This thesis explores the role and impact of Rannóg an Aistriúcháin - the Oireachtas Government Translation section - on English-Irish legal translation and terminology, with particular focus on the period 1922-1937; a period bookended by the establishment of the Irish Free State and the enactment of Bunreacht na hÉireann (the Constitution of Ireland) in 1937. It aims to assess the efficacy and consistency of the translation strategies and Irish legal terms employed by Rannóg an Aistriúcháin, and to investigate how modern translation theory – specifically equivalence theory – may be applied to English-Irish legal translation as a whole. While a semantic study of the English and Irish versions of the amended 1937 Constitution has previously been carried out (Ó Cearúil, 1999), there has yet to be any specific study of other translated English-Irish legislative material within the Irish Free State or, indeed, of any laws translated within the Rannóg. This is an area which holds great research potential as regards assessing the efficacy of a particular body of translations, as the position of the Irish language in the Republic of Ireland is a unique one. Not only is Irish an official language of the European Union, but it enjoys constitutional status as the National and First Official language of the Republic of Ireland, with Article 25.4.6o of the Irish Constitution 1937 providing that: ‘In case of conflict between the texts of a law enrolled under this section in both the official languages, the text in the national language shall prevail’. In other words, should the Irish translation deviate in any way from its English legislative counterpart, it is the Gaelic translated legislation - along with all its construed connotations and associations - which has the upper hand. With this reasoning in mind, this thesis takes a corpus of EN-GA legislative material translated by Rannóg an Aistriúcháin during the period 1922-1937, from which legal terms are chosen for analysis and qualitatively and semantically assessed in the context of Equivalence translation theory and legal translation. Ultimately, this thesis provides a new critical assessment of the reliability of Irish language legal terminology in primary legislation from this period; an analysis of how Equivalence theory may be applied to EN-GA legal translation as a whole; and provides some guidelines for future endeavours in English-Irish legal translation and terminology.

Orientador: Diva Cardoso de Camargo / Banca: Francis Henrik Aubert / Banca: Heloisa Gonçalves Barbosa / Banca: Antonio Manoel dos Santos Silva / Banca: Peter James Harris / Resumo: Com o propósito de analisar o comportamento lingüístico-tradutório de dois tradutores profissionais diante das dificuldades impostas pelas barreiras culturais na tradução, investigamos os quatro corpora paralelos de nossa pesquisa, compostos por duas obras traduzidas por Gregory Rabassa, Sea of Death (1984) e The War of the Saints (1993), em relação às respectivas obras originais Mar Morto (1936) e O Sumiço da Santa (1988), escritas por Jorge Amado, bem como por duas obras traduzidas por Barbara Shelby Merello, Tent of Miracles (1971) e Tieta (The Americas) (1979) em relação às obras originais Tenda dos Milagres (1969) e Tieta do Agreste (1977), do mesmo autor. Os objetivos principais que nortearam o presente trabalho foram: analisar a tradução de marcadores culturais, verificar o comportamento lingüístico dos tradutores profissionais Gregory Rabassa e Barbara Shelby Merello por meio da observação das opções por eles utilizadas nas traduções, bem como dos traços de normalização presentes nas quatro obras traduzidas. Para tanto, apoiamo-nos na abordagem interdisciplinar proposta por Camargo (2005, 2007), adotando, para o levantamento e processamento eletrônico de dados, o arcabouço teórico-metodológico dos estudos tradução baseadas em corpus de Baker (1993, 1995, 1996, 2004), bem como os estudos sobre a lingüística de corpus, propostos por Berber Sardinha (2000, 2004). Com relação à classificação e análise dos dados levantados, adotamos os trabalhos sobre as modalidades tradutórias de Aubert (1984, 1998), a proposta de Nida (1945) para os domínios culturais, reformulada por Aubert (1981), bem como os estudos sobre normalização de Baker (1996) e Scott (1998). A metodologia adotada requereu a utilização do programa WordSmith Tools e as ferramentas por ele disponibilizadas, que nos proporcionaram os recursos necessários... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Intending to analyse the translational linguistic behavior of two professional translators faced with difficulties imposed by cultural barriers in translation, we analyzed four parallel corpora in our research, composed by two novels translated by Gregory Rabassa, Sea of Death (1984) and The War of the Saints (1993), in comparison with the original novels Mar Morto (1936) and O Sumiço da Santa (1988), written by Jorge Amado, as well as by two novels translated by Barbara Shelby Merello, Tent of Miracles (1971) and Tieta (The Americas) (1979), in comparison with the original novels Tenda dos Milagres (1969) and Tieta do Agreste (1977), written by the same author. Our main objectives were: to analyze the translation of cultural markers, to observe Gregory Rabassa's and Barbara Shelby Merello's professional behavior by the analysis of resources used by them in their respective translations, and also to identify normalization features in the four translated texts. With these purposes in mind, we based our study on Camargo's interdisciplinary proposal (2005, 2007) adopting, for the electronic compilation and processing, the theory and methodology proposed by Baker for corpus-based translation studies (1993, 1995, 1996, 2000), and the methodology adopted by Berber Sardinha for corpus linguistics (1999, 2000, 2003, 2004). Concerning the classification and analyzes of data gathered from our corpora, we based our study on the works on translation modalities by Aubert (1984, 1998), on the works on cultural domains by Nida (1945) and Aubert (1981), and also on the investigations on normalization by Baker (1996) and Scott (1998). The methodology adopted in the present research required the use of WordSmith Tools software, which provided the necessary resources for the collection of data from the novels and for the observation and analysis of the cultural and textual aspects... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

The aim of this thesis is to analyse translations of audiovisual material from Norwegian to Czech. The theoretical part of the thesis discusses audiovisual translation in general, with special emphasis on subtitling. Strategies and concepts significant for the translation of subtitles are described, as well as different aspects of the quality of their translation. The empirical part analyses firstly the audiovisual material itself (the Headhunters movie) and consequently analyses the translation strategies and solutions used in the translation. The analysis is based on Lomheim's model. The translation of marked speech, culturally bound elements and humor is also discussed. Finally, the quality of translation is assessed. Key words: audiovisual translation, translation, subtitles, film, Norwegian, Czech

A Tradução Automática (TA) -- tradução de uma língua natural (fonte) para outra (alvo) por meio de programas de computador -- é uma tarefa árdua devido, principalmente, à necessidade de um conhecimento lingüístico aprofundado das duas (ou mais) línguas envolvidas para a construção de recursos, como gramáticas de tradução, dicionários bilíngües etc. A escassez de recursos lingüísticos, e mesmo a dificuldade em produzi-los, geralmente são fatores limitantes na atuação dos sistemas de TA, restringindo-os, por exemplo, quanto ao domínio de aplicação. Neste contexto, diversos métodos vêm sendo propostos com o intuito de gerar, automaticamente, conhecimento lingüístico a partir dos recursos multilíngües e, assim, tornar a construção de tradutores automáticos menos trabalhosa. O projeto ReTraTos, apresentado neste documento, é uma dessas propostas e visa à indução automática de léxicos bilíngües e de regras de tradução a partir de corpora paralelos etiquetados morfossintaticamente e alinhados lexicalmente para os pares de idiomas português--espanhol e português--inglês. O sistema proposto para a indução de regras de tradução apresenta uma abordagem inovadora na qual os exemplos de tradução são divididos em blocos de alinhamento e a indução é realizada para cada bloco, separadamente. Outro fator inovador do sistema de indução é uma filtragem mais elaborada das regras induzidas. Além dos sistemas de indução de léxicos bilíngües e de regras de tradução, implementou-se também um módulo de tradução automática para permitir a validação dos recursos induzidos. Os léxicos bilíngües foram avaliados intrinsecamente e os resultados obtidos estão de acordo com os relatados na literatura para essa área. As regras de tradução foram avaliadas direta e indiretamente por meio do módulo de TA e sua utilização trouxe um ganho na tradução palavra-a-palavra em todos os sentidos (fonte--alvo e alvo--fonte) para a tradução dos idiomas em estudo. As traduções geradas com os recursos induzidos no ReTraTos também foram comparadas às geradas por sistemas comerciais, apresentando melhores resultados para o par de línguas português--espanhol do que para o par português--inglês. / Machine Translation (MT) -- the translation of a natural (source) language into another (target) by means of computer programs -- is a hard task, mainly due to the need of deep linguistic knowledge about the two (or more) languages required to build resources such as translation grammars, bilingual dictionaries, etc. The scarcity of linguistic resources or even the difficulty to build them often limits the use of MT systems, for example, to certain application domains. In this context, several methods have been proposed aiming at generating linguistic knowledge automatically from multilingual resources, so that building translation tools becomes less hard. The ReTraTos project presented in this document is one of these proposals and aims at inducing translation lexicons and transfer rules automatically from PoS-tagged and lexically aligned translation examples for Portuguese--Spanish and Portuguese--English language pairs. The rule induction system brings forth a new approach, in which translation examples are split into alignment blocks and induction is performed for each type of block separately. Another new feature of this system is a more elaborate strategy for filtering the induced rules. Besides the translation lexicon and the transfer rule induction systems, we also implemented a MT module for validating the induced resources. The induced translation lexicons were evaluated intrinsically and the results obtained agree with those reported on the literature. The induced translation rules were evaluated directly and indirectly by the MT module, and improved the word-by-word translation in both directions (source--target and target--source) for the languages under study. The target sentences obtained by the induced resources were also compared to those generated by commercial systems, showing better results for Portuguese--Spanish than for Portuguese--English.

Os tradutores, muitas vezes, encontram dificuldades em relação à terminologia a ser aplicada na tradução de determinados documentos, especialmente na tradução de termos marcados culturalmente, que nem sempre possuem um equivalente plenamente satisfatório. Na área jurídica, a tradução de textos não requer apenas conhecimento de idiomas e da cultura do país-alvo, mas também dos sistemas jurídicos dos países. Tendo isso em vista, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi a elaboração de uma proposta de glossário trilíngue (português inglês francês) com termos jurídicos relacionados ao divórcio. / Translators often have difficulties regarding the terminology to be applied in the translation of certain documents, especially in translation of culturally marked terms that do not have fully satisfactory equivalents. In the legal area, the translation of texts requires not only knowledge of languages and the country\'s target culture, but also the countries\' legal systems. With this in view, the aim of this research was the development of a proposal for a trilingual glossary (Portuguese - English - French) with legal terms related to divorce.

Esta pesquisa procura analisar a influência da tradição na tradução e interpretação da perícope de Isaías 52.13-53.12. Inicialmente esta pesquisa discute a teoria de Eugene A. Nida, que tem sido a principal teoria nas discussões de tradução da Bíblia. Juntamente com a análise da teoria de Nida analisou-se também as principais discussões sobre tradução de outras vertentes acadêmicas e o uso das mesmas pelas principais tradições religiosas: judaicas, católicas e protestantes. Por meio de estudo de casos específicos de tradução dessas diversas correntes religiosas analisou-se as influências teológicas na tradução de textos tais como Isaías 14.12 na tradição protestante, Isaías 9.5-6 na tradição judaica. A pesquisa abordou o uso da paráfrase como meio utilizado pelas tradições religiosas para defender suas doutrinas em textos sensíveis da Bíblia Hebraica, bem como o poder da tradição interpretativa como interferência na produção de traduções alinhadas às posições teológicas das respectivas tradições. A pesquisa procura delinear de forma breve, a história dos princípios de interpretação da tradição cristã e do judaísmo rabínico. As principais versões produzidas por essas tradições interpretativas: LXX, Vulgata, Targum e Peshitta foram expostas como produtos dessas tradições interpretativas e a perícope de Isaías 52.13-53.12 nessas antigas versões e no Novo Testamento, também como produtos de influência das diferentes tradições interpretativas do cristianismo e do judaísmo rabínico. Por fim, o trabalho busca mostrar como o texto da perícope de Isaías 52.13-53.12 foi tratado nas fontes antigas do judaísmo rabínico e do cristianismo e os efeitos dessas tradições interpretativas em duas versões modernas da Bíblia Hebraica. A de linha judaica, conhecida como Bíblia Hebraica da Editora e Livraria Sêfer e a de linha protestante, denominada Nova Bíblia Viva / This research analyzes the influence of tradition in the translation and interpretation of the pericope of Isaiah 52:13-53:12. Initially, this research discusses the theory of Eugene A. Nida, who has been the leading theory in discussions of Bible translation. Along with the analysis of the theory of Nida analyzed also the main discussions on translation of other academic aspects and their use by major religious traditions: Jewish, Catholic and Protestant. Through case studies of specific translation of these various religious currents analyzed the theological influences in the translation of texts such as Isaiah 14:12 in the Protestant tradition, Isaiah 9:5-6 in Jewish tradition. The study addressed the use of paraphrase as a means used by the religious traditions to defend their doctrines in sensitive texts of the Hebrew Bible, as well as the power of the interpretive tradition as interference in the production of translations aligned theological positions of the respective traditions. The research seeks to outline briefly the history of the principles of interpretation of the Christian tradition and rabbinic Judaism. The main versions produced by these interpretive traditions: LXX, Vulgate, Targum and Peshitta were exposed to products of these interpretive traditions and the pericope of Isaiah 52:13-53:12 those old versions and the New Testament, as well as products of the influence of different interpretive traditions of Christianity and rabbinic Judaism. Finally, the work seeks to show how the text of the pericope of Isaiah 52:13-53:12 was treated in the ancient sources of rabbinic Judaism and Christianity and the effects of these two interpretive traditions in modern versions of the Hebrew Bible. The line Jewish Hebrew Bible known as the Publisher and Bookstore Sefer and Protestant line called New Living Bible

Le nombre de traductions médicales vers l’espagnol est en constante augmentation. Cependant, les traducteurs spécialisés dans ce domaine ne sont pas assez pour pouvoir combler les besoins du marché d’après les différentes enquêtes réalisées ces dernières années par des chercheurs espagnols. Considérant le manque d’études empiriques portant sur l’enseignement-apprentissage de la traduction médicale, ainsi que celui de la traduction spécialisée, nous nous sommes intéressés aux moyens de rapprocher les formations universitaires des conditions actuelles de l’activité professionnelle.Pour cette raison, l’objectif de la présente thèse est d’apporter une contribution à la didactique de la traduction spécialisée, notamment de la traduction médicale français-espagnol, grâce à la création d’une méthode d’enseignement-apprentissage qui permettra le transfert des compétences professionnelles pour les traducteurs listées par le Groupe d’expert EMT (European Master’s in Translation). / The number of medical translations to Spanish is constantly increasing. However, specialized translators in this field are not enough to meet the needs of the market according to the different surveys carried out in recent years by Spanish researchers. Considering the lack of empirical studies on the teaching-learning of medical translation, as well as that of specialized translation, we looked at ways to bring university courses closer to the current conditions of professional activity.For this reason, the purpose of the present thesis is intended to be a contribution to the didactics of specialized translation, especially French-Spanish medical translation, by creating a teaching-learning method that will allow transfer of professional skills for translators listed by the EMT Expert Group (European Master's in Translation).

This study investigates the translation of song lyrics and presents an analysis of translation outcomes. While the majority of previous studies regarding song translation focuses on the translation of lyrics from musicals and operas, this study focuses on the translation of popular song lyrics. The lyrics of eight German songs and their English versions were analysed using the approximation approach (Franzon 2009) which divides smaller textual units into the categories paraphrase, metaphrase and addition. The target texts (henceforth TT) were also categorised according to Peter Low’s (2013) song translation categories, translation, adaptation and replacement text. The aim of this study is to determine to what degree the meaning of the source texts (henceforth ST) is transferred into the TTs and to determine how Franzon’s approximation approach can be used to determine if the TTs are translations, adaptations, or replacement texts. This study found that all TTs were mostly made up of paraphrases and metaphrases, which means that all TT derived to most parts directly from the STs i.e. the TT was written using mostly direct and oblique translations. Due to the low frequency of additions and all significant details of the STs being transferred into the TTs, all song translations analysed in this study were categorised as translations.

The intimate relationship one develops with his or her native language is an experience which cannot be replicated through any amount of education. Diction, vocabulary, intonation and the connotations which accompany the many facets of language all develop along with us as we progress through life's experiences. Because of this deeply ingrained personal understanding, each individual's perspective towards a work of art, namely poetry, is completely unique to his or her experiences with the language in which it is written. Therefore, no amount of diligent translation can make a poem inhabit the same sentiment and effect in any language other than the one it was originally written in. This phenomenon will be explained in terms of several sonnets written by Garcilaso de la Vega. While the sonnets were originally written in Spanish, several translations into English will be explored in order to express the downfalls and limitations inherent in poetic translation.

Thesis (M.A. (African languages)) --University of Limpopo, 2011 / The aim of this study was to investigate the problems encountered by translators when translating medical terms from English into Tshivenda. It has been revealed in this study that the major problem that the translators are confronted with is lack of terminology in the specialized field such as Health. This problem is caused by the fact that different languages entail a variety of culture. The study revealed that most translators and lexicographers resort to transliteration and borrowing when confronted with zero-equivalence. They regard transliteration and borrowing as the quickest possible strategies. The study discovered that transliteration should not be opted as an alternative strategy to deal with zero-equivalence as users will be led to a state of confusion. The study revealed that communicative translation is regarded as the most fruitful method of translation as it conveys the exact message of the original in a best possible manner. Both the source and the target users get the same message. KEY CONCEPTS Translation, Culture, Source Language (SL), Target Language (TL), Translation equivalence and Zero-equivalence.