Title: Parameters of high performance swimmers training specialized in breaststroke swimming style. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to determine the training load and performance development at leading Czech swimmer, winner of Czech records. Method: Reference period became a four-year olympic cycle before the Olympic Games in London in 2012. Data collection was implemented mainly through the study of documents - coach training diaries and race analysis. Computer processing of the data is performed through descriptive statistics, tabulations and graphic display and degree of dependence. Results: The investigation showed that the training load displacement characteristics observed in many parameters swimmer makes a lower value. Causal could be frequent medical complications. Yet training allowed the swimmer to complete quality training with little performance progression in their major disciplines 50 m and 100 m breaststroke and to start at world competitions. Key words; sports swimming, olympic cycle, training load, breaststroke swimming style.

O presente estudo é constituído por três experimentos diferentes, que tem como ponto central a investigação do método da PSE da sessão. No primeiro experimento foi avaliada a validade do método da percepção subjetiva do esforço (PSE) da sessão para a quantificação da carga interna de treinamento (CIT) no Tênis. Neste experimento foram monitoradas 384 sessões de treinamento técnico/tático, 23 partidas simuladas e 13 partidas oficiais. A CIT foi calculada utilizando dois métodos de quantificação da CIT: o método da PSE da sessão e o método proposto por Edwards, baseado no comportamento da frequência cardíaca. Posteriormente, foi calculado o índice de correlação entre os dois métodos. Foi detectada correlação individual entre os métodos (r = 0,58 - 0,89; p<0,01). Também foi observada correlação entre os métodos para as sessões de treinamento técnico/tático (r = 0,74), os jogos simulados (r = 0,57) e os jogos oficiais (r = 0,99). Estes resultados sugerem que o método da PSE da sessão é uma alternativa válida, não invasiva, para quantificar a CIT de tenistas. O segundo experimento, descreve o padrão de distribuição da intensidade utilizada por tenistas durante a pré-temporada e no início do período competitivo, a partir da metodologia da PSE da sessão. Foram monitoradas 407 sessões de treinamento técnico/tático e 17 jogos oficiais, realizadas durante as 5 primeiras semanas de preparação para o período competitivo e a primeira semana de competições (dezembro à janeiro). A distribuição da intensidade das sessões de treinamento concentra maior parte do volume (90%) do treinamento entre as zonas de baixa e moderada intensidade (Zona 1 = 42%; Zona 2 = 47,5%), e apenas uma pequena parte das sessões (Zona 3 = 10,5%) é realizada em alta intensidade. Foi observada discrepância entre o padrão de distribuição de intensidade das sessões de treinamento técnico/tático (zona 1 = 42,0%; zona 2 = 47,5% e zona 3 = 10,5%) e as partidas oficiais (zona 1 = 0,0%; zona 2 = 10,8% e zona 3 = 89,2%). Estes resultados indicam a existência de divergência entre a intensidade das sessões de treinamento técnico/tático (baixa e moderada intensidade) e a intensidade das partidas oficiais (alta intensidade). E, finalmente, o terceiro experimento, avaliou o efeito do programa de treinamento periodizado sobre a dinâmica da CIT e a subsequente tolerância ao estresse, respostas imuno-endócrinas e o desempenho físico de tenistas durante a prétemporada. Jogadores de tênis profissionais (n=12) foram monitorados durante o período de pré-temporada, que foi dividida em 4 semanas de treinamento (com 2 semanas de intensificação do treinamento) e 1 semana de polimento. Foram determinadas medidas semanais de CIT, monotonia do treinamento, esforço de treinamento e tolerância ao estresse (fontes e sintomas de estresse). Também foram analisadas a concentração de hormônios na saliva (testosterona e cortisol) e a concentração de imunoglobulina-A. O teste de força de 1RM, o teste do Yo-Yo IE Level II, o teste de impulsão vertical e o teste de agilidade (teste T) foram determinados antes e após o período de treinamento. O programa de periodização do treinamento promoveu modificações na CIT (aumento nas semanas 3 e 4 referente ao período de intensificação da carga externa de treinamento (CET), diminuição na semana 5 referente ao período de polimento). A concentração de cortisol (aumento na terceira semana) e os sintomas de estresse (aumento na terceira e quarta semanas) acompanharam as modificações na CET (intensificação), antes de retornarem aos valores basais na semana 5 (polimento) (p < 0,05). Inversamente, foi observada redução da relação T:C nas semanas 3 e 4, que posteriormente retornou ao valor basal na semana 5 (p < 0,05). Além disso, foi verificado aumento no desempenho dos testes de força, endurance e agilidade (p<0,05). O programa de treinamento periodizado (intensificação da CET seguida de polimento) promoveu modificações adaptativas na tolerância ao estresse e respostas hormonais, que podem ter mediado a melhora do desempenho físico / The current study consists of three different experiments which have the main focus on the investigation of the session RPE method. The first experiment examined the ecological validity of the session-RPE method for quantifying internal training load (ITL) in Tennis. This experiment monitored 384 training sessions, 23 simulated matches and 13 official matches. The ITL was calculated using two methods, the session-RPE method and the heart rate (HR)-based method, developed by Edwards. The correlation was then calculated between the two methods. Significant individual correlations were observed between both methods (r = 0.58 - 0.89; p<0,01). It was also observed correlation between methods during training sessions (r 0.74), simulated matches (r = 0,57) and official matches (r = 0.99). The results support the validity of session-RPE as a, non-invasive, method for quantifying ITL in tennis players. The second experiment described the distribution of training intensity in a group of elite young tennis players during the preseason and the beginning of their competitive season, using RPE session method. It was monitored 407 training sessions and 17 official matches during the first 5 weeks of the pre-season and first week of tournaments (December to January). The training intensity distribution was concentrated (90%) in the low to moderate zones (Zone 1 = 42% and Zone 2 = 47,5%), and only a few sessions (Zone 3 = 10,5%) were performed at high-intensity. It was observed discrepancy between the training intensity distribuition of training sessions (Zone 1 = 42,0%; Zone 2 = 47,5% and Zone 3 = 10,5%) and official matches (Zone 1 = 0,0%; Zone 2 = 10,8% and Zone 3 = 89,2%). These results suggest a contradictory scenario between intensity of training court sessions (Low and Moderated intensity) and official matches (high intensity). Finally, the third experiment investigated the effect of a periodised training plan on the ITL, stress tolerance, immune-endocrine responses and physical performance in tennis players during the pre-season. Professional tennis players (n = 12) were monitored across the pre-season period, which was divided into 4 weeks training period (with 2 weeks of progressive overloading training) and a 1-week tapering period. Weekly measures of ITL, training strain, training monotony and stress tolerance (sources and symptoms of stress) were taken, along with salivary testosterone, cortisol and immunoglobulin A. One repetition maximum strength, yo-yo test, jump height and agility (T-test) were assessed before and after training period. The periodization of the training plan led to significant weekly changes in training loads (i.e. increasing in weeks 3 and 4, referring to the period of intensification of the external training load (ETL), and decreasing in week 5, referring to the tapering period). Cortisol concentration (increased in week 3) and the symptoms of stress (increased in weeks 3 and 4) followed the in ETL (overloading period), before returning to baseline in week 5 (tapering period) (P < 0.05). Conversely, the testosterone to cortisol ratio decreased in weeks 3 and 4, before returning to baseline in week 5 (P < 0.05). Moreover, the periodised training plan induced post-training improvements in strength, endurance and agility (P < 0.05). The periodised training plan (ETL overload following taper) evoked changes in the ITL, the stress tolerance and the hormonal responses, which may have mediated the improvements in physical performance

Abstract available in the Annual Coaches and Sport Science College.

O presente estudo é constituído por três experimentos diferentes, que tem como ponto central a investigação do método da PSE da sessão. No primeiro experimento foi avaliada a validade do método da percepção subjetiva do esforço (PSE) da sessão para a quantificação da carga interna de treinamento (CIT) no Tênis. Neste experimento foram monitoradas 384 sessões de treinamento técnico/tático, 23 partidas simuladas e 13 partidas oficiais. A CIT foi calculada utilizando dois métodos de quantificação da CIT: o método da PSE da sessão e o método proposto por Edwards, baseado no comportamento da frequência cardíaca. Posteriormente, foi calculado o índice de correlação entre os dois métodos. Foi detectada correlação individual entre os métodos (r = 0,58 - 0,89; p<0,01). Também foi observada correlação entre os métodos para as sessões de treinamento técnico/tático (r = 0,74), os jogos simulados (r = 0,57) e os jogos oficiais (r = 0,99). Estes resultados sugerem que o método da PSE da sessão é uma alternativa válida, não invasiva, para quantificar a CIT de tenistas. O segundo experimento, descreve o padrão de distribuição da intensidade utilizada por tenistas durante a pré-temporada e no início do período competitivo, a partir da metodologia da PSE da sessão. Foram monitoradas 407 sessões de treinamento técnico/tático e 17 jogos oficiais, realizadas durante as 5 primeiras semanas de preparação para o período competitivo e a primeira semana de competições (dezembro à janeiro). A distribuição da intensidade das sessões de treinamento concentra maior parte do volume (90%) do treinamento entre as zonas de baixa e moderada intensidade (Zona 1 = 42%; Zona 2 = 47,5%), e apenas uma pequena parte das sessões (Zona 3 = 10,5%) é realizada em alta intensidade. Foi observada discrepância entre o padrão de distribuição de intensidade das sessões de treinamento técnico/tático (zona 1 = 42,0%; zona 2 = 47,5% e zona 3 = 10,5%) e as partidas oficiais (zona 1 = 0,0%; zona 2 = 10,8% e zona 3 = 89,2%). Estes resultados indicam a existência de divergência entre a intensidade das sessões de treinamento técnico/tático (baixa e moderada intensidade) e a intensidade das partidas oficiais (alta intensidade). E, finalmente, o terceiro experimento, avaliou o efeito do programa de treinamento periodizado sobre a dinâmica da CIT e a subsequente tolerância ao estresse, respostas imuno-endócrinas e o desempenho físico de tenistas durante a prétemporada. Jogadores de tênis profissionais (n=12) foram monitorados durante o período de pré-temporada, que foi dividida em 4 semanas de treinamento (com 2 semanas de intensificação do treinamento) e 1 semana de polimento. Foram determinadas medidas semanais de CIT, monotonia do treinamento, esforço de treinamento e tolerância ao estresse (fontes e sintomas de estresse). Também foram analisadas a concentração de hormônios na saliva (testosterona e cortisol) e a concentração de imunoglobulina-A. O teste de força de 1RM, o teste do Yo-Yo IE Level II, o teste de impulsão vertical e o teste de agilidade (teste T) foram determinados antes e após o período de treinamento. O programa de periodização do treinamento promoveu modificações na CIT (aumento nas semanas 3 e 4 referente ao período de intensificação da carga externa de treinamento (CET), diminuição na semana 5 referente ao período de polimento). A concentração de cortisol (aumento na terceira semana) e os sintomas de estresse (aumento na terceira e quarta semanas) acompanharam as modificações na CET (intensificação), antes de retornarem aos valores basais na semana 5 (polimento) (p < 0,05). Inversamente, foi observada redução da relação T:C nas semanas 3 e 4, que posteriormente retornou ao valor basal na semana 5 (p < 0,05). Além disso, foi verificado aumento no desempenho dos testes de força, endurance e agilidade (p<0,05). O programa de treinamento periodizado (intensificação da CET seguida de polimento) promoveu modificações adaptativas na tolerância ao estresse e respostas hormonais, que podem ter mediado a melhora do desempenho físico / The current study consists of three different experiments which have the main focus on the investigation of the session RPE method. The first experiment examined the ecological validity of the session-RPE method for quantifying internal training load (ITL) in Tennis. This experiment monitored 384 training sessions, 23 simulated matches and 13 official matches. The ITL was calculated using two methods, the session-RPE method and the heart rate (HR)-based method, developed by Edwards. The correlation was then calculated between the two methods. Significant individual correlations were observed between both methods (r = 0.58 - 0.89; p<0,01). It was also observed correlation between methods during training sessions (r 0.74), simulated matches (r = 0,57) and official matches (r = 0.99). The results support the validity of session-RPE as a, non-invasive, method for quantifying ITL in tennis players. The second experiment described the distribution of training intensity in a group of elite young tennis players during the preseason and the beginning of their competitive season, using RPE session method. It was monitored 407 training sessions and 17 official matches during the first 5 weeks of the pre-season and first week of tournaments (December to January). The training intensity distribution was concentrated (90%) in the low to moderate zones (Zone 1 = 42% and Zone 2 = 47,5%), and only a few sessions (Zone 3 = 10,5%) were performed at high-intensity. It was observed discrepancy between the training intensity distribuition of training sessions (Zone 1 = 42,0%; Zone 2 = 47,5% and Zone 3 = 10,5%) and official matches (Zone 1 = 0,0%; Zone 2 = 10,8% and Zone 3 = 89,2%). These results suggest a contradictory scenario between intensity of training court sessions (Low and Moderated intensity) and official matches (high intensity). Finally, the third experiment investigated the effect of a periodised training plan on the ITL, stress tolerance, immune-endocrine responses and physical performance in tennis players during the pre-season. Professional tennis players (n = 12) were monitored across the pre-season period, which was divided into 4 weeks training period (with 2 weeks of progressive overloading training) and a 1-week tapering period. Weekly measures of ITL, training strain, training monotony and stress tolerance (sources and symptoms of stress) were taken, along with salivary testosterone, cortisol and immunoglobulin A. One repetition maximum strength, yo-yo test, jump height and agility (T-test) were assessed before and after training period. The periodization of the training plan led to significant weekly changes in training loads (i.e. increasing in weeks 3 and 4, referring to the period of intensification of the external training load (ETL), and decreasing in week 5, referring to the tapering period). Cortisol concentration (increased in week 3) and the symptoms of stress (increased in weeks 3 and 4) followed the in ETL (overloading period), before returning to baseline in week 5 (tapering period) (P < 0.05). Conversely, the testosterone to cortisol ratio decreased in weeks 3 and 4, before returning to baseline in week 5 (P < 0.05). Moreover, the periodised training plan induced post-training improvements in strength, endurance and agility (P < 0.05). The periodised training plan (ETL overload following taper) evoked changes in the ITL, the stress tolerance and the hormonal responses, which may have mediated the improvements in physical performance

The purpose of this study was to examine changes in muscle architecture and jumping performance in NCAA division I women's volleyball players throughout a competitive season and in preparation for conference championships. Ten women volleyball players were tested at preseason (T1), pretaper (T2), and post-taper (T3) on measures of vastus lateralis muscle thickness (MT), pennation angle (PA) and fascicle length (FL) using ultrasonography, and unloaded and loaded squat jump height (SJH) and peak power allometrically scaled to body mass (SJPPa) on a force platform. Rating of perceived exertion training load and strength training volume load were monitored weekly. Player's MT (p < 0.001, Glass's Δ = 2.8) and PA increased (p = 0.02, Δ = 3.9) after in-season training. However, MT decreased after the taper (p = 0.01, Δ = 0.6) but remained elevated above preseason values (p < 0.001, Δ = 1.7). There were no statistical changes in FL, SJH, or SJPPa. Large-to-very large negative relationships (r = −0.51 to −0.81) were observed between preseason relative maximal strength and changes in SJH and SJPPa with various loads over the season. These findings demonstrate that relatively low volumes of strength training and concurrent sport training during a tapering period are capable of preserving jumping performance, but not MT in women's volleyball players; however, jumping performance changes seem to be related to the player's strength level. Stronger players may benefit from an overreaching microcycle before the taper to preserve previously accrued muscular adaptations and jumping performance.

Despite the considerable body of literature describing the demands of tennis, little is known about the accumulated physiological and mechanical loads associated with collegiate tennis tournament play. While microsensors have been used extensively to quantify demands in a variety of sports, particularly accelerometry and GPS sensors, limited data exists describing the demands of tennis match play using such microsensors (1,2). Aim. The purpose of this study was to use heart rate sensors and triaxial accelerometers to investigate the physiological and mechanical loads associated singles and doubles' tennis play during a single elimination collegiate tennis tournament.

Introduction: Monitoring football players training load is important, lack of recovery and high training load can result in injury or illness.Aim: Describe internal training load, acute chronic workload ratio (ACWR) and wellness of female elite football players. Investigate the relationship between daily training load and wellness.  Method: Seventeen players estimated session ratings of perceived exertion (sRPE) after each football session and muscle soreness, sleep quality and mental stress before every session during twelve weeks of pre-season training. Internal training load and ACWR were calculat- ed using sRPE multiplied by training minutes.  Results: Weekly training load for outfield players was 1697,22±632,07AU, for goalkeepers 1570,69±580,50AU. Outfield players total wellness score was 23,58±2,62, goalkeepers score was 21,2±3,35. ACWR was between 0,31-1,30 for outfield players, 0,36-1,35 for goalkeep- ers. Week correlations were seen between internal training load and muscle soreness (r=- 0,24, p&lt;0,001) and mental stress (r=-0,18, p&lt;0,001) in outfield players.  Conclusion: The study describes internal training load, ACWR and wellness of a female elite football team. Large variations were seen weekly training load, which could be an increased risk of injury. ACWR can be a guide when planning training load. Internal training load doesn't seem to have a big impact on the players wellbeing. / Bakgrund: Monitorering av fotbollsspelares träningsbelastning har en betydande roll då bris- tande återhämtning och hög träningsbelastning kan resultera i skada, sjukdom eller överträ- ningssyndrom.Syfte: Kartlägga intern träningsbelastning, acute chronic workload ratio (ACWR) och well- ness hos kvinnliga elitfotbollsspelare. Undersöka samband mellan daglig träningsbelastning och wellness.  Metod: Sjutton spelare från ett lag skattade ratings of percived exertion efter varje tränings- pass (sRPE) samt sleep quality, mental stress och muscle soreness inför varje träning under tolv veckors försäsongsträning. Intern träningsbelastning och ACWR beräknades genom att multiplicera sRPE med träningstid. Data analyserades separat för fjorton utespelare och tre målvakter.  Resultat: Veckovis träningsbelastning 1697,22 (±632,07)AU för utespelare, 1570,69 (±580,50)AU för målvakter. Total wellness score var 23,58±2,62 för utespelare, 21,2±3,35 för målvakter. ACWR låg mellan 0,31-1,30 för utespelare och 0,36-1,35 för målvakter. Svaga samband sågs mellan intern träningsbelastning och muscle soreness (r=-0,24, p&lt;0,001) samt mental stress hos utespelarna (r=-0,18, p&lt;0,001). Inga signifikanta samband sågs vid bräk- ningar av målvakternas data.  Slutsats: Studien beskriver intern träningsbelastning, ACWR och wellness hos ett kvinnligt elitfotbollslag. Stora variationer sågs i träningsbelastning mellan veckorna vilket kan utgöra ökad risk för skada. ACWR kan vara till stöd i planering av träning och återhämtning. Intern träningsbelastning verkar inte ha någon större påverkan på spelarnas välmående.

In many physical activities, exercise is not continuous, but intermittent: it involves a sequence of exercise fractions at varying intensities, some higher than others. In planned training, this type of exercise is found in the form of high intensity interval training (HIIT), which is an effective and time-efficient approach that has been popular in high-performance sports over the last century, and in clinical settings for the past twenty years. Models are available to predict performance during continuous exercise (without intensity variation) over various durations. The ecological validity of some continuous exercise models has been reported. However, this is not the case for intermittent exercise, which has several parameters that can be modified, leading to a large variation in individual responses. The purpose of this master’s thesis is to compare the major models of intermittent exercise and determine their strengths and weaknesses, the constructs on which they are based, and their applicability to various physical activities. The master’s thesis also reviews the evolution of continuous exercise models to better understand the elements that need to be considered to improve the validity of intermittent exercise modelling. Due to the lack of quality data to compare a set of HIIT sessions of the same degree of difficulty, the thesis presents a study that uses simulations to identify the main limitations of the intermittent exercise models included in commercial applications, i.e., the Coggan and Skiba models. The study reveals the limitations of these models in prescribing sessions with a low number of repetitions performed at supramaximal intensity, interspersed with long recovery periods. The main intermittent exercise models have limitations that restrict their widespread use. In order for intermittent exercise modelling to evolve into more valid models that improve understanding of the physiological phenomena involved, it is crucial that the models be tested against a robust set of comparable intermittent exercise data. The thesis draws a detailed portrait of the continuous and intermittent exercise models, accounts for their evolution over time, and provides elements to guide future exercise modelling. Finally, the thesis identifies the limits of the current intermittent exercise models, makes recommendations to sports practitioners to promote their good use, and proposes a modification to the Coggan model that reduces its limitations. / Dans plusieurs activités physiques, l’exercice n’est pas continu, mais intermittent : il comprend un enchaînement de fractions d’exercice à des intensités variées, certaines plus élevées que d’autres. Dans l’entraînement planifié, on retrouve ce type d’exercice sous la forme de l’entraînement par intervalles (EPI), qui est une approche efficace et économe en temps, très populaire dans les milieux sportifs depuis plus d’un siècle, et dans les milieux cliniques depuis plus d’une vingtaine d’années. Des modèles sont disponibles permettant de prédire les performances lors de l’exercice continu (sans variation d’intensité) sur des durées variées. La validité écologique de certains modèles de l’exercice continu a été rapportée, montrant leur capacité à s’appliquer aux situations observées sur le terrain. Ce n’est toutefois pas le cas pour l’exercice intermittent, qui comporte plusieurs paramètres pouvant être modifiés, et menant à une grande variation des réponses individuelles. L’objectif du mémoire est de comparer les principaux modèles de l’exercice intermittent et déterminer leurs forces et leurs faiblesses, les construits sur lesquels ils sont fondés, et leur applicabilité dans diverses activités physiques. Il s’agit aussi de revoir l’évolution des modèles de l’exercice continu pour mieux comprendre les éléments à considérer pour améliorer la validité de la modélisation de l’exercice intermittent. Face au manque de données de qualité permettant de comparer un ensemble de séances d’EPI de même degré de difficulté, le mémoire présente une étude qui procède par simulations pour identifier les principales limites des modèles de l’exercice intermittent inclus dans des applications commerciales, soit les modèles de Coggan et de Skiba. L’étude révèle les limites de ces modèles quant à la prescription de séances comprenant un faible nombre de répétitions effectuées à intensité supramaximale, entrecoupées de longues périodes de récupération. Les principaux modèles de l’exercice intermittent présentent des limites restreignant leur utilisation généralisée. Pour que la modélisation de l’exercice intermittent évolue vers des modèles plus valides, permettant d’améliorer la compréhension des phénomènes physiologiques en jeu, il est crucial de confronter les modèles à un ensemble robuste de données comparables de l’exercice intermittent. Le mémoire dresse un portrait détaillé des modèles de l’exercice continu et intermittent, fait état de leur évolution au fil du temps, et propose des éléments pour guider la suite des travaux de modélisation. Enfin, le mémoire identifie les limites des modèles de courants de l’exercice intermittent, présente des recommandations aux intervenants sportifs pour favoriser la bonne utilisation de ceux-ci, en plus de fournir une modification du modèle de Coggan qui diminue les limites de celui-ci.

Bien que le sommeil soit essentiel à la santé et au bien-être, les jeunes adultes parviennent rarement à rencontrer les recommandations de sommeil. Le sommeil est particulièrement important pour les athlètes et les étudiants-athlètes dans leur quête de réussite scolaire et de performance sportive. En plus, il est aussi essentiel à la consolidation, qui favorise l’apprentissage de nouveaux gestes techniques en permettant de transformer la nouvelle trace mnésique, initialement labile et sensible aux interférences, en un état plus stable et permanent. Cependant, il n’y a toujours pas de consensus sur les facteurs qui perturbent le sommeil lors des entraînements et des compétitions sportives. Le but général de cette thèse était de mieux définir le lien entre le sommeil et la performance. Cette thèse avait donc comme premier objectif d’approfondir les connaissances sur l’effet du bien-être, de la charge d’entraînement et de la charge cognitive sur le sommeil des athlètes. Son second objectif était d’identifier les variables physiologiques, psychologiques et contextuelles qui affectent le sommeil lors de la nuit suivant un match. Finalement, le dernier objectif était d’évaluer l’effet de la consolidation sur une tâche de motricité globale qui présente les mêmes sous-composantes qu’un mouvement sportif. La première étude nous a permis de constater que, chez des athlètes professionnels, des niveaux élevés de bien-être (qui considère les sensations de douleur, la nutrition, le stress, et le repos) ont un effet positif sur la durée et la qualité du sommeil, tandis qu'une charge d’entraînement de haute intensité a un impact négatif sur la durée du sommeil. De plus, les matchs joués à l'extérieur et en soirée diminuent la quantité et la qualité du sommeil. Enfin, une intensité de travail élevée lors d’un match est associée à une diminution de la qualité du sommeil. La deuxième étude a mis en évidence l’importance de l’effet de la charge cognitive perçue sur le sommeil des étudiants-athlètes. Nos résultats montrent qu’une charge cognitive élevée a un impact négatif important sur le temps de sommeil total et la qualité du sommeil. De plus, la charge d’entraînement interne a des effets néfastes sur la qualité du sommeil. À la suite d’un match, nous avons constaté qu’une élévation de l’activation cognitive au moment du coucher diminue l'efficacité du sommeil et augmente la latence d'endormissement. Enfin, aucun effet n'a été trouvé entre les habiletés mentales et le sommeil suivant un match. La dernière étude, nous a fourni d’importantes informations à l’effet que certaines caractéristiques du mouvement ne bénéficient pas de l’amélioration hors-ligne i.e., une amélioration spontanée de la performance en l’absence de pratique supplémentaire. Ainsi, nos résultats montrent qu’un intervalle de consolidation de 24 heures, comparativement à une pause de 10 minutes, n'a pas entraîné une meilleure précision temporelle ou spatiale dans une tâche de motricité globale. Globalement, les résultats de cette thèse montrent que le suivi de la charge d’entraînement des athlètes est optimal s’il est combiné à des mesures de charge de travail interne. Concrètement, le suivi de la charge interne des athlètes devrait être priorisée afin de prévenir les problèmes de sommeil d’obtenir un portrait global de la situation de l’athlète. / Although sleep is essential for health and well-being, young adults rarely meet sleep recommendations. Sleep is especially important for athletes and student-athletes in their quest for academic success and athletic performance. In addition, it is also essential for consolidation, which promotes the learning of new skills transforming the new memory trace, initially labile and sensitive to interference, into a more stable and permanent state. However, there is still no consensus on the factors that disrupt sleep during sports training and competition. The primary goal of this thesis was to better define the relationship between sleep and performance. The first objective of this thesis was therefore to deepen the knowledge of the effect of well-being, training load and cognitive load on athletes' sleep. Its second objective was to identify the physiological, psychological, and contextual variables that affect sleep during the night following a match. Finally, the last objective was to evaluate the effect of consolidation on a gross motor task that has the same sub-components as a sport movement. In the first study, we found that, in professional athletes, high levels of well-being (pain, nutrition, stress, rest) have a positive effect on sleep duration and quality, whereas a high training load intensity has a negative impact on sleep duration. In addition, away and evening matches decrease sleep quantity and quality. Finally, high match load intensity during a match is associated with a decrease in sleep quality. The second study highlighted the importance of perceived cognitive load on student-athletes' sleep. Our results show that a high cognitive load has a significant negative impact on total sleep time and sleep quality. In addition, internal training load has adverse effects on sleep quality. Following a match, we found that elevated cognitive arousal at bedtime decreases sleep efficiency and increases sleep latency. Finally, no effect was found between mental skills and sleep following a match. The last study provided us with important information that some movement parameters do not benefit from off-line consolidation, i.e., a spontaneous improvement of performance in the absence of additional practice. Specifically, our results show that a 24-hour consolidation interval did not result in better temporal or spatial accuracy in a gross motor task than a 10-minute break. Overall, the results of this thesis show that the monitoring of athletes' training load is optimal if it is combined with internal workload measurements. In practical terms, the monitoring of the internal workload of athletes should be prioritized in order to prevent sleep problems and to obtain an overall picture of the athlete's situation.

The aim of this study is to monitor short-term seasonal development of young Olympic weightlifters’ anthropometry, body composition, physical fitness, and sport-specific performance. Fifteen male weightlifters aged 13.2 1.3 years participated in this study. Tests for the assessment of anthropometry (e.g., body-height, body-mass), body-composition (e.g., lean-body-mass, relative fat-mass), muscle strength (grip-strength), jump performance (drop-jump (DJ) height, countermovement-jump (CMJ) height, DJ contact time, DJ reactive-strength-index (RSI)), dynamic balance (Y-balance-test), and sport-specific performance (i.e., snatch and clean-and-jerk) were conducted at different time-points (i.e., T1 (baseline), T2 (9 weeks), T3 (20 weeks)). Strength tests (i.e., grip strength, clean-and-jerk and snatch) and training volume were normalized to body mass. Results showed small-to-large increases in body-height, body-mass, lean-body-mass, and lower-limbs lean-mass from T1-to-T2 and T2-to-T3 (D0.7–6.7%; 0.1 d 1.2). For fat-mass, a significant small-sized decrease was found from T1-to-T2 (D13.1%; d = 0.4) and a significant increase from T2-to-T3 (D9.1%; d = 0.3). A significant main effect of time was observed for DJ contact time (d = 1.3) with a trend toward a significant decrease from T1-to-T2 (D–15.3%; d = 0.66; p = 0.06). For RSI, significant small increases from T1-to-T2 (D9.9%, d = 0.5) were noted. Additionally, a significant main effect of time was found for snatch (d = 2.7) and clean-and-jerk (d = 3.1) with significant small-to-moderate increases for both tests from T1-to-T2 and T2-to-T3 (D4.6–11.3%, d = 0.33 to 0.64). The other tests did not change significantly over time (0.1 d 0.8). Results showed significantly higher training volume for sport-specific training during the second period compared with the first period (d = 2.2). Five months of Olympic weightlifting contributed to significant changes in anthropometry, body-composition, and sport-specific performance. However, hardly any significant gains were observed for measures of physical fitness. Coaches are advised to design training programs that target a variety of fitness components to lay an appropriate foundation for later performance as an elite athlete.