Les accidents sont la cause la plus fréquente de décès chez l’enfant, la plupart du temps à cause d’un traumatisme cranio-cérébrale (TCC) sévère ou d’un choc hémorragique. Malgré cela, la prise en charge de ces patients est souvent basée sur la littérature adulte. Le mannitol et le salin hypertonique (3%) sont des traitements standards dans la gestion de l’hypertension intracrânienne, mais il existe très peu d’évidence sur leur utilité en pédiatrie. Nous avons entrepris une revue rétrospective des traumatismes crâniens sévères admis dans les sept dernières années, pour décrire l’utilisation de ces agents hyperosmolaires et leurs effets sur la pression intracrânienne. Nous avons établi que le salin hypertonique est plus fréquemment utilisé que le mannitol, qu’il ne semble pas y avoir de facteurs associés à l’utilisation de l’un ou l’autre, et que l’effet sur la pression intracrânienne est difficile à évaluer en raison de multiples co-interventions. Il faudra mettre en place un protocole de gestion du patient avec TCC sévère avant d’entreprendre des études prospectives. La transfusion sanguine est employée de façon courante dans la prise en charge du patient traumatisé. De nombreuses études soulignent les effets néfastes des transfusions sanguines suggérant des seuils transfusionnels plus restrictifs. Malgré cela, il n’y a pas de données sur les transfusions chez l’enfant atteint de traumatismes graves. Nous avons donc entrepris une analyse post-hoc d’une grosse étude prospective multicentrique sur les pratiques transfusionnelles des enfants traumatisés. Nous avons conclu que les enfants traumatisés sont transfusés de manière importante avant et après l’admission aux soins intensifs. Un jeune âge, un PELOD élevé et le recours à la ventilation mécanique sont des facteurs associés à recevoir une transfusion sanguine aux soins intensifs. Le facteur le plus prédicteur, demeure le fait de recevoir une transfusion avant l’admission aux soins, élément qui suggère probablement un saignement continu. Il demeure qu’une étude prospective spécifique des patients traumatisés doit être effectuée pour évaluer si une prise en charge basée sur un seuil transfusionnel restrictif serait sécuritaire dans cette population. / Trauma is the leading cause of death of children, with the burden of mortality related both to traumatic brain injury and hemorrhagic shock. Despite the frequency of trauma in the pediatric population, the management of these patients is often based on adult literature due the sparse amount of literature in pediatric trauma. The studies presented below were intended to establish current practice, and prepare for future prospective studies in pediatric trauma. The management of raised intracranial pressure (ICP) following traumatic brain injury (TBI) involves intracranial monitoring and the escalation of care to prevent secondary insults to the brain. Hyperosmolar therapy with mannitol (20%) and hypertonic saline (3%) are standard of care for the reduction of ICP, despite little evidence for their use. Our retrospective, single center study aimed to describe the clinical practice of hyperosmolar therapy in pediatric severe TBI, and its effect on ICP. We found that both mannitol and hypertonic saline are frequently used without a clear indication for one agent over another. There was insufficient power to confirm an effect on ICP, and multiple co-interventions given after boluses of hyperosmolar therapy may have contributed this lack of effect. In order to prospectively evaluate the effect of hyperosmolar therapy on ICP, a standardized approach to TBI care and hyperosmolar agents is necessary. Red blood cell transfusion is a key component of the management of the unstable trauma patient. Literature now suggests that transfusion is associated with increased mortality, and practices have shifted toward restrictive transfusion strategies in many clinical populations. We sought to describe the transfusion practices in pediatric trauma patients based on a secondary analysis of a large prospective study on blood loss in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) patients. Compared to non-trauma patients, trauma patients were more likely to be transfused and transfused early in their course of stay. Younger age, higher PELOD and mechanical ventilation were associated with receiving a red blood cell transfusion in the PICU. Receiving a blood transfusion prior to PICU admission was most strongly associated with receiving a transfusion after PICU admission, suggesting ongoing bleeding in those transfused early. Future prospective studies geared specifically for trauma patients are necessary to determine whether osmotherapy for high ICP, and restrictive transfusion strategies can be applied to them, in order to improve the quality of the evidence based care provided to children.

No description available.

A legislação brasileira obriga a realização de testes sorológicos em todas as amostras de sangue de doadores, com o objetivo de prevenir a transmissão transfusional de microorganismos causadores de doenças como hepatite B, hepatite C, síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida (SIDA), doença de Chagas, HTLV I/II e sífilis. Este procedimento é importante, porém não é suficiente para garantir a segurança do procedimento transfusional, sendo assim durante todo o ciclo do sangue, atitudes são adotadas para minimizar sinistros no objetivo final que a transfusão. Para receptores, a mesma legislação só obriga a realização de testes imuno-hematológicos pré-transfusionais, o que não revela o perfil sorológico deles, que por vezes pode ser positivo para algum dos marcadores antes da transfusão. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o perfil sorológico pré-transfusional para doenças infecciosas transmissíveis por transfusão sanguínea em receptores de sangue de um hospital brasileiro de referência, o Hospital Geral de Palmas (HGP), no Estado do Tocantins. Foram realizados testes sorológicos pré-transfusionais para SIDA, hepatite B, hepatite C e sífilis em 514 receptores de transfusão do HGP, no período de fevereiro de 2014 a agosto de 2014. Vinte e nove receptores (5,65%) apresentaram-se reagentes para pelo menos um dos marcadores sorológicos testados. Os receptores apresentaram sorologia positiva para hepatite B (1,57%), hepatite C (0,58%), SIDA (1,17%) e sífilis (2,33%). Dentre os receptores de sangue que apresentaram sorologia positiva para alguma das doenças infecciosas testadas, 37,93% foram atendidos no centro cirúrgico e 27,59% na unidade de tratamento intensivo do HGP. Dentre os receptores com sorologia positiva, 62% não haviam sido transfundidos anteriormente. Este estudo determinou a prevalência de doenças infecciosas em receptores de sangue de um hospital brasileiro de referência, bem como discutiu a viabilidade e importância da implementação de testes sorológicos pré-transfusionais em receptores de sangue no Brasil. A avaliação sorológica pré-transfusional tem grande relevância pois possibilita o diagnóstico precoce de infecções nos receptores de sangue, minimizando assim o risco de comorbidade. Por outro lado, confere uma maior segurança judicial para os Serviços de Hemoterapia e para o Estado, quando da necessidade de esclarecimentos sobre possíveis transmissões de doenças infecciosas por transfusão sanguínea. / Brazilian law requires serological tests in all donors of blood samples, in order to prevent transfusion transmission of disease-causing organisms such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( AIDS), Chagas disease, HTLV I/II and syphilis. This is important, but not sufficient to ensure the safety of the transfusion procedure, so all the blood cycle, actions are taken to minimize losses in the ultimate goal that the transfusion. For receivers, the same legislation only requires the completion of pre-transfusion immuno-hematological tests, which does not reveal the serological profile of them, which can sometimes be positive for any of the markers prior to transfusion. The objective of this study was to evaluate the pre-transfusion serological profile for transfusion-transmitted infectious diseases in blood recipients from reference Brazilian hospital, Palmas General Hospital (HGP), State of Tocantins, Brazil. Pre-transfusion serological tests for HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis were performed in 514 transfusion recipients of HGP, from February 2014 to August 2014. Twenty and nine receivers (5.65%) presented reactivity for at least one of the evaluated serological markers. The recipients were positive for hepatitis B (1.57%), hepatitis C (0.58%), AIDS (1.17%), and syphilis (2.33%). Among the blood recipients with positive serology for any of the tested infectious diseases, 37.93% were treated at the surgical center and 27.59% in the intensive care unit of the HGP, and 62% of recipients had not been previously transfused. Thus, this study determined the prevalence of infectious diseases in blood recipients from a Brazilian reference hospital, and discussed the feasibility and importance of implementing pre-transfusion serological tests for blood recipients in Brazil. The pre-transfusion serological evaluation is important because it provides both an early diagnosis of infections in blood recipients, thus minimizing the risk of comorbidity, and a greater legal certainty for Hematology Services and for the State, when clarification about possible transmissions of infectious diseases by blood transfusion are needed.

Malgré la mise en oeuvre de la leucoréduction systématique, les transfusions plaquettaires restent génératrices de réactions post-transfusionnelles (encore appelées « Effets Indésirables Receveur, EIR »). Nous savons que les plaquettes sanguines relarguent des molécules proinflammatoires (e.g. CD40 ligand soluble ou sCD40L) durant leur préparation et stockage et leurs taux augmentés sont associées aux EIR. Le travail de cette thèse vise à mieux comprendre les mécanismes de survenue des EIR post transfusion plaquettaire, dans le contexte de l’inflammation. La première partie de nos travaux n’a pas retrouvé de polymorphismes génétiques du gène CD40LG qui pourraient modifier l’affinité du couple Récepteur/Ligand, en cas d’EIR. Dans un second temps, une caractérisation haplotypique de CD40LG n’a pas non plus permis de retrouver d’association avec l’apparition d’EIR. Nous avons ensuite tenté d’identifier des marqueurs génétiques de surexpression de sCD40L (et par conséquence, d’EIR). Pour cela, nous avons étendu l’investigation à douze polymorphismes de CD40LG mais aussi des marqueurs génétiques connus comme indépendamment liés à l’expression de sCD40L : au niveau de son récepteur CD40 et d’ITGA2. Ont été retrouvés associés à une modification significative de sécrétion de sCD40L, d’une part le polymorphisme rs126643 (ITGA2), un haplotype étendu de CD40LG et aussi un haplotype interchromosomique (CD40LG–CD40–ITGA2). Toutefois, ces haplotypes n’ont pas pu être retrouvés associés à l’apparition d’EIR. Nous avons également montré que lors du stockage de concentrés plaquettaires (CP) non leucoréduits, les « modificateurs de réponse biologique » (BRM) leucocytaires diffèrent d’une part, dominent et influencent d’autre part les BRM d’origine plaquettaire. Nous nous sommes ensuite intéressés à un autre BRM individualisé dans les produits transfusés : l’ADN mitochondrial, classé comme un signal de danger endogène (ou DAMP) et nous avons retrouvé une augmentation significative de ceux-ci dans les CP ayant induit un EIR. Nous avons alors entrepris une étude protéomique (LC-MS/MS) et transcriptomique (RNA-seq) sur des CP ayant induit ou non un EIR. L’enrichissement des protéines et gènes différentiellement exprimés présente principalement un rôle dans l’activation plaquettaire, la coagulation, l’apoptose et la dégranulation qui représentent des processus en liaison étroite. Le transcriptome plaquettaire a confirmé l’étiologie apoptique par la mise en évidence de la dérégulation calcique mitochondriale. De plus, l’obtention de l’enrichissement de sa voie intrinsèque permet d’expliquer l’abondance des ADNmt retrouvés précédemment dans les CP associés aux EIR. Par ailleurs, l’état d’activation et la dégranulation des plaquettes expliquent l’abondance des BRM retrouvés en cas d’EIR. Ainsi, nous avons identifié de nouveaux marqueurs inflammatoires hautement exprimés dans le groupe EIR. Après validation de ces résultats par des études complémentaires, ces marqueurs pourraient être proposés comme cibles de prévention d’EIR en modifiant, par exemple la préparation des CP / Despite the implementation of systematic leucoreduction, platelet transfusions are still generating transfusion reactions (also called "Adverse Events or AEs"). We know that platelets release proinflammatory molecules during preparation and storage of platelet components (PCs) notably the soluble CD40 ligand or sCD40L and high levels are associated with AEs. In this thesis, we aimed to understand the mechanisms of occurrence of inflammatory platelet transfusion reactions. In the first part, we investigated the genetic polymorphisms of CD40LG. We failed to identify a significant association with AEs but we identified genetic markers of sCD40L overexpression: a CD40LG haplotype and also an interchromosomal haplotype (CD40LG-CD40-ITGA2). However, these haplotypes have not been found to be associated with AEs. In the second part, we showed that, during storage of non leucoreduced PCs, leukocyte-derived "biological response modifiers" (BRMs) dominate and influence the platelet-derived BRMs. Then, we found increased levels of another individualized BRM in PCs involved in AEs: mitochondrial DNA, classified as an endogenous danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP). In the last part, we performed an integrated proteomic and transcriptomic study by LC-MS/MS and RNA-seq, respectively, to better understand the pathophysiology of AEs in a case-control approach. The biological enrichment of differentially expressed genes revealed a significant association with platelet activation, apoptosis and inflammatory mechanisms which may be involved in platelet transfusion reactions. This study provides novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the occurrence of AEs and could give paths to prevent them

A legislação brasileira obriga a realização de testes sorológicos em todas as amostras de sangue de doadores, com o objetivo de prevenir a transmissão transfusional de microorganismos causadores de doenças como hepatite B, hepatite C, síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida (SIDA), doença de Chagas, HTLV I/II e sífilis. Este procedimento é importante, porém não é suficiente para garantir a segurança do procedimento transfusional, sendo assim durante todo o ciclo do sangue, atitudes são adotadas para minimizar sinistros no objetivo final que a transfusão. Para receptores, a mesma legislação só obriga a realização de testes imuno-hematológicos pré-transfusionais, o que não revela o perfil sorológico deles, que por vezes pode ser positivo para algum dos marcadores antes da transfusão. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o perfil sorológico pré-transfusional para doenças infecciosas transmissíveis por transfusão sanguínea em receptores de sangue de um hospital brasileiro de referência, o Hospital Geral de Palmas (HGP), no Estado do Tocantins. Foram realizados testes sorológicos pré-transfusionais para SIDA, hepatite B, hepatite C e sífilis em 514 receptores de transfusão do HGP, no período de fevereiro de 2014 a agosto de 2014. Vinte e nove receptores (5,65%) apresentaram-se reagentes para pelo menos um dos marcadores sorológicos testados. Os receptores apresentaram sorologia positiva para hepatite B (1,57%), hepatite C (0,58%), SIDA (1,17%) e sífilis (2,33%). Dentre os receptores de sangue que apresentaram sorologia positiva para alguma das doenças infecciosas testadas, 37,93% foram atendidos no centro cirúrgico e 27,59% na unidade de tratamento intensivo do HGP. Dentre os receptores com sorologia positiva, 62% não haviam sido transfundidos anteriormente. Este estudo determinou a prevalência de doenças infecciosas em receptores de sangue de um hospital brasileiro de referência, bem como discutiu a viabilidade e importância da implementação de testes sorológicos pré-transfusionais em receptores de sangue no Brasil. A avaliação sorológica pré-transfusional tem grande relevância pois possibilita o diagnóstico precoce de infecções nos receptores de sangue, minimizando assim o risco de comorbidade. Por outro lado, confere uma maior segurança judicial para os Serviços de Hemoterapia e para o Estado, quando da necessidade de esclarecimentos sobre possíveis transmissões de doenças infecciosas por transfusão sanguínea. / Brazilian law requires serological tests in all donors of blood samples, in order to prevent transfusion transmission of disease-causing organisms such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( AIDS), Chagas disease, HTLV I/II and syphilis. This is important, but not sufficient to ensure the safety of the transfusion procedure, so all the blood cycle, actions are taken to minimize losses in the ultimate goal that the transfusion. For receivers, the same legislation only requires the completion of pre-transfusion immuno-hematological tests, which does not reveal the serological profile of them, which can sometimes be positive for any of the markers prior to transfusion. The objective of this study was to evaluate the pre-transfusion serological profile for transfusion-transmitted infectious diseases in blood recipients from reference Brazilian hospital, Palmas General Hospital (HGP), State of Tocantins, Brazil. Pre-transfusion serological tests for HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis were performed in 514 transfusion recipients of HGP, from February 2014 to August 2014. Twenty and nine receivers (5.65%) presented reactivity for at least one of the evaluated serological markers. The recipients were positive for hepatitis B (1.57%), hepatitis C (0.58%), AIDS (1.17%), and syphilis (2.33%). Among the blood recipients with positive serology for any of the tested infectious diseases, 37.93% were treated at the surgical center and 27.59% in the intensive care unit of the HGP, and 62% of recipients had not been previously transfused. Thus, this study determined the prevalence of infectious diseases in blood recipients from a Brazilian reference hospital, and discussed the feasibility and importance of implementing pre-transfusion serological tests for blood recipients in Brazil. The pre-transfusion serological evaluation is important because it provides both an early diagnosis of infections in blood recipients, thus minimizing the risk of comorbidity, and a greater legal certainty for Hematology Services and for the State, when clarification about possible transmissions of infectious diseases by blood transfusion are needed.

Résumé 1 Hypotension et réactions hypotensives aigues isolées associées aux transfusions de concentrés de plaquettes Objectifs: Les transfusions de concentrés de plaquettes sont associées à plusieurs types de réactions transfusionnelles impliquant de l’hypotension, notamment des réactions hypotensives aigues isolées médiées par la relâche de bradykinines. L’objectif de cette étude est de déterminer l’incidence d’épisodes d’hypotension et plus particulièrement de réactions hypotensives aigues isolées associées aux transfusions de concentrés de plaquettes. Nous avons aussi tenté de déterminer si ces évènements sont associés à un niveau élevé de bradykinines. Matériels et Méthodes: Il s’agit d’une étude prospective descriptive portant sur les transfusions de concentrés de plaquettes au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte- Justine. L’étude s’est déroulée sur 28 mois. Durant cette période, tous les rapports d’incidents/accidents associés aux transfusions (RIATs) de concentrés de plaquettes transmis à la banque de sang du CHU Sainte-Justine et impliquant un épisode d’hypotension ont été identifiés. Ces RIATs furent revus par un comité d’adjudicateurs qui ont évalué et déterminé l’imputabilité de chaque réaction à la transfusion de plaquettes. Tous les sacs et tubulures des concentrés de plaquettes transfusés ont été retournés à la banque de sang après chaque transfusion. La concentration de bradykinines fut mesurée dans les 168 premiers sacs de concentrés de plaquettes retournés à la banque de sang. Les niveaux de bradykinines des concentrés de plaquettes associés à un épisode d’hypotension et des concentrés de plaquettes non associés à de l’hypotension ont par la suite été comparés. Résultats: 3672 sacs de concentrés de plaquettes furent retournés à la banque de sang parmi lesquels 25 furent associés avec un épisode d’hypotension. Les adjudicateurs ont identifiés 5 épisodes hypotensifs attribuables aux concentrés de plaquettes dont une réaction hypotensive aigue isolée (incidence par transfusion: 0.03%). Le niveau de bradykinines dans cette dernière réaction était de 10 pg/ml, alors qu’il était de 226.2 ±1252 pg/ml (95%CI : 20.0-432.4 pg/ml) dans les 143 concentrés de plaquettes contrôles. Conclusion: L’incidence d’hypotension suivant l’administration de concentrés de plaquettes est faible. Nous n’avons identifié qu’une seule réaction hypotensive aigue isolée. Nous n’avons pas été en mesure d’identifier de corrélation entre le niveau de bradykinines et l’incidence de ces réactions. Résumé 2 Transfusions de plaquettes aux soins intensifs pédiatriques Objectifs: Caractériser l’épidémiologie et les déterminants des transfusions de plaquettes dans une unité de soins intensifs pédiatriques et vérifier s’il existe une association entre ces transfusions et une augmentation de la morbidité et de la mortalité. Méthode: Étude prospective observationnelle unicentrique, combinée à un questionnaire. Lieu: Unité de soins intensifs pédiatriques du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte- Justine. Patients: Tous les enfants admis à l’unité de soins intensifs d’avril 2009 à avril 2010. Intervention: Aucune. Résultats: Parmi les 842 patients admis consécutivement aux soins intensifs, 60 patients (7.1%) ont reçu au moins une transfusion de plaquettes durant leur séjour. Les déterminants de transfusions de plaquettes identifiés à l’analyse univariée sont un score de PRISM à l’admission >10 (rapport de cotes (RC): 6.80; 95%CI: 2.5-18.3, p <0.01), un score de PELOD >20 (RC: 26.9; 95%CI: 8.88-81.5, p<0.01), un antécédent de néoplasie (RC: 5.08; 95%CI: 2.43-10.68, p <0.01), une thrombocytopénie (compte plaquettaire <50 x 109/L ou< 50,000/mm3) (RC: 141; 95%CI: 50.4-394.5, p <0.01), l’utilisation d’héparine (RC:3.03; 95%CI 1.40-6.37, p <0.01), un état de choc (RC: 5.73; 95%CI: 2.85-11.5, p<0.01) et un syndrome de défaillance multiviscérale (RC: 10.41; 95%CI: 5.89-10.40, p <0.01). À l’analyse multivariée, seuls le compte de plaquettes de<50 x109/L (RC: 138; 95%CI: 42.6-449, p<0.01) et un âge <12 mois (RC: 3.06; 95%CI: 1.03-9.10, p=0.02) demeurent des déterminants statistiquement significatifs. Les intensivistes ont répondu qu’ils avaient prescrits une transfusion de plaquettes principalement à cause d’une 6 thrombocytopénie (compte moyen de plaquettes pré-transfusion de 32 ±27 x109/L (médiane 21)), ou d’un saignement actif (compte moyen de plaquettes pré-transfusion de 76 ±39 x109/L (médiane 72)). Les transfusions de plaquettes sont associées avec le développement d’un syndrome de défaillance multiviscérale (RC: 2.53; 95%CI: 1.18- 5.43, p=0.03) et la mortalité (RC: 10.1; 95%CI: 4.48-22.7, p<0.01). Conclusions: 7.1% des enfants admis aux soins intensifs reçoivent au moins une transfusion de plaquettes durant leur séjour. La thrombocytopénie et un saignement actif sont des déterminants significatifs de transfusion de plaquettes. Les patients recevant une transfusion de plaquettes ont un risque plus élevé de développer un syndrome de défaillance multi-viscérale et ont un risque plus élevé de mortalité. / Abstract 1 Incidence of hypotension and acute isolated hypotensive transfusion reactions following platelet concentrate transfusions Background and objectives: Platelet concentrates (PCs) are associated with transfusion reactions involving hypotension, particularly bradykinin-mediated acute isolated hypotensive transfusion reactions. This study aims to determine the incidence of hypotensive events and more specifically acute isolated hypotensive transfusion reactions associated with PC transfusions. We also sought to ascertain whether these reactions are associated with high bradykinin levels. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective descriptive study of PCs administered at Sainte-Justine Hospital over 28 months. All PCs administered during this period were screened for hypotension through review of all transfusion-associated reaction reports (TARRs) sent to the blood bank. All residual PC bags were returned to the blood bank. TARRs associated with hypotension were reviewed by adjudicators who established the imputability of the PC transfusion to the reaction. Bradykinin levels were measured in the first 168 PC bags returned to the blood bank. Levels were compared between PCs associated with hypotension and control PCs not associated with hypotension. Results: A total of 3672 PC bags were returned to the blood bank; 25 PCs were associated with hypotension. Adjudicators ascertained that five hypotensive events were 8 imputable to PCs of which one was an acute isolated hypotensive transfusion reaction (incidence per transfusion: 0.03%). Bradykinin level in the latter PC was 10 pg/ml, whereas levels were 226.2 pg/ml (95%CI : 20.0-432.4 pg/ml) in the 143 control PCs. Conclusion: Our results show a low incidence of hypotension after PC transfusion. We identified only one acute isolated hypotensive transfusion reaction. No correlation between bradykinin level and the occurrence of acute isolated hypotensive reactions could be observed given that only one event was identified. Abstract 2 Platelet transfusions in pediatric intensive care Objectives: To characterize the epidemiology and the determinants of platelet transfusion (PT) in a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) and determine whether there exists an association between PT and adverse outcomes. Design: Prospective observational single center study, combined with a self-administered survey. Setting: PICU of Sainte-Justine Hospital, a university-affiliated tertiary care institution. Patients: All children admitted to the PICU from April 2009 to April 2010. Intervention: None. Measurements and Main Results: Among 842 consecutive PICU admissions, 60 patients (7.1%) received at least one PT while in PICU. In the univariate analysis, significant determinants for PT transfusion were admission PRISM >10 (odds ratio (OR): 6.80; 95%CI: 2.5-18.3, p <0.01) and PELOD scores >20 (OR: 26.9; 95%CI: 8.88- 81.5, p<0.01), history of malignancy (OR: 5.08; 95%CI: 2.43-10.68, p <0.01), thrombocytopenia (platelet count <50 x 109/L or < 50,000/mm3) (OR: 141; 95%CI: 50.4- 394.5, p <0.01), use of heparin (OR:3.03; 95%CI 1.40-6.37, p <0.01), shock (OR: 5.73; 95%CI: 2.85-11.5, p<0.01) and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) (OR: 10.41; 95%CI: 5.89-10.40, p <0.01). In the multivariate analysis, platelet count <50 x109/L (OR: 138; 95%CI: 42.6-449, p<0.01) and age less than 12 months (OR: 3.06; 95%CI: 1.03-9.10, p=0.02) remained statistically significant determinants. The attending physicians were asked why they gave a PT; the most frequent justification was prophylactic platelet transfusion in presence of thrombocytopenia with an average pre10 transfusion platelet count of 32 ±27 x109/L(median 21), followed by active bleeding with an average pre-transfusion platelet count of 76 ±39 x109/L(median 72). PTs were associated with the subsequent development of MODS (OR: 2.53; 95%CI: 1.18-5.43, p=0.03) and mortality (OR: 10.1; 95%CI: 4.48-22.7, p<0.01). Conclusions: 7.1% of children received at least one PT while in PICU. Thrombocytopenia and active bleeding are significant determinants of PT. Patients that received PTs had a higher risk of developing MODS and had a higher risk of mortality.

A rotina pré transfusional em Imunohematologia demanda a utilização de reagentes eritrocitários para detecção de anticorpos naturais e irregulares, objetivando a obtenção de maior segurança do evento transfusional para o paciente por minimizar os riscos de reações indesejadas. Para qualificação, padronização e liberação dos reagentes utilizados em imunohematologia, a seleção do perfil fenotípico dos reagentes eritrocitários é crucial. Desta forma, este trabalho demonstra a possibilidade do uso de doações de concentrado de hemácias para produção de reagentes eritrocitários pelos Hemocentros que detêm a matéria prima e o conhecimento para escolha do perfil de doadores correto. Os resultados sugerem que os hemocentros possuem a capacidade de confeccionar \"kits\" empregados para a realização da prova de tipagem sanguínea reversa e detecção de anticorpos irregulares, provas pré-transfusionais. As principais vantagens da produção dos reagentes pelos hemocentros seriam o baixo custo e a regionalização dos antígenos eritrocitários escolhidos, o que conduziria a maior eficácia na identificação de anticorpos irregulares na população de doadores de hemocomponentes / The pre-transfusion routine in Immunohematology requires the use of erythrocyte reagents for the detection of natural and irregular antibodies, aiming to obtain greater safety of the transfusion event for the patient by minimizing the risks of unwanted reactions. For qualification, standardization and release of the reagents used in immunohematology, the selection of the phenotypic profile of erythrocyte reagents is crucial. In this way, this work demonstrates the possibility of the use of donations of red blood cells for the production of erythrocyte reagents by Blood Banks that holds the raw material and the knowledge to choose the correct donor profile. The results suggest that blood banks have the ability to make kits used to perform the reverse blood typing test and the detection of irregular antibodies, pre-transfusion tests. The main advantages of the production of the reagents by the blood banks would be the low cost and the regionalization of the erythrocyte antigens chosen, which would lead to greater efficacy in the identification of irregular antibodies in the donor population of blood components

M.A. University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Humanities (Journalism and Media Studies), 2012 / South Africa obtained a new constitution in 1994 that enshrined the right to sexual orientation, race and gender equality, as well as – crucially – ensuring the “freedom of the press and other media”. However, consequent national debates appear to indicate that the country is still grappling with issues of sexual orientation and of sexual practices. It is against the complexity of this background that this research examines – through a focus on reported conflict over South Africa’s blood transfusion service – how certain debates and controversies around issues of race and sexual orientation arose and played out in the media. The editorials and opinion pieces of both The Star and The Citizen newspapers were more than mere platforms for debates to unfold upon. While both publications did undoubtedly provide a seemingly neutral platform for the two controversies to play themselves out, which included ample input from their readers, both publications from their editorial position intervened in a wide range of editorials, opinion pieces, commentaries and one cartoon. Thus, in fact, they played a powerful role in the curating manipulation of the debates.

Introdução: Os hidroxietilamidos (HES) são considerados expansores plasmáticos efetivos em pacientes submetidos a procedimentos cirúrgicos de grande porte. Entretanto, seu uso clínico é limitado principalmente por sua interferência na hemostasia, representada por alterações da função plaquetária e na coagulação. A extensão dessas alterações está relacionada ao seu ipeso molecular ou à sua substituição molar. Este estudo clínico, foi realizado durante cirurgia de artroplastia de quadril em pacientes adultos para comparar os efeitos do HES (130/0,4) e a solução de Ringer lactato em relação ao sangramento intra-operatório, parâmetros hemodinâmicos, alterações na coagulação, necessidade de transfusões e resultados clínicos. Métodos: Quarenta e oito pacientes candidatos à cirurgia de artroplastia total de quadril sob anestesia subaracnoidea foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos 24 pacientes foram selecionados para receber HES (30 ml/kg após anestesia) e 24 pacientes para receber solução de Ringer lactato (30ml/kg). O período de observação teve início após a indução da anestesia e terminou 5 horas após o termino do procedimento cirúrgico. Durante esse período o critério para a infusão de doses adicionais de fluido (10ml/kg de Solução de Ringer lactato para ambos os grupos) foi pressão arterial sistólica inferior a 90 mmHg e/ou um decréscimo de 20% da pressão arterial inicial, frequência cardíaca acima de 100 bpm, e/ou débito urinário menor de 0,4ml/kg/h. Vasopressor foi utilizado nos casos em que a hipotensão persistiu, após a reposição de volume. Transfusão de concentrado de hemácias foi administrada nos pacientes que se mantiveram instáveis hemodinamicamente após bolus adicionais de Ringer lactato ou vasopressor, Parâmetros hemodinâmicos foram mensurados em três períodos da cirurgia; dados bioquímicos foram coletados e testes da coagulação realizados e comparados. Os pacientes foram acompanhados durante sua internação hospitalar. Resultados: Os grupos foram uniformes em relação aos dados demográficos, tipo e duração da cirurgia, assim como a doenças pré-existentes. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas em relação aos parâmetros hemodinâmicos ou temperatura corporal durante o estudo. Os testes de coagulação, função plaquetária, análise de gases sanguíneos e dados bioquímicos mostraramse semelhantes entre os grupos. Perdas sanguíneas foram significativamente maiores no grupo HES (1296x890,p=0,04), necessitou de menos unidades de concentrado de hemácias durante o período observacional (17%versus46%, p=0,029) apresentou menores taxas de infecção (0 versus 4 ,p<0,03), comparado ao grupo Ringer lactato. Conclusões: Em cirurgia de artroplastia total de quadrill, a hemodiluição com hidroxietilamido resultou em maiores taxas de sangramento, menos transfusões sanguíneas e menos infecção pós-operatória. / Introduction: Hydroxyethyl starches (HES) are considered effective plasma expanders in patients undergoing major surgeries. However, the clinical use of HES is limited mainly by their affection of hemostasis, detectable by impaired platelet function and altered coagulation. The extent of such alteration has classically been related to the molecular weight or molar substitution of the used HES solution. This prospective, randomized study was performed during hip arthroplasty in adult patients under spinal anesthesia to compare the effects of HES 130/0.4 with lactateds Ringer solution regarding intraoperative bleeding, hemodynamic parameters, coagulation profile, transfusion requirements and clinical outcomes. Methods: Forty eight patients scheduled to hip arthroplasty after spinal anesthesia were randomized in two groups 24 patients were allocated to receive HES 130/0.4 (30 ml/Kg just after anesthesia) and 24 patients were signaled to receive lactateds Ringer solution (30 ml/Kg). The observational period started after the induction of anesthesia and finished 5 hours after the end of the surgery. During this period, the triggers for infusion of additional boluses of fluids (10 ml/Kg of lactateds Ringer for both groups) were a systolic blood pressure lower than 90 mmHg and/or a decrease of 20% from baseline, a heart rate higher than 100 bpm, and/or a urine output lower than 0.4 ml.Kg-1.h-1. Vasopressors were used if there was persistent hypotension despite of fluid reposition. Red blood cell transfusion was administered if patient remained unstable despite of additional boluses of Ringer or vasopressors, according to the preestablished triggers. Hemodynamic measurements were done in three periods of the surgery, biochemical parameters were analyzed and coagulation tests were performed and compared between groups. After surgery, patients were followed during the hospital stay. Results: The groups were well matched regarding demographic data, type of surgery, and duration of surgery, as well as preexisting diseases. No significant differences in hemodynamic or body temperature were seen during the study. Coagulation variables, platelet function, gases analysis and biochemical parameters were not different between groups. Blood losses were significantly higher in HES 130/0.4 group comparing to Ringers group (1296 x 890 ml, p= 0.046). Despite of that, HES group required less units of blood in the observational period comparing to Ringer group (17% versus 46%, p=0.029). HES group presented lower infection rate compared to Ringer group (0 versus 4 cases, p=0.03). Conclusions: During hip arthroplasty, hemodilution with hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 resulted in higher rates of bleeding. However, patients treated with hydroxyethyl starch required less transfusion and presented lower rate of infection.

Objetivos: O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi avaliar a contribuição do conhecimento, da religiosidade, do medo, da qualidade de vida, dos grupos de referência e de variáveis sociodemográficas e comportamentais na prática da doação de sangue em uma amostra representativa da população de usuários de atenção primária à saúde do município de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo. Como objetivos específicos, propôs-se uma versão em português da Blood or Injection Fear Scale e desenvolveu-se um instrumento para a avaliação do conhecimento sobre a doação de sangue na população brasileira denominado Blood Donation Knowledge Questionnaire (BDK-Brazil). As propriedades métricas desses instrumentos também foram avaliadas. Métodos: Tratou-se de estudo transversal com amostragem aleatória estratificada. As 41 unidades básicas de saúde do município foram agrupadas em 12 estratos, de acordo com a área geográfica e o Índice Paulista de Vulnerabilidade Social (IPVS). O tamanho amostral calculado para o estudo foi de 1,054 entrevistas. Os participantes responderam perguntas sobre a prática da doação de, conhecimento sobre a doação, religiosidade, medo, qualidade de vida e variáveis sociodemográficas e comportamentais. Para responder ao objetivo principal do estudo os dados foram incluídos em um modelo de equações estruturais e a prática da doação foi considerada a variável dependente (construto central). O modelo estrutural foi avaliado por meio de matriz de correlações policóricas. O ajuste do modelo foi analisado considerando-se os índices de qualidade do ajustamento e a significância dos caminhos causais (?), avaliados pelos testes z, considerando um nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: a doação de sangue foi mais frequente no sexo masculino e entre indivíduos maior nível socioeconômico e educacional. Entre os que nunca doaram sangue, maiores frequências de participantes do sexo feminino, mais jovens, de menor nível socioeconômico, solteiros e sem religião foram detectadas. No modelo estrutural, as variáveis medo, conhecimento e as variáveis sociodemogáficas idade, sexo, nível econômico e educacional foram significativas. Conclusão: Os8 resultados do nosso estudo sugerem associação da prática da doação de sangue com o medo de sangue, injeções e reações vasovagais, com o conhecimento e com variáveis sociodemogáficas como sexo, idade, nível econômico e escolaridade. O medo foi considerado uma barreira relevante para a decisão de doar sangue, bem como a falta de conhecimento sobre o processo da doação. Além disso, há evidências que entre os usuários de atenção primária à saúde, o grupo menos propenso a doar sangue é formado pelas mulheres, os mais jovens e com menor nível socioeconômico e educacional / Objectives: The main objective of this study was to evaluate the contribution of knowledge, religiosity, fear, quality of life, blood donation of peers and sociodemographic and behavioral variables in the practice of blood donation in a representative sample of the population of primary healthcare users in the city of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo. As specific objectives, a Portuguese version of the Blood or Injection Fear Scale (BIFS) was proposed and an instrument for the evaluation of knowledge about blood donation in the Brazilian population denominated Blood Donation Knowledge Questionnaire (BDK-Brazil) was developed. The metric properties of these instruments were also evaluated. Methods: This was a crosssectional study with randomized stratified sampling. The 41 healthcare facilities of the municipality were grouped into 12 strata, according to the geographic area and the Paulista Social Vulnerability Index. The sample size calculated for the study was 1,054 interviews. Participants answered questions about the blood donation practice, knowledge about donation, religiosity, fear, quality of life and sociodemographic and behavioral variables. To address the main objective of the study the data were included in a structural equation model and the blood donation practice was considered the dependent variable (central construct). The structural model was evaluated through polychoric correlation matrix. The fit of the model was analyzed considering the goodness of fit indices and the significance of the causal paths (?), evaluated by the z-tests, considering a level of significance of 5%. Results: Blood donation was more frequent in males and among individuals with higher socioeconomic and educational level. Among those who never donated blood, higher frequencies of female participants, younger, lower socioeconomic level, single and non-religious were detected. In the structural model, the variables fear, knowledge and sociodemographic variables age, sex, socioeeconomic and educational level were significant. Conclusion: The results of our study suggest the association of the blood donation practice with fear of blood, injections and vasovagal reactions, knowledge and10 sociodemographic variables such as gender, age, socioeconomic and educational level. Fear was considered a relevant barrier to the decision to donate blood as well as lack of knowledge about the donation process. In addition, there is evidence that women, the youngers participants and those with lower socioeconomic and educational level are less likely to donate blood among primary healthcare users.