學習知識、技能暨改進工作態度、可將所學應用在工作行為方面，均表示極高的同意。其中以外國語文類課程所獲的同意度最高。 本研究的主要建議如下： 一、整體訓練方面 整體訓練滿意度顯示極高滿意度，惟仍有少數受訪者認為有下列因素 待改進： 1、建議籌設專用訓練教室 2、建議改善訓練設施，增添訓練器具，如電腦、投射器………等。 3、配合受訓者之需求，適度增加訓練時數。 4、建議對授課講師，提供專業性授課技巧之學習訓練。 5、建議派訓單位之主管應切實執行業務代理制度，使每位員工均能安 心、專心地學習。 6、建議每班上課人數仍應適當外，對於眾多訓練需求者，宜妥善衡酌參 訓候選人在工作上應用之急迫性，再依公平分配原則，使每位均有接 受訓練機會。倘若名額仍不足因應訓練需求，應考慮增加開班。 7、建議國際分公司人事室應將擬辦訓練課程，均公告於該分公司之企業 網站。 8、建議儘量依受訓學員之基本學識與技能編班，俾利講師授課。 二、整體訓練滿意度與性別有顯著性差異，表示不同性別對於整體訓練滿 意度有顯著性差異，男性對於整體訓練滿意度較高。建議訓練主辦單 位，研究提高女性對訓練滿意度的作法。 三、建議學員受訓後，各單位及主管應提供員工受訓後，將所學之知識、 技能應用在工作崗位之機會。 四、建議訓練課程應兼顧理論與實務之結合。 五、建議重視訓練評估，並配置專業的訓練規劃人才，主辦訓練相關業 務。 六、建議選派參訓學員時，應依業務實際性、急迫性需求選派，避免重複 上課者，使訓練資源能有效運用。 七、建議建立系統化訓練評估制度，針對不同受訓對象、課程標準、課程 內容、課程性質等，擬定適當的評估標準。 八、訓練過程除可發展人才外，更可發掘人才，因此本研究建議應將訓練 與考核、升遷制度密切配合。 九、建議主管人員之培訓，可採用經歷與訓練結合方式，俾利長期性人才 之培育。 十、在企業面臨變革趨勢下，建議管理決策當局應普遍調查訓練需求，透 過系統性完整規劃，切合組織面、員工面、工作面之需求，在兼顧發 展企業、成長員工、強化工作技巧之前提下，開發並有效運用人力資 源。 / Considering the importance of human resource development and the training is always one solution for human resource in the modern organization. The author makes such research with the following content: 1.Studying the meaning & context in the training field. 2.Realizing the concept, theory & model in the training field. 3.Studying the evaluation model for training field. 4.An example investigation and analysis for the training evaluation.----The result of trainee in the company CHTI (Chungwa Telecom International Co., Ltd. ). 5.View in the future ----- The conclusion and suggestion for the human resource development. The thesis is specified in the training classes of CHTI including the following courses: 1.Information & computer 2.Foreign language 3.Communication technology 4.Business administration After the investigation and analysis, we could find the following characteristics. 1.The Satisfaction in different courses It's most satisfied in the communication technology course. The second place is the foreign language course. The rare of computer facility cause the unsatisfaction in the information & computer training course. Besides, we found the male trainee were more satisfied than female. 2.The reason of unsatisfaction in the training course. This research found that most people were unsatisfied in the attendance number limitation or the training class was fewer. Besides, some employee was too busy to attend the training course. 3.Analysis in the training requirement: a.Training program: Most people wish the training course could fit the requirement of the development of company. They also wish the training course could refine their skill. b.Training course: The employee required all four kinds training courses. There is no outstanding one. c.The training of foreign language: The most popular foreign language in the training courses is English, the Japanese is second place. d.The training of communication technique: The most popular communication technique in the training courses is digital communication. e.The training of business administration: The most popular business administration in the training course is sales capability. f.The training of information & computer: The most popular information & computer in the training course is INTERNET. 4.The learning behavior of trainee. Most trainees agree that it is more helpful in their work to apply the knowledge or technique learned from the training course, especially in the foreign language course. The suggestion of this research: 1.In the generic training field: a.A dedicated training class room b.Training tools and facility such as computer and projector. c.Increase the training period to fit the requirement of trainee. d.Support the instructor with the training technique course. e.Realize the agent rule to let the trainee concentrate in the training course. f.Increase the training frequency to fit the requirement of employee. g.Make well use of the INTRANET to advise all the training information for all employees. h.Classify the training course according to the background of the trainee. 2.The male trainees were more satisfied with the training course than the female. So we need to make some improvement in the female training course. 3.The manager are supposed to make chance for the trainee to use the technique learned from the training course. 4.The training courses are supposed to fit with the reality. 5.Set up a dedicated training department. 6.It needs to avoid to retrain the employee. 7.Set up a system rule to estimate the training efficient for every trainee and training courses. 8.It is suggested to combined the training with the promotion rule. 9.It is suggested to combine the training with the background for a long-term training. 10.It is suggested for the strategy maker to develop and well use every employee through training requirement investigation combined with all the other requirement.

Cette thèse propose une nouvelle méthode pour fournir une connexion réseau à des véhicules au cours de trajets prédéterminés (trains, métros, autobus urbains, etc.). La communication entre le véhicule et l'infrastructure réseau est basée uniquement sur la technologie WiFi. Les contributions de ce travail sont d'une part la conception d'une méthode pour réaliser le handover horizontal (entre bornes WiFi), et d'autre part la modélisation et l'analyse de topologies pour le réseau d'infrastructure (réseau backbone plus réseau d'accès WiFi) déployé sur la trajectoire du véhicule. Dans une première partie, nous proposons une méthode, appelée Spiderman Handover, pour réaliser le handover horizontal d'un réseau en mouvement (embarqué dans le véhicule) et une procédure de mise à jour des informations de routage (couche 2 OSI) lors du handover. Nous évaluons notre proposition par simulation et validons nos résultats par des mesures expérimentales. Dans une deuxième partie, nous étudions théoriquement les paramètres de plusieurs familles de topologies du type Chordal pour le réseau backbone construit sur un réseau d'accès linéaire. A partir de la comparaison de ces paramètres, nous proposons une topologie backbone issue de la combinaison de deux topologies Chordal. Cette topologie fournit un bon compromis entre coût du déploiement, nombre de sauts nécessaires pour atteindre la passerelle du réseau et résilience raisonnable. Enfin, nous évaluons l'intégration de la topologie proposée pour le réseau d'infrastructure avec le système handover par des simulations. Les résultats présentés suggèrent que l'algorithme de handover proposé fonctionne correctement sur le réseau d'infrastructure proposé. Cela permet la garantie d'une connexion continue aux passagers à bord des trains, métros ou autobus urbains.

Bien qu'utilisé depuis longtemps dans les voies ferrées, le ballast in situ a un comportement encore mal connu. L'objet de ce mémoire est donc de décrire le processus d'identification d'une loi de tassement du ballast et d'un modèle de dégradation réaliste des voies ballastées. Le travail expérimental, réalisé au moyen d'un essai à échelle un tiers sert à identifier la loi de tassement du ballast -sous une traverse- dans le plan vertical. Pour cela, des lois de similitude décrivent le passage des grandeurs associées au modèle réel à celle du modèle réduit. Elles sont basées sur la conservation du matériau ballast et la conservation des champs de contraintes au sein de l'éprouvette. L'éprouvette de ballast est soumise à un chargement vertical reproduisant la charge appliquée sur le ballast lors du passage d'un bogie de TGV. Les résultats de cet essai servent à établir la loi de tassement du ballast qui relie le tassement à la déflexion élastique de l'ensemble formé par le ballast et le sol sur lequel il repose. Les paramètres intervenant dans le chargement, la qualité du sol supportant le ballast et l'épaisseur de la couche de ballast sont discutés. La simulation numérique vient compléter l'expérience, en étendant l'étude à une portion de voie. L'objectif est d'analyser l'évolution des défauts de voie en fonction du trafic. Les défauts considérés peuvent être d'ordre géométrique (irrégularités du nivellement lors de la mise en place de la voie) ou porter sur des variations de raideur du ballast et du sol. Un modèle de véhicule en circulation a aussi été développé pour calculer les efforts dynamiques exercés sur le rail. Ces efforts dynamiques sont ensuite injectés dans un modèle quasi-statique de voie prenant en compte le comportement du ballast identifié expérimentalement. Les évolutions de profils de voie ainsi calculées démontrent que les défauts de raideur du ballast et du sol sont plus endommageants pour la voie que les défauts de géométrie. Ce mémoire se termine par une analyse micromécanique du ballast, considéré pour l'occasion, comme un assemblage de corps rigides, discrets et tridimensionnels en contact. L'intérêt principal de cette étude est de démontrer la possibilité de modéliser, de façon discrète, le comportement unilatéral du ballast. Le modèle numérique ainsi développé reproduit fidèlement les résultats obtenus expérimentalement.