Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-07-26T18:44:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 paulabarreirosdebien.pdf: 3244611 bytes, checksum: fa7b1b1542518f1246be0725db0f0f3a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-27T11:31:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 paulabarreirosdebien.pdf: 3244611 bytes, checksum: fa7b1b1542518f1246be0725db0f0f3a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T11:31:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 paulabarreirosdebien.pdf: 3244611 bytes, checksum: fa7b1b1542518f1246be0725db0f0f3a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-06 / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / O objetivo desta dissertação foi descrever a dinâmica da carga interna de treinamento (CIT) e estado de recuperação de atletas profissionais de ginástica rítmica (GR) durante uma temporada, bem como verificar o impacto dessa organização na percepção do estado de estresse-recuperação, perfil hormonal, imunidade da mucosa e desempenho físico. Participaram deste estudo oito ginastas integrantes da seleção brasileira de conjunto de GR em 2015. No decorrer de 43 semanas, foram monitoradas 379 sessões de treinamento e competições da seleção. Diariamente, a CIT foi registrada utilizando-se o método da percepção subjetiva do esforço (PSE) da sessão e o estado de recuperação foi obtido através da escala de Qualidade Total de Recuperação (TQR). As atletas responderam ao Questionário de Estresse e Recuperação para Atletas (RESTQ-Sport) em cinco momentos, realizaram teste de salto com contramovimento (SCM) em quatro momentos e coletaram amostras de saliva em três momentos diferentes da temporada. Foram feitos testes estatísticos de normalidade, esfericidade, além dos testes ANOVA com post hoc de Bonferroni, Friedman, Wilcoxon, Correlação de Pearson e Spearman e Alfa de Cronbach. Para isso, foi utilizado o software SPSS (v. 20.0) e adotado nível de significância de p ≤ 0,05. Os resultados mostraram comportamento ondulatório e variado das cargas de treinamento ao longo das semanas e períodos, com magnitudes muito elevadas, refletindo em um estado de recuperação abaixo do ideal na maior parte da temporada. O estado de estresse-recuperação teve poucas variações no decorrer da temporada, sofrendo maiores alterações após período de folga sem treinamento e nas escalas de lesões, fadiga e queixas somáticas. A concentração salivar de cortisol este abaixo dos valores de referência, mesmo em condições de altas cargas de treinamento; teve aumento significativo no dia com competição; e se correlacionou negativamente com o estado diário de recuperação. Em geral, a testosterona esteve dentro dos valores de referência, não respondeu diretamente às variações das cargas de treinamento e teve aumento significativo no dia de competição. A resposta imune não mostrou comportamento padronizado em função das cargas de treinamento, apresentou grande variabilidade interindividual e relação com o estado de recuperação das atletas. Já o desempenho físico, medido através do salto vertical, não teve variações significativas durante o tempo do estudo e não apresentou relação com as demais variáveis monitoradas. Conclui-se que o modelo de distribuição das cargas de treinamento adotado pela seleção brasileira de conjunto de GR possui dinâmica ondulatória, variada, altas magnitudes, aumento nos períodos competitivos e não oferece condições apropriadas de recuperação, ocasionando, possivelmente, disfunção hormonal e acúmulo excessivo de fadiga nas atletas. Ademais, os instrumentos utilizados neste trabalho se mostraram eficazes no monitoramento longitudinal e multivariado do treinamento de atletas profissionais de GR. / The aim of this dissertation was to describe the dynamics of the internal training load (ITL) and recovery status of professional athletes of rhythmic gymnastics (RG) during a season, and verify the impact of this organization in the perception of the recoverystress state, hormonal status, mucosal immunity and physical performance. The study included eight gymnasts members of the Brazilian national group team of RG set in 2015. In the course of 43 weeks were monitored 379 training and competitions sessions of the team. Daily, ITL was recorded using the session rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and the recovery status was obtained through Total Quality Recovery scale (TQR). The athletes answered to Recovery and Stress Questionnaire for Athletes (RESTQ-Sport) five times, made countermovement jump (CMJ) tests four times and collected saliva samples at three different times of the season. Statistical tests of normality, sphericity, and ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc, Friedman, Wilcoxon, Pearson and Spearman correlation and Cronbach's alpha were done. For this, were used the SPSS software (v. 20.0) and adopted significance level of p ≤ 0,05. The results showed wavelike behavior and varied training loads over the weeks and periods with very high magnitudes, reflecting a recovery state less than ideal for most of the season. The recovery-stress state had few variations during the season, suffering major alterations after time off without training, and on the scales of injury, fatigue and physical complaints. Salivary cortisol concentration were below the clinical reference levels, even in conditions of high training loads; it had a significant increase in the day with competition; and negatively correlated with the daily recovery state. In general, testosterone was around the reference values, did not respond directly to changes in training loads and significant increase on competition. The immune response didn’t show a standard behavior depending on the training loads, showed great interindividual variability and relationship with the recovery state of the athletes. However, the physical performance measured through the vertical jump, had no significant changes during the study period and didn’t associated with the other variables monitored. It follows that the model of training loads distribution adopted by the Brazilian RG national team has wavelike and varied dynamics, with high magnitudes, increasing on the competitions periods e doesn’t offer suitable conditions of recovery, causing, possibly, a hormone dysfunction and fatigue accumulation on the athletes. Besides that, the tools used in this study proved to be effective in multivariate and longitudinal monitoring training GR professional athletes.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-04-06T19:29:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 danielgustavoschimitzdefreitas.pdf: 1309773 bytes, checksum: e5ade848d669bd4b8171d58d8a3b0a0c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-04-07T16:11:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 danielgustavoschimitzdefreitas.pdf: 1309773 bytes, checksum: e5ade848d669bd4b8171d58d8a3b0a0c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-07T16:11:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 danielgustavoschimitzdefreitas.pdf: 1309773 bytes, checksum: e5ade848d669bd4b8171d58d8a3b0a0c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-23 / Introdução: o jogo de futebol exige dos jogadores uma grande capacidade física. Assim, faz-se necessário que os mesmos estejam regularmente envolvidos no processo de treinamento para que possam aprimorar sua condição física. O estresse provocado pelas cargas de cada sessão de treinamento pode acarretar alterações positivas ou negativas nas respostas fisiológicas, psicológicas, bioquímicas e hematológicas. Estas podem proporcionar a melhora do rendimento do atleta ou a queda do mesmo com uma possibilidade de ocorrência do overreaching ou do overtraining. Assim, o melhor entendimento destas respostas e a utilização das mesmas no controle dos treinamentos podem ser de grande valia no futebol. Objetivo: verificar os efeitos da carga de treinamento sobre variáveis fisiológica, psicológicas, bioquímicas e hematológica durante uma pré-temporada no futebol profissional. Métodos: oito jogadores profissionais de futebol (22,1 ± 2,2 anos, 9,37 ± 1,19 % de gordura e velocidade de limiar anaeróbico - 13,53 ± 0,79 Km/h) foram monitorados durante 21 dias de uma pré-temporada e submetidos a 4 avaliações (T1, T2, T3 e T4). Foram realizados os seguintes procedimentos nas avaliações: coleta de sangue para análise da hemoglobina (Hgb), creatina quinase (CK) e lactato desidrogenase, aplicação do questionário de POMS (vigor e fadiga) e a mensuração dos intervalos RR em repouso para análise da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) no domínio do tempo e da frequência. A carga de cada sessão de treino foi quantificada pelo TRIMP modificado (Stagno et al., 2007). Resultados: A CK aumentou significativamente (p<0,05) em T2 e T3 em relação a T1. As outras variáveis não apresentaram diferença significativa em nenhuma das avaliações realizadas e não foi observada correlação entre as mesmas. Conclusão: a CK parece ser a variável mais reativa à carga de treino em relação às outras e, assim, sua utilização no monitoramento do treinamento seria mais confiável. Os valores da VFC no domínio da freqüência apresentaram uma tendência de resposta às alterações da carga que merece atenção. Outros estudos são necessários para confirmar estes resultados. / Introduction: The soccer game demands from players a great physical capacity. Thus, it is necessary the regular and controlled involvement in training process to improve their physical condition. The stress generated by the training load of each session may cause positive and negative changes on physiological, psychological, biochemical and hematological responses. These responses can provide the improvement of athletes’ performance or its decrement, when overreaching or overtraining can occur. Therefore, a better understanding of physiological, psychological, biochemical and hematological responses and the use of them in training control would have a great value in soccer. Objective: To verify the effects of training load on physiological, psychological, biochemical and hematological variables during a pre season in professional soccer. Methods: Eight professional soccer players (22,1 ± 2,2 years, 9,37 ± 1,19 % body fat and anaerobic threshold velocity - 13,53 ± 0,79 Km/h) were monitored during 21 days during a pre season and were submitted to four evaluations (T1, T2, T3 and T4). The following procedures were carried out: blood sample collection to analyze of hemoglobin concentration (Hgb), creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehidrogenase (LDH), application of POMS questionnaire (fatigue and vigor) and the measurement of resting RR intervals to analyze the heart rate variability (HRV) in time and frequency domain. Training load of each session was quantified by modified TRIMP. Results: CK significantly increased (p<0,05) in T2 and T3 in relation to T1, following the training load behavior. The other variables did not present significant differences (p>0,05) in any of the evaluations and significant correlations among the variables were not observed. Conclusion: It seems that CK is a more sensitive variable to training load compared to other variables, so its use in training monitoring would be more reliable. HRV values in frequency domain a trend to respond training load changes what deserves attention for future studies that are necessary to confirm these results.

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-05-02T13:03:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 pedrohenriqueprazeresdelima.pdf: 847993 bytes, checksum: c675ef502ff251ab45d5a700b167d16a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-05-09T11:55:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 pedrohenriqueprazeresdelima.pdf: 847993 bytes, checksum: c675ef502ff251ab45d5a700b167d16a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-09T11:55:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pedrohenriqueprazeresdelima.pdf: 847993 bytes, checksum: c675ef502ff251ab45d5a700b167d16a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-01-22 / O ciclismo é um esporte de alta demanda psicofisiológica imposta aos atletas, no qual a relação dose-resposta ótima entre as cargas de treinamento (CT) aplicadas e o desempenho é a chave para obtenção de adaptações positivas ao treinamento. Por outro lado, se as CT forem excessivas ou insuficientes, pode-se aumentar o risco de lesões e insucesso competitivo. Assim, é fundamental um controle preciso das CT, no qual a integração de métodos objetivos e subjetivos tem sido sugerida como importante para o monitoramento dos atletas. Além disso, a avaliação do desempenho é de grande importância para verificação da eficácia do programa de treinamento de ciclistas. Dessa forma, os objetivos do presente estudo foram: (1) verificar a reprodutibilidade da potência média produzida por ciclistas em 4 CRs de 20 min em subida e a reprodutibilidade da estratégia de pacing empregada; (2) descrever a relação entre os métodos TSS, Trimp de Edwards e PSE da sessão e avaliar o método TSS frente aos outros dois métodos na quantificação das CT no ciclismo. Para o objetivo 1, a amostra foi composta por 18 ciclistas moderadamente treinados. A potência média não foi diferente (F = 0,150; p = 0,855; ƞp2 = 0,009) entre os CRs (287 ± 30, 287 ± 29, 286 ± 32 e 286 ± 34 W para os CRs 1, 2, 3, e 4, respectivamente). Foram encontrados alta variabilidade na estratégia de pacing no início e final dos CRs (ET = 7,57%, 6,29% e 6,08% para o intervalo 0–2 min; 7,01%, 6,34% e 6,24% para o intervalo 18–20 min, entre os CRs 2–1, 3–2 e 4–3, respectivamente) e efeito principal significativo do tempo (F = 96,134; p < 0,001; ƞp2 = 0,850). A comparação aos pares revelou diferenças apenas entre os intervalos 0–2 e 2–4 (p < 0,001). A estratégia de pacing adotada pelos ciclistas não foi diferente entre CRs (F = 1,970; p = 0,060; ƞp2 = 0,104) e grupos de desempenho (F = 1,052; p = 0,399; ƞp2 = 0,062), mas diferiu entre percursos (F = 4,861; p = 0,006; ƞp2 = 0,233). A potência média durante CR de 20 min em subida é reprodutível e os ciclistas parecem não modificar a estratégia de pacing após avaliações consecutivas, o que faz deste protocolo robusto para análise do desempenho em campo. Para o objetivo 2, a amostra foi composta por um atleta amador. Foram considerados 76 dados de treinos em um período de 23 semanas. A média (± desvio padrão) dos métodos de quantificação da carga foi 712,5 ± 438,3 U.A. para a PSE da sessão, 354,5 ± 209,6 U.A. para o Trimp de Edwards e 120,0 ± 59,7 U.A. para o TSS. O relacionamento entre TSS e PSE da sessão, TSS e Trimp de Edwards e Trimp de Edwards e PSE da sessão foram todos positivos e muito fortes (r = 0,83 a 0,90). De acordo com os valores encontrados, o TSS pode ser explicado 81% pela PSE da sessão e 75% pelo Trimp de Edwards; o Trimp de Edwards pode ser explicado 69% pela PSE da sessão. Os diagramas de Bland-Altman apresentaram limites de concordância de 95% de ± 53,20% entre TSS e PSE da sessão, ± 58,20% entre TSS e Trimp de Edwards e ± 69,0% entre Trimp de Edwards e PSE da sessão. Os métodos de CT analisados apresentaram bom relacionamento, porém com tendência de menor concordância entre eles conforme o aumento das cargas. Pode-se concluir que os métodos avaliados apresentaram boa correlação entre si, principalmente entre PSE da sessão e TSS, sugerindo que tal método subjetivo representa uma boa alternativa para inclusão como ferramenta de monitoramento das CTs no ciclismo. Tendo em vista o contexto necessário ao processo de treinamento esportivo, o presente estudo apresenta ferramentas que podem ser utilizadas no cotidiano de ciclistas. / Cycling is a sport of high psychophysiological demand imposed to athletes, in which the optimal dose-response relationship between the applied training loads and performance is the key to reach positive adaptations to training. On other hand, if training loads are excessive or insufficient, the risk of injury and competition failure might be increased. Thus, it is fundamental to control training loads precisely, in which the integration of objective and subjective methods has been suggested as important to athlete monitoring. Furthermore, the performance assessment is important to evaluate the efficacy of the cyclist’s training program. Thus, the aims of the present study were: (1) to examine the mean power output reproducibility of cyclists in four 20-min uphill time trial (TT) and the reproducibility of pacing strategy employed; (2) to describe the relationship between TSS, Edward’s Trimp and session-RPE methods and evaluate the TSS in front of the other two methods to quantify the training loads in cycling. For the objective 1, the sample was composed by 18 moderately trained cyclists. The mean power output was not different (F = 0.150; p = 0.855; ƞp2 = 0.009) between TTs (287 ± 30, 287 ± 29, 286 ± 32 and 286 ± 34 W for TTs 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively). High variability was shown on pacing strategy at the beginning and end of TTs (TE = 7.57%, 6.29% and 6.08% for the 0–2 min interval; 7.01%, 6.34% and 6.24% for the 18–20 min interval, between TTs 2–1, 3–2 e 4–3, respectively) and a main effect of time (F = 96.134; p < 0.001; ƞp2 = 0.850). Pairwise comparison revealed differences in normalized mean power output only between 0–2 and 2–4 min intervals (p < 0.001). The pacing strategy adopted by cyclists was not different between TTs (F = 1.970; p = 0.060; ƞp2 = 0.104) and performance groups (F = 1.052; p = 0.399; ƞp2 = 0.062), but differed between courses (F = 4.861; p = 0.006; ƞp2 = 0.233). The mean power output during the 20-min uphill TT is reproducible and cyclists appear to does not modify the pacing strategy following consecutive evaluations, what makes this protocol robust for field-based performance analysis. For the objective 2, the sample was composed by one amateur athlete. Seventy-six training data in a period of 23 weeks were evaluated. The mean (± standard deviation) of training load methods was 712.5 ± 438.3 A.U. for the session-RPE, 354.5 ± 20.6 A.U. for the Edward’s Trimp and 120.0 ± 59.7 A.U. for the TSS. The relationship between TSS and session-RPE, TSS and Edward’s Trimp and Edward’s Trimp and session-RPE was positive and very large (r = 0.83 to 0.90) for all comparisons. According to the values found, the TSS can be explained 81% by session-RPE and 75% by Edward’s Trimp; the Edward’s Trimp can be explained 69% by session-RPE. The Bland-Altman plots presented 95% limits of agreement of ± 53.20% between TSS and session-RPE, ± 58.20% between TSS and Edward’s Trimp and ± 69.0% between Edward’s Trimp and session-RPE. The training load methods analyzed showed good relationship, however with a tendency of less concordance between them following rises in training load. We can conclude that the evaluated methods showed good relationship, mainly between session-RPE and TSS, suggesting this subjective method as a good tool to be used in cycling training load monitoring. Considering the context of monitoring and evaluating training programs, the current study presented tools that can be used in cyclist’s routine.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito de duas sessões de exercício de força executadas em diferentes intensidades (35% do valor de 1 RM contra 70% do valor de 1 RM) e volumes (10 repetições e cinco repetições) sobre a magnitude da carga interna de treinamento, e a resposta de parâmetros fisiológicos (lactato e cortisol) associados ao nível de estresse imposto ao organismo, nos diferentes gêneros. Trinta participantes (15 homens e 15 mulheres) foram submetidos a duas sessões de treinamento: uma sessão foi composta por quatro séries de cinco repetições submáximas a 70% do valor de 1 RM e a outra sessão foi constituída por quatro séries de 10 repetições submáximas a 35% do valor de 1 RM. Ambas sessões foram realizadas com os mesmos exercícios (supino e agachamento) e os mesmos intervalos entre séries (dois minutos) e entre os exercícios (três minutos). A carga total levantada na sessão (expressa pela tonelagem [TON] = séries x repetições x carga [kg]) foi equalizada para ambas as sessões. A carga interna de treinamento foi calculada pelo método da percepção subjetiva do esforço (PSE) da sessão. A análise do lactato sanguíneo foi realizada pelo método eletroquímico e a concentração de cortisol salivar foi determinada pelo método ELISA. Não foi observada diferença significante na magnitude da carga interna de treinamento entre as sessões (p>0,05). Também não foi verificada diferença no padrão de resposta do lactato sanguíneo e do cortisol salivar entre as sessões (p > 0,05). Além disso, não foi observada diferença no padrão de resposta das variáveis avaliadas (carga interna de treinamento, lactato e cortisol) entre participantes do gênero masculino e feminino, quando submetidos à mesma sessão. Os resultados do presente estudo sugerem que a equalização da carga levantada na sessão, indicador do trabalho externo realizado, é um fator importante para modular as respostas internas. Mesmo quando diferentes delineamentos são implementados pela manipulação das variáveis do treinamento de força, a equalização da carga levantada torna o estímulo externo semelhante, determinando o padrão de resposta similar dos parâmetros investigados. Os resultados do presente estudo também indicam que o gênero não influencia a magnitude da carga interna de treinamento e a respostas dos parâmetros associados ao nível de estresse (lactato e cortisol) / The aim of present study was to evaluate the effect of two sessions of resistance exercise performed at different intensities (35% of 1RM versus 70% of 1 RM) and volumes (10 repetitions and five repetitions) on the magnitude of internal training load and the response of physiological parameters (lactate and cortisol) associated with the level of stress imposed on the organism, in different genders. Thirty participants (15 men and 15 women) were submitted to two training sessions: one session consisted of four sets of five submaximal repetitions at 70% of 1 RM and the other session consisted of four sets of 10 submaximal repetitions at 35% of 1 RM. Both sessions were conducted using the same exercises (bench press and squat) and the same intervals between sets (two minutes) and between exercises (three minutes). The total load lifted in the session (express by Ton [TON] = sets x repetitions x load [kg]) was equated for both sessions. The internal training load was calculated using the session rating of perceived exertion (RPE) method. The blood lactate analysis was performed by electrochemical method and the cortisol concentration was determined by ELISA method. There was no significant difference in the magnitude of internal training load between sessions (p > 0.05). There was no difference in blood lactate and salivary cortisol responses between sessions (p > 0.05). In addition, no difference was observed in all variables (internal training load, lactate and cortisol) between males and females for the same session. The results of this study suggest that the equalization of total load lifted in the session, indicator of external work performed, is an important factor to modulate the internal responses. Even when different designs are implemented by manipulating the resistance training variables, the equalization of total load lifted induce similar external stimulus, determining similar pattern of responses for the parameters investigated. The results of this study also indicated that gender does not influence the magnitude of the internal training load and the response of parameters associated with the level of stress (lactate and cortisol)

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between an external estimate of training load obtained from a wearable accelerometer device and perceived training load in women’s volleyball. METHODS: Participants of this study were thirteen NCAA Division I women’s volleyball players (Age: 20.3±1.2 y, height: 174.9±7.9cm, body mass: 68.1±12.7 kg). A wearable accelerometer device (Catapult Sports, MiniMaxX S4) was used to estimate external training load during volleyball practice sessions. In addition, following each session a rating of perceived exertion was obtained from each player using a 0-10 scale. Based on previously established methods, ratings of perceived exertion were then multiplied by the duration of practice in minutes to provide an estimate of internal training load. A Pearson product-moment zero order correlation coefficient was used to assess the relationship between external and internal training load estimates for each individual over eight practices. RESULTS: On average a positive relationship (r = 0.75±0.15) was found between training load estimates. Individual r values ranged from 0.39 to 0.92, with eight of the thirteen achieving statistical significance (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Based on the relationships found between internal and external estimates of training load, both methods may be considered as an option for quantifying on-court training loads in NCAA women’s volleyball. However, the degree to which these estimates relate may vary by individual.

Introduktion Alpin skidåkning är en populär men skadedrabbad vinteridrott som varit en olympisk gren sedan 1936. Idrotten består av fyra grenar: Slalom, Storslalom, Super-G och Störtlopp. I Sverige finns det möjlighet för ungdomar att specialisera sig inom sin idrott i samband med gymnasiet, där de kan kombinera studier med idrott. Allvarliga skador har visats påverka individuella idrottares rankingpoäng och karriärer. Syftet med denna studie var dels att undersöka skadeförekomsten mellan årskurser och kön vid Sveriges alpina skidgymnasium och dels vilken typ av skada som var mest förekommande. Metod En enkät skickades ut till sammanlagt 116 elever vid Sveriges alpina skidgymnasium varav 87 av dessa (40 män respektive 47 kvinnor i åldern 16–20 år) valde att delta i studien. Resultat Resultatet av enkätundersökningen visar att 64 % av skadorna i studien rapporterades av kvinnor och 36 % rapporterades av män. Studien visade en låg skillnad i träningsmängd och sömn mellan män och kvinnor. Av totalt 53 akuta och belastningsrelaterade skador var 40 % ryggskador. Av alla svarande uppgav 53 % att de någon gång under nuvarande läsår (2020–2021) tränat med smärta eller i behov av behandling. Resultatet visar också att årskurs 2 hade störst procentuell skadeförekomst med 81 % under nuvarande läsår.  Slutsats Baserat på skadorna som rapporterats i studien skulle män och kvinnor möjligen gynnas av att ha olika träningsupplägg. Ett mer aktivt jobb med skadeprevention kan behövas med tanke på att 61 % av deltagarna varit skadade minst en gång senaste läsåret. Bättre kommunikation mellan tränare och elever gällande träning med besvär kan behövas.    Nyckelord: Skadeförekomst, Idrottsgymnasium, Träningsbelastning / Introduction Alpine skiing is a popular winter sport that is often associated with injury. It has been part of the winter Olympics since 1936 and is categorized into four different disciplines; Slalom, Giant Slalom, Super G and Downhill. Young athletes in Sweden have the opportunity to specialize in alpine skiing as they start high school, where they can combine studies with sports. Severe injuries can significantly affect individual athletes’ ranking points and careers. The purpose of this study was to investigate which injury is the most common and the difference in injury incidence between the sexes and first to fourth grade at Swedish Alpine High Schools. Method A questionnaire was sent out to students at Sweden's Alpine Ski High School, of which 87 students (40 men and 47 women aged 16–20) chose to participate in the study.  Results Of all injuries in the study, 64 % were reported by women and 36 % by men. The study only showed a slight difference in sleeping patterns and training volume between the sexes. Out of 53 reported acute and overuse injuries, 40 % were back injuries. Of all the participants 53 % claimed they had exercised while in pain or need of treatment during the previous year. Second grade had the highest injury incidence, with 81 % during the previous year. Conclusion Based on the injuries reported in the study, men and women would most likely benefit from personalized training programs. A more effective job with injury prevention could be needed considering 61 % of the participants have been injured at least once during the previous year. Better communication between coaches and students about training with pain or in need of treatment might be required.   Keywords: Incidence of injury, Sports High School, Training load

Name: Analysis of external indicators of physical activity in professional football players Objectives: Find out the amount of movement load of professional football players using selected external indicators with regard to different player positions. At the same time, the aim of the work is to determine the ratio of training load between a microcycle and a championship match Methods: The research group consisted of 19 football players from a professional football club, their movement load was analyzed in 15 championship matches and 37 training units within eight weekly training microcycles. All data on the physical activity of players was recorded using a global portable system (GPS; Catapult Sports). The Hedges g factor was used to evaluate the significance of the differences between the two group ratios. Results: In the indicator of the total distance covered (CPV) in the match, the central defenders (10 131,1 ± 1588,7 m) did not differ significantly from other game positions, except for the central midfielders, who recorded the highest values (11 495,2 ± 533,3 m). On the contrary, the lowest values were reached in CPV by players in the position of external defenders (9 629,8 ± 1 380 m). In the indicator, the high-intensity running (> 18 km.h-1) in the match was covered by the longest distance...

The objectives of this dissertation include 1) to review accelerometry and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) derived measures used to monitor training load, 2) to investigate the validity and reliability of accelerometers (ACCs) to identify stepping events and quantify training load, 3) to assess the relationship between accelerometry and Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) derived measures in quantifying training load. In Study I, acceleration data was collected via two tri-axial ACC (Device A and Device B) sampling at 100Hz mounted closely together at the xiphoid process level. Each participant (n=30) performed two trials of straight-line walking, running, and sprinting on a 20m course. Device A was used to assess ACC validity to identify steps and the test-retest reliability of the instrument to quantify the external load. Device A and Device B were used to assess inter-device reliability. The reliability of accelerometry derived metrics Impulse Load (IL) and Magnitude g (MAG) were assessed. In Study II, known distance (DIST) was predicted via acceleration data collected by a tri-axial ACC sampling at 100Hz mounted at the xiphoid process level, simultaneously positional data collected using a triple GNSS unit sampling at 10Hz placed between scapulae. Each participant (n=30) walked different DIST around various movement constraints (small and large circles). Thirty distances were completed around each circle and ranged from 12.57–376.99m. In Study I, the instrument demonstrated a positive predictive value (PPV) of 96.98-99.41% and an agreement of 93.08-96.29% for step detection during all conditions. Good test-retest reliability was found with a coefficient of variation (CV) < 5% for IL and MAG during all locomotor conditions. Good inter-device reliability was also found for all locomotor conditions (IL and MAG CV < 5%). These results indicated that tri-axial ACCs are a valid and reliable tool used to identify steps and quantify external load when movement is completed at a range of speeds. In Study 2, all linear regression models performed well for both movement constraints (R2=0.922-0.999; RMSE=0.047-0.242, p

: Previous research has explored associations between accelerometry and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) derived loads. However, to our knowledge, no study has investigated the relationship between these measures and a known distance. Thus, the current study aimed to assess and compare the ability of four accelerometry based metrics and GNSS to predict known distance completed using different movement constraints. A correlational design study was used to evaluate the association between the dependent and independent variables. A total of 30 physically active college students participated. Participants were asked to walk two different known distances (DIST) around a 2 m diameter circle (small circle) and a different distance around an 8 m diameter circle (large circle). Each distance completed around the small circle by one participant was completed around the large circle by a different participant. The same 30 distances were completed around each circle and ranged from 12.57 to 376.99 m. Acceleration data was collected via a tri-axial accelerometer sampling at 100 Hz. Accelerometry derived measures included the sum of the absolute values of acceleration (SUM), the square root of the sum of squared accelerations (MAG), Player Load (PL), and Impulse Load (IL). Distance (GNSSD) was measured from positional data collected using a triple GNSS unit sampling at 10 Hz. Separate simple linear regression models were created to assess the ability of each independent variable to predict DIST. The results indicate that all regression models performed well (R = 0.960-0.999, R = 0.922-0.999; RMSE = 0.047-0.242, < 0.001), while GNSSD (small circle, R = 0.999, R = 0.997, RMSE = 0.047 < 0.001; large circle, R = 0.999, R = 0.999, RMSE = 0.027, < 0.001) and the accelerometry derived metric MAG (small circle, R = 0.992, R = 0.983, RMSE = 0.112, < 0.001; large circle, R = 0.997, R = 0.995, RMSE = 0.064, < 0.001) performed best among all models. This research illustrates that both GNSS and accelerometry may be used to indicate total distance completed while walking.

The load-depended loss of vertical barbell velocity at the end of the acceleration phase limits the maximum weight that can be lifted. Thus, the purpose of this study was to analyze how increased barbell loads affect the vertical barbell velocity in the sub-phases of the acceleration phase during the snatch. It was hypothesized that the load-dependent velocity loss at the end of the acceleration phase is primarily associated with a velocity loss during the 1st pull. For this purpose, 14 male elite weightlifters lifted seven load-stages from 70–100% of their personal best in the snatch. The load–velocity relationship was calculated using linear regression analysis to determine the velocity loss at 1st pull, transition, and 2nd pull. A group mean data contrast analysis revealed the highest load-dependent velocity loss for the 1st pull (t = 1.85, p = 0.044, g = 0.49 [−0.05, 1.04]) which confirmed our study hypothesis. In contrast to the group mean data, the individual athlete showed a unique response to increased loads during the acceleration sub-phases of the snatch. With the proposed method, individualized training recommendations on exercise selection and loading schemes can be derived to specifically improve the sub-phases of the snatch acceleration phase. Furthermore, the results highlight the importance of single-subject assessment when working with elite athletes in Olympic weightlifting.