A. Introduction Plusieurs auteurs (Debarbieux et coll., 2000 ; Galand, 2004) plaident pour que les incivilités en milieu scolaire soient prises au sérieux. Cette problématique touche particulièrement le cours d'E.P. au secondaire . Plusieurs études centrées sur l'observation des incidents disciplinaires aux cours d'E.P. (Piéron, Emonts, 1988 ; Hardy, 1996) font apparaître l'ampleur du problème. Les techniques d'observation directe mises en œuvre par ces auteurs ne permettent toutefois pas d'objectiver précisément leurs origines. La prise en compte de l'avis des acteurs concernés par ces incidents s'avère dès lors incontournable. B. Echantillon Huit étudiants stagiaires de seconde licence en Education physique de l'Université catholique de Louvain ont été invités à participer à cette étude. Dix classes, issues de l'enseignement secondaire, ont été choisies pour y mener les observations. C. Méthodologie Une première étape de la recherche a consisté à relever l'ensemble des incidents disciplinaires apparus lors des séances encadrées par les stagiaires. Pour ce faire, une technique d'observation directe avec catégories prédéterminées (SOID ) fut mise en œuvre (Brunelle et coll., 1988 ; 1993). Pour chaque stagiaire, quatre heures d'observations furent systématiquement menées. Le chercheur a ensuite immédiatement sélectionné un incident disciplinaire significatif parmi les données d'observation. Une seconde étape a consisté à mener à bien trois études de cas. Les acteurs directement concernés par l'incident ont été confrontés à l'enregistrement vidéo de la séquence problématique. Deux entretiens d'autoconfrontation (Theureau, 2000) ont ainsi été conduits. Cette phase de verbalisation à posteriori aboutit à ce que Durand (2001) appelle « les données d'autoconfrontation ». Plusieurs questions ciblées ont aussi porté sur l'origine de l'incident et sur le mode de gestion privilégié par le stagiaire. D. Résultats Ce travail de recherche a permis de rendre compte de plusieurs dynamiques d'émergence et de gestion d'incidents disciplinaires au cours d'éducation physique. Dans une perspective essentiellement formatrice, ce travail intègre in fine une série de propositions qui constituent autant de pistes de réflexion et de guidance pouvant déboucher sur une réelle amélioration de la formation didactico-pédagogique initiale des futurs enseignants en éducation physique. E. Références

<p>Previous research into accounts--the statements that people make to explain undesirable behavior--has looked at either the target's reactions to accounts or the transgressors' account strategies, but has not looked at these together. In four studies, participants were assigned to the role of a transgressor (the person providing a post-transgression account) or a target. Transgressors' use of accounts--excuses, justifications, and exceptions--and their post account expectations for how they and the target would react was measured. These transgressor ratings were then compared to the account preferences and reactions (evaluative and punitive) of the targets who actually read the accounts. Targets whose account preferences were matched were expected to react more positively and to inflict lesser penalties on transgressors than those whose preferences were not matched. Results showed that transgressors were fairly inaccurate in their estimations of target reactions, and did not tend to match the account preferences of their targets. However, some evidence emerged to suggest that targets did generally react positively when their account preferences were matched. Furthermore, the domain of the transgression (whether it was a moral, environmental, religious, or interpersonal transgression) affected the strength and direction of these effects.</p> / Dissertation

abstract: An offender's expression of remorse plays an important role following relational transgressions, yet it is not well understood how the experience and expression of remorse relate to both victim responses to hurt and forgiveness in close relationships. This study uses a social functionalist framework to investigate the role of remorse in the forgiveness process and tests whether offender remorse experiences mediate the associations between victim responses to hurt and remorse expressions. Undergraduate participants (N=671) completed questionnaires about a time when they hurt a close relational partner and reported their partners' responses to hurt, their own experiences and expressions of remorse, and their perceptions of forgiveness. Results indicated that victims' sad communication positively predicted offenders' other-oriented and affiliation remorse experiences; victims' threatening communication positively predicted offenders' self-focused remorse experience; and victims' conciliatory communication and withdrawal positively predicted offenders' affiliation and self-focused remorse experiences. Results of the mediation analyses revealed that self-focused remorse fully mediated the relationship between victim threatening communication and low status behaviors; other-oriented remorse partially mediated the association between victim sad communication and apology/concern behaviors; and affiliation partially mediated the relationship between victim conciliatory communication and connection behaviors. Victims' withdrawal behaviors and offenders' use of compensation were not related. Finally, offenders' apology/concern and connection behaviors associated positively with perceptions of forgiveness, whereas low status behaviors negatively predicted forgiveness. Use of compensation following a hurtful event was not significantly related to forgiveness. Results are interpreted within the framework of evolutionary psychology and further validate the functional approach to studying emotion. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Communication 2011

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A partir d'une pratique clinique auprès de mineurs suivis dans un cadre judiciaire pénal, nous avons choisi d'aborder les problématiques de transgressions délictuelles à l’adolescence sous un angle interprétatif un peu décalé par rapport à celui, plus habituel, d'un défaut de régulation du Surmoi, en nous intéressant aux articulations dynamiques et topiques de celui-ci avec les instances idéales que sont le Moi-idéal et l'Idéal du Moi. Il apparaît pertinent de distinguer ces deux concepts, l’un étant le substitut du narcissisme primaire, constitué de fantasmes d’autarcie, d’omnipotence et de satisfaction absolue, l’autre étant l’héritier du complexe d’œdipe, fondé à travers l’élaboration du complexe de castration, et nourri des identifications aux objets parentaux idéalisés. Le Moi-idéal engage des mouvements de régression narcissique et apparaît comme un antagoniste du Surmoi, alors que l’Idéal du Moi soutient la maturation du Moi et, dans un développement normal, est amené à s’intriquer progressivement avec le Surmoi jusqu’à former un système Surmoi-idéal. Le Moi-idéal est le substitut du narcissisme primaire à partir de la reconnaissance de l’objet. L’Idéal du Moi peut être considéré comme le substitut du Moi-idéal dont il reprend les aspirations mais en se soumettant aux limites du désir que constituent l’épreuve de réalité, le sentiment de culpabilité et la castration symbolique. Nous soutenons avec d’autres auteurs que si l’Idéal du Moi s’ébauche au décours du complexe d’œdipe, il ne se structure véritablement qu’au cours du processus d’adolescence. Sa structuration s’étaye sur l’axe des relations d’objet isogénériques, c’est-à-dire concernant le parent du même sexe puis ses substituts, et ce à deux niveaux : à un niveau dyadique de relation, non ambivalente, et à un niveau triadique, ambivalent et œdipien. L’Idéal du Moi peut être considéré comme l’aboutissement de l’élaboration du complexe d’œdipe négatif, élaboration qui ne se réalise véritablement qu’à l’adolescence. L’étude clinique d’adolescents auteurs de transgressions délictuelles, sur un registre sexuel et/ou agressif, met en évidence l’existence de perturbations psychiques liées à des traumatismes et à des dysfonctionnements familiaux durant l'enfance de ces sujets, perturbations renforcées par le processus d’adolescence lui-même. L’articulation dynamique et topique entre instances en est atteinte. On peut ainsi repérer dans la séquence qui entoure le délit une alternance, plus ou moins radicale selon les cas, entre sentiment de triomphe et effondrement narcissique, signant respectivement les effets du Moi-idéal et du Surmoi archaïque. L’hypothèse centrale est que l’émergence d’actes délictuels n’est pas le signe d’une faiblesse du Surmoi, celui-ci apparaissant au contraire très actif aussi bien dans des registres de fonctionnement névrotique que limite ; l’apparente inefficience du Surmoi apparaît plutôt comme le résultat d’isolations, voire de clivages à l’intérieur du système Surmoi-idéal, et/ou d’une intensification du mouvement d’identification au Moi-idéal, mouvements défensifs qui érodent les effets interdicteurs du Surmoi. Ces mouvements défensifs peuvent être rangés sous ce que nous nommons une position perverse, investie régressivement ou révélant une inélaboration de la position dépressive et de la triangulation œdipienne. / From a clinical practice with adolescents followed in a criminal justice context, we have chosen to address the issues of tort transgressions in adolescence as an interpretive angle slightly offset from the more usual, a lack of regulation of the superego, interesting ourself to dynamic and topical thereof joints with ideal agencies that are the ideal ego and the ego ideal. It seems appropriate to distinguish these two concepts, one being the replacement of primary narcissism, made fantasies of self-sufficiency, all-powerfullness and absolute satisfaction, the other being the heir to the Oedipus complex, founded through the development of the castration complex, and fed by identifications with idealized parental objects. The ideal ego undertakes narcissistic movements of regression and appears as an antagonist of the superego, while the ego ideal supports the maturation of the ego, and in normal development, is gradually brought to entangle with the superego up form a super-ego - ideal system. The ideal ego is the substitute of primary narcissism from the recognition of the object. The ego ideal can be considered as a substitute for the ideal ego, which it takes aspirations, but by submitting to the limits of desire that is the reality-testing, guilt and symbolic castration. We support with other authors that if the ego ideal to draft the waning of the Oedipus complex, it is really structured during the process of adolescence. Its structure supports on the axis of homosexual object-relationship, that is to say on the same-sex parent and its substitutes, and at two levels : a dyadic relationship level, not ambivalent, and a triadic level, ambivalent and oedipal. The ego ideal can be seen as the culmination of the development of the negative Oedipus complex, development that truly realizes during adolescence. The clinical study of young perpetrators of transgressions tort on a sexual and / or aggressive registry, highlights the existence of psychic disturbances associated with traumas and family dysfunctions during the childhood of these subjects, enhanced by disturbances caused by adolescence process itself. The dynamic and topical relationship between agencies is reached. We can thus identify the sequence surrounding the offense alternating, more or less radical, as appropriate, between the feeling of triumph and a narcissistic collapse, signing respectively the effects of ideal ego and archaic superego. The central hypothesis is that the emergence of torts is not a sign of weakness of the superego, it contrary appears very active both in the neurotic than limit functionnings, the apparent inefficiency of superego appears rather as the result of insulation, and even splittings inside the superego - ideal system, and / or intensification of identification with the ideal ego, defensive moves that erode prohibiting effects of the superego. These defensive moves can be stored in what we call a perverse position, invested regressively or revealing a non-elaboration of the depressive position and the oedipal triangulation.

This dissertation examines the “buffer effect,” an important but understudied feature of computer-mediated communication (CMC). Research on the buffer effect posits that CMC venues provide a buffering “screen” that users can literally and figuratively hide behind. The buffer can make people feel more comfortable during interactions, and is theorized to be especially relevant in contexts where self-presentation is threatened. This study employs transgressions as ideal sites for examining the buffer effect because of the high level of threatened self-presentation involved therein. The current project tests whether people perceive different levels of a buffer in different channels of communication, and how the buffer effect is related to other widely studied features of CMC, such as interactivity, synchronicity, and social presence. It also tests outcomes of the buffer effect for both senders and receivers of transgressive messages. Specifically, it posits that the buffer effect is beneficial to senders of transgressive messages, and is detrimental to receivers of those messages. Furthermore, in the context of transgressions, the amount of responsibility that a person takes for the transgression is a factor that influences how others perceive the situation. Therefore, the current study also considers receivers' perceptions of the level of responsibility the sender accepts, and specifically posits that senders' higher levels of responsibility are associated with positive outcomes for receivers. The dissertation is comprised of two studies. In Study One, participants responded to a survey to test their perceptions of the buffer effect and of other features of CMC in various channels. Participants also responded to a hypothetical situation to indicate how the buffer effect influences outcomes when sending a transgressive message. Study Two employed an experimental procedure to test how senders and receivers perceive the buffer effect in actual interactions, as well as how senders' acceptance of responsibility affects outcomes for receivers. Half of the participants were assigned the role of sender and were trained to provide a transgressive message to the receiver. Specifically, senders were trained to say that they had to leave the experiment early without completing the study, rendering the receiver ineligible for course credit. Both the channel (i.e., face-to-face, instant messaging, text messaging) and the senders' level of responsibility (i.e., low/high) were manipulated. Results suggested that the buffer effect manifests in different levels for various channels of communication, such that face-to-face environments provide the lowest buffer, followed by video chat, social networking sites, instant messaging, and email. Text messaging provides the highest buffer. The buffer effect is negatively related to other features of CMC (i.e., synchronicity, interactivity, and social presence) for low-buffer channels, and is either positively or not significantly related to these features in high-buffer channels. Results also suggest that the buffer effect is associated with benefits for senders in both hypothetical and actual interactions, but does not affect receivers' outcomes. Receivers' perceptions of the level of responsibility that senders accept affects receivers' outcomes, but only within environments with a low and moderate buffer. These results extend research on CMC and on transgressive communication. Results also offer practical implications for how people might elect to use channels and modify the content of their message when communicating a transgression to a friend.

This dissertation examines the “buffer effect,” an important but understudied feature of computer-mediated communication (CMC). Research on the buffer effect posits that CMC venues provide a buffering “screen” that users can literally and figuratively hide behind. The buffer can make people feel more comfortable during interactions, and is theorized to be especially relevant in contexts where self-presentation is threatened. This study employs transgressions as ideal sites for examining the buffer effect because of the high level of threatened self-presentation involved therein. The current project tests whether people perceive different levels of a buffer in different channels of communication, and how the buffer effect is related to other widely studied features of CMC, such as interactivity, synchronicity, and social presence. It also tests outcomes of the buffer effect for both senders and receivers of transgressive messages. Specifically, it posits that the buffer effect is beneficial to senders of transgressive messages, and is detrimental to receivers of those messages. Furthermore, in the context of transgressions, the amount of responsibility that a person takes for the transgression is a factor that influences how others perceive the situation. Therefore, the current study also considers receivers' perceptions of the level of responsibility the sender accepts, and specifically posits that senders' higher levels of responsibility are associated with positive outcomes for receivers. The dissertation is comprised of two studies. In Study One, participants responded to a survey to test their perceptions of the buffer effect and of other features of CMC in various channels. Participants also responded to a hypothetical situation to indicate how the buffer effect influences outcomes when sending a transgressive message. Study Two employed an experimental procedure to test how senders and receivers perceive the buffer effect in actual interactions, as well as how senders' acceptance of responsibility affects outcomes for receivers. Half of the participants were assigned the role of sender and were trained to provide a transgressive message to the receiver. Specifically, senders were trained to say that they had to leave the experiment early without completing the study, rendering the receiver ineligible for course credit. Both the channel (i.e., face-to-face, instant messaging, text messaging) and the senders' level of responsibility (i.e., low/high) were manipulated. Results suggested that the buffer effect manifests in different levels for various channels of communication, such that face-to-face environments provide the lowest buffer, followed by video chat, social networking sites, instant messaging, and email. Text messaging provides the highest buffer. The buffer effect is negatively related to other features of CMC (i.e., synchronicity, interactivity, and social presence) for low-buffer channels, and is either positively or not significantly related to these features in high-buffer channels. Results also suggest that the buffer effect is associated with benefits for senders in both hypothetical and actual interactions, but does not affect receivers' outcomes. Receivers' perceptions of the level of responsibility that senders accept affects receivers' outcomes, but only within environments with a low and moderate buffer. These results extend research on CMC and on transgressive communication. Results also offer practical implications for how people might elect to use channels and modify the content of their message when communicating a transgression to a friend.

I argue that the bubonic tourist is a resistive and reflexive everyday character. I hypothesize that the bubonic tourist can generate spatial and temporal transgressions that sanction increased social agency and thereby transform our sense of subjectivity. By appropriating, cannibalizing, and carnivalizing social codes and modes of operation, I considered how communities are created through performance. I argue that by departing and arriving from the centre to the margins of a peer, social, and cultural genus—what Pierre Bourdieu calls habitus—marginalized individuals can both destabilize and inform demarcated and delimited categories. By performing and feeding back to social codes and norms experiences of the margins, the bubonic tourist creates fissures that engender self-reflexivity and meaning. I argue that, the bubonic tourist as a critical and creative practitioner can emancipate and empower the self and others. I considered how the bubonic tourist as an ethical individual is a member of a community that is created through performance. Finally, I considered how creative interventions might engender someone to transmogrify into the bubonic tourist and how as a methodology the bubonic tourist could have practical application. This study, seeks to outline the grounds in which instability can generate agency and a sense of self.

While existing literature describes strong brand relationships along several dimensions, this research sheds light on the identity perspective of brand relationships through the lens of consumer identity fusion, aiming to understand the extent to which consumers incorporate brands into their self-perceptions. Specifically, this research investigates the nature and effects of consumer identity fusion and its motivational consequences following brand transgressions. Study One examines whether consumer identity fusion out-predicts brand identification in estimating the tendency for consumers to endorse pro-relationship behavior with regard to minor or severe transgressions. The results show that highly fused consumers are more likely to undertake constructive coping strategies and are less likely to engage in destructive coping strategies than are weakly fused consumers. The fusion × perceived severity interaction effect is found only for the exit coping strategy. Study Two assesses how consumer identity fusion influences consumers’ responses to personal-related versus societal-related brand transgressions. The findings demonstrate that the effect of consumer identity fusion is stronger than that of brand identification across different behavioral outcomes; it has a greater effect on participants’ relationship-serving responses to personal-related transgressions than to societal-related brand transgressions. However, the fusion × brand transgression types interaction effect is found only for exit responses. Finally, Study Three incorporates an additional self-affirmation manipulation to determine the interplay of consumers’ personal and social identities, aiming to disentangle the source of the motivational machinery needed for consumers’ pro-relationship behaviors. The findings underscore that highly fused consumers in the affirmation condition are less likely to exit the brand relationship than those in the no affirmation condition when facing personal-related brand transgressions, even though self-affirmation should reduce the negative effect of brand transgressions. Nevertheless, the expected relationships are not found for consumers’ change in brand evaluation and other behavioral measures. The findings of this research together suggest that consumer identity fusion is applicable for understanding connections between consumers and the brand relationship partner in consumer-brand relationships. Implications of these findings and directions for refinement and future research are discussed. / text

I argue that the bubonic tourist is a resistive and reflexive everyday character. I hypothesize that the bubonic tourist can generate spatial and temporal transgressions that sanction increased social agency and thereby transform our sense of subjectivity. By appropriating, cannibalizing, and carnivalizing social codes and modes of operation, I considered how communities are created through performance. I argue that by departing and arriving from the centre to the margins of a peer, social, and cultural genus—what Pierre Bourdieu calls habitus—marginalized individuals can both destabilize and inform demarcated and delimited categories. By performing and feeding back to social codes and norms experiences of the margins, the bubonic tourist creates fissures that engender self-reflexivity and meaning. I argue that, the bubonic tourist as a critical and creative practitioner can emancipate and empower the self and others. I considered how the bubonic tourist as an ethical individual is a member of a community that is created through performance. Finally, I considered how creative interventions might engender someone to transmogrify into the bubonic tourist and how as a methodology the bubonic tourist could have practical application. This study, seeks to outline the grounds in which instability can generate agency and a sense of self.